基金Acknowledgements This study was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No 30860050), Guangxi Science Foundation (0991095), Monitoring and Conservation of Assamese macaques Project of National Forestry Administration of China, Guangxi Beibu Gulf Serious Specialization of Guangxi Natural Sciences Foundation (2010GXNSFE013004), and Project of Creative Team from Colleges and Universities in Guangxi. We thank the Guangxi Forestry Bureau and Nonggang National Nature Reserve. We also acknowledge the critical comments of two anonymous reviewers.