Extraction and Reaction Mechanism of Potassium from Associated Phosphorus and Potassium Ore

Potassium and phosphate were extracted at low temperature by acid hydrolysis process to decompose a new type of associated phosphorus and potassium ore. The main factors affecting the dissolution rate were investigated, such as grinding fineness, the amount of sulfuric acid and fluoride salt, reaction time and temperature, etc. Meanwhile, the effects of various factors on the formation of soluble potassium and phosphate were also discussed. The reaction products and residues were determined by X-ray diffraction（XRD）, scanning electron microscopic（SEM） analysis and other means. The results showed that the dissolution rates of potassium and phosphorus were 70wt% and 93.7wt%, respectively, under the conditions of a grain size of 95.64wt% lessthan 0.074 mm, 9.78 g·g^（-1） sulfuric acid, 0.5 g·g^（-1） ammonium fluoride, 160 ℃ and a reaction time of 2h. The thermodynamic and chemical reaction mechanism was revealed that the primary reaction could be completed spontaneously in a temperature range of 298-433 K. The increase of reaction temperature had an important influence on ion exchange reaction, which was more conducive to the spontaneous process. The research will open up a new way for efficient use of potassium ore resources.

Association of ABCB1 Gene Polymorphisms with Efficacy and Adverse Reaction to Risperidone or Paliperidone in Han Chinese Schizophrenic Patients

Dear editor, P-glycoprotein （P-gp, also known as ATP-binding cassette transport sub-family B member 1, ABCB1） is a potent ATP-dependent efflux pump for a wide variety of drugs. Although studies of its substrates are abundant [ 1, 2], and ABCB1 is a well-conserved gene, there is increasing evi- dence that its polymorphisms affect substrate specificity [3]. A previous study reported that the synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） C3435T （rs1045642） affects the timing of co-translational folding and insertionof P-gp into the membrane,

Optimization of FRET algorithms for sensitized-emission FRET detection

Sensitized-emission fluorescence resonance energy transfer （FRET） detection method based on three- channel fluorescence microscopy is widely used. Several FRET algorithms, such as NFRET, FRETN, FR, FRETR, and FC/Df, are developed recently to quantitatively gauge and compare FRET signals between different experimental groups. However, the algorithms are difficult to choose and interpret. In this letter, we optimize the suitable yellow fluorescent protein （YFP） to cyan fluorescent protein （CFP） concentration ratio range for the above FRET algorithms. We also test the effect of YFP-to-CFP concentration ratio on the calculated energy transfer efficiency E and use the optimized FRET algorithms in the analysis of fas-associated protein with death domain （FADD） self-association directly in living cells.

Comparison of the reaction time of wrist flexion and extension between patients with stroke and age-matched healthy subjects and correlation with clinical measures

Background Brain injury had an effect on reaction time （RT） and brain-injured patients were normally significantly slower than normal controls. The RT of the paretic upper limb （UL） in patients with stroke was slower than in a control group. The present study was designed to compare the RTs of the unaffected and affected sides in stroke survivors and those of normal subjects. This study also explores the relationships among wrist flexion and extension RTs in the affected side and the motor deficits of the UL as measured by clinical Composite Spasticity Index （CSI）, Associated Reaction Rating Score （ARRS）, and Wolf Motor Function Test （WMFT） scores. Methods Ninety-eight hemiparetic stroke survivors and 20 normal subjects participated in the study. Abnormal muscle tone was measured by CSI. Associated reaction was measured by ARRS. Motor function was measured by WMFT. The subject was asked to flex or extend the affected and non-affected wrists as fast as possible, following an auditory ＂go＂ signal. An electrogoniometer attached to the wrist measured wrist flexion and extension angle. RT was defined as the time from the ＂go＂ signal to a change in wrist angle denoting movement onset. Clinical assessments and RT were conducted within one day. Differences in the variables between normal subjects and the unaffected sides of the stroke patients were analyzed using analysis of variance. Correlations were assessed by computing Spearman＇s correlation coefficient. The significance level was set at 5%. Results RTs of wrist flexion and extension in the stroke survivors＇ affected hands were significantly longer than those in normal subjects and their unaffected hands （P 〈0.01 for both）. The wrist flexion RT moderately correlated with CSI （p=0.412, P 〈0.001） and ARRS （p=0.341, P 〈0.001） and with WMFT functional ability （negatively; p=-0.531, P 〈0.001） and time score （p=0.504, P 〈0.001 ）. Similarly, the wrist extension RT moderately correlated with CSI （p=0.429, P 〈0.001）, ARRS （p=0.374, P 〈0.001）, and with WMFT functional ability （negatively; p=-0.531, P 〈0.001） and time score （p=0.486, P 〈0.001 ）. Conclusions RTs of wrist flexion and extension on the stroke survivors＇ affected sides were significantly longer than those on the unaffected sides and those of normal subjects. The wrist flexion and extension RTs moderately correlated with CSI and ARRS and inversely with motor functional performance of the UL in patients with stroke.