Structures and Characteristics of the Windy Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the South China Sea Region during Cold Surges

An observational analysis of the structures and characteristics of a windy atmospheric boundary layer during a cold air outbreak in the South China Sea region is reported in this paper. It is found that the main structures and characteristics are the same as during strong wind episodes with cold air outbreaks on land. The high frequency turbulent fluctuations （period 〈 1 min） are nearly random and isotropic with weak coherency, but the gusty wind disturbances （1 rain〈period 〈 10 min） are anisotropic with rather strong coherency. However, in the windy atmospheric boundary layer at sea, compared with that over land, there are some pronounced differences： （1） the average horizontal speed is almost independent of height, and the vertical velocity is positive in the lower marine atmospheric boundary layer; （2） the vertical flux of horizontal momentum is nearly independent of height in the low layer indicating the existence of a constant flux layer, unlike during strong wind over the land surface; （3） the kinetic energy and friction velocity of turbulent fluctuations are larger than those of gusty disturbances; （4） due to the independence of horizontal speed to height, the horizontal speed itself （not its vertical gradient used over the land surface） can be used as the key parameter to parameterize the turbulent and gusty characteristics with high accuracy.

The Influence of Convergence Movement on Turbulent Transportation in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Classical turbulent K closure theory of the atmospheric boundary layer assumes that the vertical turbulent transport flux of any macroscopic quantity is equivalent to that quantity's vertical gradient transport flux. But a cross coupling between the thermodynamic processes and the dynamic processes in the atmospheric system is demonstrated based on the Curier-Prigogine principle of cross coupling of linear thermodynamics. The vertical turbulent transportation of energy and substance in the atmospheric boundary layer is related not only to their macroscopic gradient but also to the convergence and the divergence movement. The transportation of the convergence or divergence movement is important for the atmospheric boundary layer of the heterogeneous underlying surface and the convection boundary layer. Based on this, the turbulent transportation in the atmospheric boundary layer, the energy budget of the heterogeneous underlying surface and the convection boundary layer, and the boundary layer parameterization of land surface processes over the heterogeneous underlying surface are studied. This research offers clues not only for establishing the atmospheric boundary layer theory about the heterogeneous underlying surface, but also for overcoming the difficulties encountered recently in the application of the atmospheric boundary layer theory.

STUDIES ON RETRIEVAL OF THE TURBULIVITY OF ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER

The variational adjoint method was applied to retrieving the turbulivity of the atmospheric Ekman boundary layer along with the regularization principle, The validity of the method was verified by using the idealized data, and then the turbulivity profile and the geostrophic wind profile were retrieved through it for real observational wind filed data.

Research Progress on Estimation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height

Atmospheric boundary layer height(ABLH)is an important parameter used to depict characteristics of the planetary boundary layer(PBL)in the lower troposphere.The ABLH is strongly associated with the vertical distributions of heat,mass,and energy in the PBL,and it is a key quantity in numerical simulation of the PBL and plays an essential role in atmospheric environmental assessment.In this paper,various definitions and methods for deriving and estimating the ABLH are summarized,from the perspectives of turbulent motion,PBL dynamics and thermodynamics,and distributions of various substances in the PBL.Different methods for determining the ABLH by means of direct observation and remote sensing retrieval are reviewed,and comparisons of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are presented.The paper also summarizes the ABLH parameterization schemes,discusses current problems in the estimation of ABLH,and finally points out the directions for possible future breakthroughs in the ABLHrelated research and application.

Transport of particles in an atmospheric turbulent boundary layer

A program incorporating the parallel code of large eddy simulation （LES） and particle transportation model is developed to simulate the motion of particles in an atmospheric turbulent boundary layer （ATBL）. A model of particles of 100-micrometer order coupling with large scale ATBL is proposed. Two typical cases are studied, one focuses on the evolution of particle profile in the ATBL and the landing displacement of particles, whereas the other on the motion of particle stream.

Effects of Turbulent Dispersion of Atmospheric Balance Motions of Planetary Boundary Layer

New Reynolds' mean momentum equations including both turbulent viscosity and dispersion are used to analyze atmospheric balance motions of the planetary boundary layer. It is pointed out that turbulent dispersion with r 0 will increase depth of Ekman layer, reduce wind velocity in Ekman layer and produce a more satisfactory Ekman spiral lines fit the observed wind hodograph. The wind profile in the surface layer including tur-bulent dispersion is still logarithmic but the von Karman constant k is replaced by k1 = 1 -2/k, the wind increasesa little more rapidly with height.

Vertical distribution of sand-dust aerosols and the relationships with atmospheric environment

The vertical distribution of aerosols in the troposphere is important for determining their effects on cli- mate. The vertical distribution of aerosols under different atmospheric conditions in the free troposphere was di- rectly observed using a surface micro-pulse LIDAR （MPL） and a TP/WVP-3000 microwave radiometer at the Semi-Arid Climate ＆ Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University （SACOL, 35.95~N, 104.10~E） in the western Loess Plateau, China, in the spring of 2008. The results showed two possible transportation paths of a sandstorm from May 1 to May 4 in 2008. In one path, sand-dust aerosols were transported toward the east from the Taklimakan Desert to the Badain Jaran Desert and the Tengger Desert by a westerly wind and then toward the southeast to Jingtai and Lanzhou. A weak aerosol index （AI） indicated another possible transport path toward the east from the Taklimakan Desert to the Qaidam Basin and through the Tibetan Plateau eastward to SACOL. The aerosol profile of sandstorm processes over the SACOL area displayed three patterns： a single peak distribution under stable at- mospheric conditions, indicating urban aerosol distribution; an exponential decrease under unstable atmospheric conditions in the presence of a sandstorm; and a slight change in the mixed layer during the first and last stages of the sandstorm, indicative of thorough mixing during lifting and deposition stages. Analyses of the aerosol layer height （ALH） showed that there are two types of ALH diurnal variation. The ALH during the first sandstorm stage was complex and disordered, and affected by atmospheric circulation. While the ALH had obvious diurnal variation in the other stage, the ALH and aerosol extinction coefficient （AEC） had a single peak, and was higher in the af- ternoon and lower in the morning. In the second case the ALH was in agreement with the atmospheric boundary layer height （BLH） variation. As a result of the development of the atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） during day and maintenance at night, ALH during sandstorm-free days showed obvious diurnal variations. Multiple vertical distribu- tion patterns of sand-dust aerosols will result in different climate effects; therefore, the vertical distribution patterns can be used to parameterize climate and aerosol models.

Analysis on the Interaction between Turbulence and Secondary Circulation of the Surface Layer at Jinta Oasis in Summer

The kinetic energy variations of mean flow and turbulence at three levels in the surface layer were calculated by using eddy covariance data from observations at Jinta oasis in 2005 summer. It is found that when the mean horizontal flow was stronger, the turbulent kinetic energy was increased at all levels, as well as the downward mean wind at the middle level. Since the mean vertical flow on the top and bottom were both negligible at that time, there was a secondary circulation with convergence in the upper half and divergence in the lower half of the column. After consideration of energy conversion, it was found that the interaction between turbulence and the secondary circulation caused the intensification of each other. The interaction reflected positive feedback between turbulence and the vertical shear of the mean flow. Turbulent sensible and latent heat flux anomaly were also analyzed. The results show that in both daytime and at night, when the surface layer turbulence was intensified as a result of strengthened mean flow, the sensible heat flux was decreased while the latent heat flux was increased. Both anomalous fluxes contributed to the cold island effect and the moisture island effect of the oasis.

Characteristics of urban boundary layer in heavy haze process based on Beijing 325m tower data

Beijing experienced serious haze pollution from 24 November 2015 to 2 December 2015.To investigate the planetary boundary layer characteristics,especially turbulence characteristics,the authors analyzed the wind,temperature,humidity,and turbulence characteristics during heavily polluted weather by using the observational data of the 325-m meteorological tower in Beijing.The results indicate that the pollution was mainly caused by the easterly and southerly winds.There were negative correlations between wind speed,turbulent kinetic energy,friction velocity,and the PM2.5 concentration.During clean days,the wind speed greatly enhanced with height;however,during the period of heavy pollution,the wind speed changed a little from the nearsurface layer to the top of the tower.In contrast,the spatial variability of TKE from the nearsurface layer to the upper layer was not so obvious.The heavy haze pollution in this study was often characterized by the emergence of an inversion layer;therefore,the diurnal variation of the boundary layer temperature was very small.At the time of serious pollution,the relative humidity was near 100%.The diurnal variations of sensible heat flux and water vapor flux were significantly reduced when severe pollution occurred.

Application of Linear Thermodynamics to the Atmospheric System.Part Ⅱ: Exemplification of Linear Phenomenological Relations in the Atmospheric System

The linear phenomenological relations in the atmospheric boundary layer are proved indirectly using observational facts to combine linear thermodynamic theory and similarity theory in the boundary layer. Furthermore, it is proved that Ihe turbulent transport coefficients are in proportion to Ihe corresponding linear phenomenological coefficients. But the experimental facts show that the linear phenomenological relations are not (tenable in the atmospheric mixing layer because the turbulenl transport process is an intense non-linear process in the mixing layer. Hence the convection boundary layer is a thermodynamic stale in a non-linear region far from the equilibrium state. The geostrophic wind is a special cross-coupling phenomenon between the dynamic process and the thermodynamic process in the atmospheric system. It is a practical exemplification of a cross-coupling phenomenon in the atmospheric system.

不同风场中特高压换流站阀厅屋盖风压特性试验研究

特高压(ultra high voltage,UHV)换流站阀厅的金属屋面系统在风荷载作用下易发生屋面表层风揭事故。为深入探讨该类建筑屋面的风压极值特性,基于风洞试验分别探讨了大气边界层(atmospheric-boundary-layer,ABL)风、壁面射流、均匀湍流三种风场作用下的屋面风压特性,比较了平均风剖面、风速、风向、湍流强度等因素对屋面风压的影响。结果表明:阀厅屋盖迎风前缘负风压最大,且控制风向角在45°左右;壁面射流风场下平均风压系数与脉动风压系数均超过大气边界层风场的结果;风速对阀厅屋盖的负风压系数均值和极值影响较小,而湍流度对风压系数的极值影响较大;大气边界风场时,JGJ/T 481—2019《屋盖结构风荷载标准》的最不利风压系数建议值偏于安全;而在壁面射流风场下,阀厅屋盖全风向最不利风压系数在所有区域都大于JGJ/T 481—2019的建议值,设计中应加以重视。

基于地基C波段垂直雷达的青藏高原大气边界层湍流特征研究

基于2014年7—8月那曲地区不同来源的边界层高度资料(包括C波段调频连续波垂直探测雷达(BLH_(CR))、L波段探空(BLH_(SD))、梯度塔观测及欧洲中心再分析数据集(BLH_(ERA5))),分析了边界层高度(BLH)、不同感热通量(SH)和稳定度(z/L或BLH_(CR)/L)条件下近地层和混合层湍流统计特征及湍流谱。主要结果如下:(1)BLH_(CR)、BLH_(SD)与BLH_(ERA5)互相之间有很好的相关,均方根偏差约为0.6 km。那曲地区BLH_(CR)的日变化较为明显,日较差中值为0.7—0.8 km。在北京时16时BLH_(CR)达最大,样本中值约为1.2 km。(2)随着感热通量增大,近地层垂直速度标准差(σ_(w))、温度标准差(σT)、温度与垂直速度相关系数(R_(wT))逐渐增大,σT增大速率呈线性,σ_(w)和R_(wT)的增大速率在感热通量超过一定阈值后逐渐减小。当-z/L<0.3时,σT和R_(wT)随-z/L增大迅速增大;-z/L≥0.3时增速明显趋缓。(3)混合层内湍流垂直速度方差(σ_(w)^(2))最大值出现在(0.25—0.3)×BLH_(CR)高度,平均值为1.2—1.3 m^(2)/s^(2)。强不稳定时混合层内σ_(w)^(2)略小于弱不稳定;σ_(w)^(2)平均值随感热通量增大而增大。归一化湍流垂直速度方差(σ_(w)^(2)/w_*2)随z/BLH_(CR)增大先迅速增大后逐渐减小,极大值出现在0.35×BLH_(CR)附近。(4)随着不稳定层结的增强,近地层和混合层的归一化垂直速度谱均谱峰左移,谱峰对应的归一化功率谱密度变大。强不稳定时湍流尺度变大、能量增强。

中国典型地形风能资源的湍流特征分析

选取4种风能开发利用的典型地形,对其大气边界层风场特别是湍流场的特征进行分析。通过分析不同下垫面无量纲方差与无量纲稳定度参数z/L的关系,表明均在风力机标准的湍流模型适用范围内。湍流动能随风速呈指数增长,不同稳定度下指数差异明显。湍流动能的垂直变化,除受稳定度影响外,还与下垫面有关。东海塘沿海局地平坦地形和锡林浩特平坦草原下垫面,湍流动能随高度变化较小;鄱阳湖湖陆交界复杂下垫面,近地面湍流动能明显增大,随着高度的增加,湍流动能迅速下降;河北尚义起伏的中山丘陵下垫面,地形使下层湍流动能随高度减小,上层湍流动能随高度增大。摩擦速度廓线与湍流动能廓线基本一致,但其最大值并不一定在地表附近。

干湿对流大气边界层大涡模拟及模式收敛性分析

利用中尺度天气研究预报模式WRF中的大涡模拟(LES)版本对理想干对流边界层和浅对流云覆盖的海洋性大气边界层结构和湍流输送特征进行大涡模拟,并通过不同水平分辨率大涡模拟结果分析了大涡模式的收敛性。结果表明:不同分辨率大涡模式模拟的干对流边界层高度约为1.15 km,位温、水汽混合比和水平风速等平均变量在边界层内均匀分布,但在近地层和边界层顶垂直梯度较大。随模式分辨率的提高,可分辨出更精细的对流泡结构,夹卷层的位温方差增大,模拟的混合层平均物理量均匀分布更接近地面,与粗分辨率下大涡模拟的偏差主要集中在边界层下层和逆温层附近,解析热通量增加,但总热通量保持不变。不同于干对流边界层,在有浅对流云覆盖的边界层内,混合层高度较低,混合层内平均气象要素垂直廓线和方差或通量廓线与干对流边界层内相似,低层混合层内平均气象要素呈垂直均匀分布,但由于混合层以上存在条件不稳定云层,云层内有正热通量和正垂直湍流动能,而混合层顶到浅对流云底部为负热通量,反映了混合层顶夹卷过程作用。较粗分辨率的大涡模式增加了逆温层顶、近地层平均风速和通量的模拟偏差。湍流发展旺盛的干对流边界层,大涡模式在约40 m的水平分辨率上收敛,而对混合层高度较低的浅积云覆盖边界层,模式则在约30 m水平分辨率上收敛,具有较低混合层高度的大气边界层需要更高分辨率的大涡模式描述。

利用尺度自适应大气边界层湍流参数化方案对一次陆地浓雾的数值模拟

为提高大气数值模式的模拟能力,改进大气边界层水汽、热量湍流输送计算和大雾天气的模拟效果,选用WRF三维非静力模式,采用具有局地和非局地垂直湍流尺度自适应计算能力的MYNN_SA参数化方案,对2017年12月28—29日我国华北—江淮地区的大范围浓雾过程进行了数值模拟研究,探讨从中尺度到灰区尺度分辨率范围,模式的尺度自适应大气边界层湍流参数化方案对稳定大气边界层发展、湍流输送和大雾天气模拟的影响。利用中国地面气象站观测资料和ERA5再分析数据,在接近灰区尺度的网格分辨率上,利用尺度自适应大气边界层湍流MYNN_SA参数化方案较之中尺度参数化MYNN方案,可明显改善次网格湍流输送计算,以及陆地浓雾的强度、空间分布和时间演变特征,可更精确地模拟云水混合比、逆温层和雾区的垂直结构。

Study of boundary layer characteristics during the landfalling of a Nisarga cyclone

One of the most important parameters in meteorology is the mean wind profile in the tropical cyclone boundary layer.The vertical profile of wind speed and wind direction were measured during the period of the Nisarga cyclone from May 31st,2020,to June 5th,2020,using the newly installed Phased Array Doppler Sodar system at the Center for Space and Atmospheric Science(CSAS),Sanjay Ghodawat University,Kolhapur(16.74◦N,74.37◦E;near India's western coast).Our analysis revealed that the maximum mean wind speed was 17 m/s on June 3,2020,at 10:00 IST.It also shows the change in wind direction from southwest to southeast on June 2 and 3,2020.Daily high-resolution reanalysis data in the domain,0–25◦N,65–110◦E,during the period from May 31st to June 5th,2020,revealed the variation of the atmospheric pressure of the Nisarga cyclone from 1000 to 1008 hPa,sea surface temperature(SST)between 30◦C and 31◦C,outgoing longwave radiation(OLR)between 100 and 240 Wm-2,wind speed between 3 and 15 m/s,and low values of vertical wind shear(VWS)were observed to the north of Nisarga track.These observations may provide more insights for the study of boundary layer turbulence during cyclonic activities.

Marine-Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics over the South China Sea During the Passage of Strong Typhoon Hagupit

The structures and characteristics of the marine-atmospheric boundary layer over the South China Sea during the passage of strong Typhoon Hagupit are analyzed in detail in this paper. The typhoon was generated in the western Pacific Ocean, and it passed across the South China Sea, finally landfalling in the west of Guangdong Province. The shortest distance between the typhoon center and the observation station on Zhizi Island （10 m in height） is 8.5 km. The observation data capture the whole of processes that occurred in the regions of the typhoon eye, two squall regions of the eye wall, and weak wind regions, before and after the typhoon’s passage. The results show that： （a） during the strong wind （average velocityˉu≧10 m s？1） period, in the atmospheric boundary layer below 110 m, ˉu is almost independent of height, and vertical velocity ˉw is greater than 0, increasing with ˉu and reaching 2–4 m s？1 in the squall regions;（b） the turbulent fl uctuations （frequency＆gt;1/60 Hz） and gusty disturbances （frequency between 1/600 and 1/60 Hz） are both strong and anisotropic, but the anisotropy of the turbulent fl uctuations is less strong;（c） ˉu can be used as the basic parameter to parameterize all the characteristics of fl uctuations;and （d） the vertical fl ux of horizontal momentum contributed by the average fl ow （ˉu＆#183; ˉw） is one order of magnitude larger than those contributed by fl uctuation fl uxes （u＆#39;w＆#39; and v＆#39;w＆#39;）, implying that strong wind may have seriously disturbed the sea surface through drag force and downward transport of eddy momentum and generated large breaking waves, leading to formation of a strongly coupled marine-atmospheric boundary layer. This results in ˉw ＆gt; 0 in the atmosphere, and some portion of the momentum in the sea may be fed back again to the atmosphere due to ˉu ＆#183; ˉw＆gt;0.

ON THE PDF MODELS FOR ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION IN BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper, taking its turbulent exchange coefficient as a function of the Lagrangian time scale and standard variance of the turbulence in atmosphere, the atmospheric dispersion PDF models are obtained on the basis of atmospheric diffusion K-theory. In the model the statistics of wind speed are directly used as its parameters instead of classic dispersion parameters. The bi- Gaussian PDF is derived in convective boundary layer (CBL), from the statistics of vertical velocity in both of the downdraft and updraft regions that are investigated theoretically in the other part of this paper. Giving the driven parameters of the CBL (including the convective velocity scale w* and the mixing depth h_i) and the time-averaged wind speed at release level, the PDF model is able to simulate the distribution of concentration released at any levels in the CBL. The PDF's simulations are fairly consistent with the measurements in CONDORS experiment or the results brought out by some numerical simulations.

温度层结对建筑风环境定量影响的大涡模拟

基于局地气候区分类,选取了北京门头沟地区4种局地气候区(高层开阔、高层密集、中层密集、稀疏建筑)作为研究对象,利用高分辨率大涡模拟方法,数值研究温度层结效应对不同局地气候区风和湍流特性的影响。2019年11月7日晴天小风个例模拟结果表明:1)温度层结对湍涡的形状和范围有显著影响。在近地面水平剖面上,稳定层结下涡旋数量较中性层结情况减少,但涡旋的纵向延伸范围可增大67%;不稳定层结下涡旋数量较中性层结增加,涡旋的纵向范围可缩小60%。在垂直剖面上,相较于中性层结,稳定层结下环流结构减弱且涡旋的纵向范围可缩小40%,不稳定层结下环流结构增强且涡旋的纵向范围可增大20%,该现象在高层密集型地块最为明显。2)4种局地气候区的风速的高值区主要位于平行于盛行风方向的建筑物两侧及屋顶附近,热力作用对总风速有增益作用,近地面风速较入流风速可增加1.27~2.18倍。3)4种局地气候区湍动能的高值区主要位于建筑物底部拐角处和屋顶,不稳定层结下近地面的湍动能是中性层结的1.2~1.5倍,而稳定层结下是中性层结的0.5~0.8倍,即不稳定层结条件下浮力引起的热力湍流增强混合效率,而稳定层结条件下湍流运动受到抑制。4)相较于其他局地气候区,高层密集区域的建筑物底部风速较大,在不稳定层结下易形成较强的狭管效应,其街区峡谷最大风速是中层密集的1.5倍。

Large-eddy simulation of turbulent boundary layer flow over multiple hills

Atmospheric boundary layer(ABL)flow over multiple-hill terrain is studied numerically.The spectral vanishing viscosity(SVV)method is employed for implicit large eddy simulation(ILES).ABL flow over one hill,double hills,and three hills are presented in detail.The instantaneous three-dimensional vortex structures,mean velocity,and turbulence intensity in mainstream and vertical directions around the hills are investigated to reveal the main properties of this turbulent flow.During the flow evolution downstream,the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex,braid vortex,and hairpin vortex are observed sequentially.The turbulence intensity is enhanced around crests and reduced in the recirculation zones.The present results are helpful for understanding the impact of topography on the turbulent flow.The findings can be useful in various fields,such as wind energy,air pollution,and weather forecasting.