Atomic-iodine-substituted polydiacetylene nanospheres with boosted intersystem crossing and nonradiative transition through complete radiative transition blockade for ultraeffective phototherapy

The energy dissipation pathways of a photosensitizer for phototherapies,including photodynamic therapy(PDT)and photothermal therapy(PTT),compete directly with that of itsfluorescence(FL)emission.Enriching heavy atoms on theπ-conjugated systems and aggregation-caused quenching are two effective methods to turn off the FL emission of photosensitizers,which is expected to boost the inter-system crossing(for PDT)and nonradiative transition(for PTT)of photosensitizers for maximized phototherapeutic efficacy.Following this approach,an all-iodine-substituted polydiacetylene aggregate poly(diiododiacetylene)(PIDA)has been developed,which shows a superior near infrared absorption(ε_(808nm)=26.1 g^(-1) cm^(-1) L)with completely blocked FL,as well as high efficiency of reactive oxygen species generation(nearly 45 folds of indocyanine green)and photothermal conversion(33.4%).To make the insolublefibrillar PIDA aggregates favorable for systemic administration,they are converted into nanospheres through a pre-polymerization morphology transformation strategy.The in vivo study on a 4T1 tumor-bearing mouse model demonstrates that PIDA nanospheres can almost eliminate the tumor entirely in 16 days and prolong the survival time of mice to over 60 days,validating their effective phototherapeutic response through the strategy of inhibiting FL for boosted intersystem crossing and nonradiative transition.

The heavy atom effect on photocleavage of DNA by mono-hydroxyl halogenated corroles

DNA photocleavage properties of halogenated mono-hydroxyl corrole 1-5 were investigated.It was found that these corroles were able to photocleavage supercoiled pBR 322 DNA（SC） into nicked-circular DNA（NC）.The activity of these corroles follows an order of 4>3>2≈1>5.The photosensitized singlet oxygen（Φ;） quantum yield by these corroles also follows that same order,showing the photocleavage activity is related to the heavy atom effect of halogen atoms on corroles.

Monte Carlo simulation of reflection effects of multi-element materials on gamma rays

To study the effects of the gamma reflection of multi-element materials,gamma ray transport models of single-element materials,such as iron and lead,and multielement materials,such as polyethylene and ordinary concrete,were established in this study.Relationships among the albedo factors of the gamma photons and energies and average energy of the reflected gamma rays by material type,material thickness,incident gamma energy,and incidence angle of gamma rays were obtained by Monte Carlo simulation.The results show that the albedo factors of single-element and multi-element materials increase rapidly with an increase in the material thickness.When the thickness of the material increases to a certain value,the albedo factors do not increase further but rather tend to the saturation value.The saturation values for the albedo factors of the gamma photons,and energies and the reflection thickness are related not only to the type of material but also to the incident gamma energy and incidence angle of the gamma rays.At a given incident gamma energy,which is between 0.2 and 2.5 MeV,the smaller the effective atomic number of the multi-element material is,the higher the saturation values of the albedo factors are.The larger the incidence angle of the gamma ray is,the greater the saturation value of the gamma albedo factor,saturation reflection thickness,and average saturation energy of the reflected gamma photons are.

Optimal entropy squeezing sudden generation and its control for an effective two-level moving atom entanglement with the two-mode coherent fields

From the viewpoint of quantum information, this paper proposes a concept and a definition of the atomic optimal entropy squeezing sudden generation （AOESSG） for the system of an effective two-level moving atom which entangles with the two-mode coherent fields. It also researches the relationship between the AOESSG and entanglement sudden death of the atom-fields, and discusses the influences of atomic initial state on the AOESSG and obtains the system parameter which controls the AOESSG.

Coherent population trapping magnetometer by differential detecting magneto–optic rotation effect

A pocket coherent population trapping（CPT） atomic magnetometer scheme that uses a vertical cavity surface emitting laser as a light source is proposed and experimentally investigated.Using the differential detecting magneto–optic rotation effect,a CPT spectrum with the background canceled and a high signal-to-noise ratio is obtained.The experimental results reveal that the sensitivity of the proposed scheme can be improved by half an order,and the ability to detect weak magnetic fields is extended one-fold.Therefore,the proposed scheme is suited to realize a pocket-size CPT magnetometer.

A study on compatibility of experimental effective atomic numbers with those predicted by ZXCOM

In this study, effective atomic numbers(Zeff) of materials determined at different experimental conditions by measuring the elastic-to-inelastic γ-ray scattering ratios are compared to ZXCOM predictions. It also presents the experimental data obtained via the transmission technique The agreement and disagreement between ZXCOM and experimental values are investigated. The theoretical basics of determining Zeffby scattering mode are outlined. The study shows that choosing appropriate experimental conditions can provide a good compatibility between the experimental results and theoretical ZXCOM

Two-Dimensional Talbot Effect with Atomic Density Gratings

We report the experimental observation of two-dimensional Talbot effect when a resonance plane wave interacts with a two-dimensional atomic density grating generated by standing wave manipulation of ultracold Bose gases. Clear self-images of the grating and sub-images with reversed phase or fractal patterns are observed. By calculating the autocorrelation functions of the images, the behavior of periodic Talbot images is studied. The Talbot effect with two-dimensional atomic density grating expands the applications of the Talbot effect in a wide variety of research fields.

Dick Effect in the Integrating Sphere Cold Atom Clock

The Dick effect is an important factor limiting the frequency stability of sequentially-operating atomic frequency standards. Here we study the impact of the Dick effect in the integrating sphere cold atom clock （ISCAC）. To reduce the impact of the Dick effect, a 5 MHz local oscillator with ultra-low phase noise is selected and a new microwave synthesizer is built in-house. Consequently, the phase noise of microwave signal is optimized. The contribution of the Dick effect is reduced to 2.5× 10^-13τ-1/2 （3- is the integrating time）. The frequency stability of 4.6 × 10-13τ-1/2 is achieved. The development of this optimization can promote the space applications of the compact ISCA C.

Tuning Martensitic Phase Transition by Non-Magnetic Atom Vacancy in MnCoGe Alloys and Related Giant Magnetocaloric Effect

The effects of non-magnetic atom vacancy on structural, martensitic phase transitions and the corresponding magnetocMoric effect in MnCoGel-x alloys are investigated using x-ray diffraction and magnetic measurements. The introduction of non-magnetic atom vacancy leads to the decrease of the martensitic transition temperature and realizes a temperature window where magnetic and martensitic phase transitions can be tuned together. Moreover, the giant magnetocaloric effect accompanied with the coupled magnetic-structural transition is ob- tained. It is observed that the peak values of magnetic entropy change of MnCoGeo.97 are about -13.9, -35.1 and -47.4J.kg-1K-1 for △H = 2, 5, 7T, respectively.

Numerical simulation of effect of various parameters on atomization in an annular slit atomizer

As the width-thickness ratio of the discrete nozzle atomizer’s discrete hole greatly influences the loss of atomizing gas flow rate,the discrete nozzle atomizer was transformed into an annular slit atomizer with the same total nozzle outlet area.A numerical simulation study on the effect of various parameters on the atomization in the annular slit atomizer was carried out by coupling both the large eddy simulation(LES)and volume of fluid(VOF)model,which is based on the applicability of LES in capturing the breakup behavior of transient liquid droplets and the advantage of VOF method in directly capturing the phase interface.The simulation results showed that the increase in the atomization pressure makes the gas gain higher momentum,while the increase in the nozzle intersection angle decreases the distance between the nozzle exit and the computational domain axis.The increase in these two variables results in enhancing the gas-liquid interaction in the primary atomization zone and the formation of more aluminum droplets simultaneously.It is considered that the atomization effect becomes better when atomization pressure is 2.5 MPa,and the nozzle intersection angle is 60°.Industrial tests showed that the aluminum powder prepared by the optimized annular slit atomizer has a finer mean particle size and a higher yield of fine powder.The numerical simulation results agree well with the industrial test data of the powder particle size.

Quantitative parameters in novel spectral computed tomography:Assessment of Ki-67 expression in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND The level of Ki-67 expression has served as a prognostic factor in gastric cancer.The quantitative parameters based on the novel dual-layer spectral detector computed tomography(DLSDCT)in discriminating the Ki-67 expression status are unclear.AIM To investigate the diagnostic ability of DLSDCT-derived parameters for Ki-67 expression status in gastric carcinoma(GC).METHODS Dual-phase enhanced abdominal DLSDCT was performed preoperatively in 108 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.Primary tumor monoenergetic CT attenuation value at 40-100 kilo electron volt(kev),the slope of the spectral curve(λ_(HU)),iodine concentration(IC),normalized IC(nIC),effective atomic number(Z^(eff))and normalized Z^(eff)(nZ^(eff))in the arterial phase(AP)and venous phase(VP)were retrospectively compared between patients with low and high Ki-67 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma.Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to analyze the association between the above parameters and Ki-67 expression status.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was performed to compare the diagnostic efficacy of the statistically significant parameters between two groups.RESULTS Thirty-seven and 71 patients were classified as having low and high Ki-67 expression,respectively.CT_(40 kev-VP),CT_(70 kev-VP),CT_(100 kev-VP),and Z^(eff)-related parameters were significantly higher,but IC-related parameters were lower in the group with low Ki-67 expression status than the group with high Ki-67 expression status,and other analyzed parameters showed no statistical difference between the two groups.Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that CT_(40 kev-VP),CT_(70 kev-VP),CT_(100 kev-VP),Z^(eff),and n Z^(eff) exhibited a negative correlation with Ki-67 status,whereas IC and nIC had positive correlation with Ki-67 status.The ROC analysis demonstrated that the multi-variable model of spectral parameters performed well in identifying the Ki-67 status[area under the curve(AUC)=0.967;sensitivity 95.77%;specificity 91.89%)].Nevertheless,the differentiating capabilities of singlevariable model were moderate(AUC value 0.630-0.835).In addition,the nZ_(VP)^(eff) and nIC_(VP)(AUC 0.835 and 0.805)showed better performance than CT_(40 kev-VP),CT_(70 kev-VP) and CT_(100 kev-VP)(AUC 0.630,0.631 and 0.662)in discriminating the Ki-67 status.CONCLUSION Quantitative spectral parameters are feasible to distinguish low and high Ki-67 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma.Z^(eff) and IC may be useful parameters for evaluating the Ki-67 expression.

High‑accuracy measurement of Compton scattering in germanium for dark matter searches

Compton scattering with bound electrons contributes to a significant atomic effect in low-momentum transfer,yielding background structures in direct light dark matter searches as well as low-energy rare event experiments.We report the measurement of Compton scattering in low-momentum transfer by implementing a 10-g germanium detector bombarded by a^(137)Cs source with a radioactivity of 8.7 mCi and a scatter photon captured by a cylindrical NaI(Tl)detector.A fully relativistic impulse approximation combined with multi-configuration Dirac–Fock wavefunctions was evaluated,and the scattering function of Geant4 software was replaced by our calculation results.Our measurements show that the Livermore model with the modified scattering function in Geant4 is in good agreement with the experimental data.It is also revealed that atomic many-body effects significantly influence Compton scattering for low-momentum transfer(sub-keV energy transfer).

Comparative Study between Lead Oxide and Lead Nitrate Polymer as Gamma-Radiation Shielding Materials

In this work, the Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/lead oxide and the Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/lead nitrate composites were prepared as gamma-radiation shielding materials. The investigated materials were prepared with three different weight percentage of lead oxide and lead nitrate (30, 50 and 70 wt%). The mass attenuation coefficients (μm) for all composite samples were measured experimentally at 511 and 661.6 keV photon energies. The measurements were made by performing transmission experiments with a 3'' × 3'' NaI (Tl) scintillation detector, which had an energy resolution of 7% at 0.662 MeV for the gamma-rays from the decay of 137Cs. The effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and the effective electron densities (Neff) were determined experimentally. Also they were determined theoretically using the obtained μm values for the studied composites samples by WinXCom program. The obtained results show that the experimental values of the composites are found to be in a good agreement with the theoretical values. It is recognized that the mass attenuation coefficient (μm), effective atomic numbers (Zeff) and the effective electron densities (Neff) are increased in the composite samples which contain lead oxides than which contain lead nitrates. Finally, the Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/lead oxide is better than Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/lead nitrate polymer as gamma radiation shielding.

Study on gamma-ray attenuation characteristics of some amino acids for 133Ba,137Cs, and 60Co sources

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins,which are the most abundant macromolecules in living cells.From the standpoint of the photon interaction cross sections of amino acids,the mass attenuation coefficients,half and tenth value layers,mean free path,effective atomic and electronic cross sections,effective atomic number,and effective electron density of fifteen essential amino acids have been determined for 133Ba,137Cs,and 60Co gamma-ray sources.The MCNP-4C code and the XCOM program have been used to calculate these parameters.The results have been compared to the available experimental and theoretical data.The theoretical results agreed with the experimental data,with RD values of ≤±7%.In the energy region of 81-1332.5 keV,it was found that the μm,σa,and revalues of the amino acids decreased as the photon energy increased,and the increasing density of amino acids had no steady effect on these quantities.Additionally,results demonstrated that the HVL,TVL,and MFP values increased with the increase in photon energy.The μm,σa,and Zeff values of aspartic acid were the highest among those of all amino acids,and they were the lowest for isoleucine.The Zeff value of each sample containing H,C,N,and O atoms was nearly constant in the studied energy region.The Neffvalues of the studied amino acids varied in the range of 3.14×10^23-3.44×10^23 electron/g.Furthermore,the Neffvalues were approximately independent of the amino acid type in this energy region.

The atomic interface effect of single atom catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production

Producing hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))through an electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is a safe,green strategy and a promising alternative to traditional energy-intensive anthraquinone processes.Air and renewable power could be utilized for onsite and decentralized H_(2)O_(2)production,demonstrating significant application potential.Currently,single atom catalysts(SACs)have demonstrated significant advantages in the catalytic production of H_(2)O_(2)in 2e−ORR.However,the selectivity of SACs in ORR once puzzled researchers.This article reviews the research on the development and achievements of H_(2)O_(2)production by SACs catalysis in recent years.Especially,the structure-performance relationship is a guide to designing new SACs.Combining advanced characterization techniques and theoretical calculation methods,researchers have a clearer and more thorough understanding of the impact of the atomic interface of SACs on ORR catalytic performance.The coordination moiety formed between the active metal center atom and the support seriously determines the selectivity of SACs,mainly manifested in the adsorption of*OOH intermediates.Particularly,the atomic interface of metal atoms together with O/N co-coordination exhibit high selectivity and mass activity,and heteroatoms or functional groups on carbon supports present synergistic effects to promote the production of H_(2)O_(2)in 2e−ORR.Fine and accurate regulation of the atomic interface of SACs directly affects the 2e−ORR performance of the catalysts.Therefore,it is important to deeply understand the atomic interface of SACs and contribute to the development of novel catalysts.

Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen entanglement in bad cavity case

This paper explores continuous variable entanglement in four-wave mixing when the atomic relaxation time is comparable to and longer than the cavity relaxation time. In this case the atomic memory is included in the field correlations and the entanglement in the output fields can be significantly enhanced. Einstein Podolsky Rosen （EPR） entanglement is achievable even in the bad cavity limit. This shows the EPR entanglement generation without need of good cavity.

Synthesis,Characterization,and Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Phenylene-vinylene Based Chromophores for Singlet Oxygen Generation

A series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical phenylene-vinylene （PV） based chro- mophores with the molecular configuration of donor-π-donor （D-g-D） were prepared and characterized. Iodine was first introduced into the Jr-conjugation backbone of the PV based chromophores in order to study the heavy atom effect on their linear absorption, two-photon absorption （TPA） properties, as well as singlet oxygen generation properties. TPA cross-sections of these chromophores were investigated by using the two-photon excited fluorescence method. The unsymmetrical chromophores were found to have larger TPA cross-section values compared to their symmetrical counterparts. For one of the unsymmetrical chromophores with the iodine incorporation, a large TPA cross section value with quenched emission was found. The decreased fluorescence quantum yield of a molecule can be ascribed to the increased intersystem crossing, which is favorable for enhancing the singlet oxygen generation. Therefore, the unsymmetrical PV based chromophores with heavy atom incorporation are promising singlet oxygen sensitizers for the photodynamic therapy application.

Crystalline silicon surface passivation investigated by thermal atomic-layer-deposited aluminum oxide

Atomic-layer-deposited（ALD） aluminum oxide（Al2O3） has demonstrated an excellent surface passivation for crystalline silicon（c-Si） surfaces, as well as for highly boron-doped c-Si surfaces. In this paper, water-based thermal atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 films are fabricated for c-Si surface passivation. The influence of deposition conditions on the passivation quality is investigated. The results show that the excellent passivation on n-type c-Si can be achieved at a low thermal budget of 250℃ given a gas pressure of 0.15 Torr. The thickness-dependence of surface passivation indicates that the effective minority carrier lifetime increases drastically when the thickness of Al2O3 is larger than 10 nm. The influence of thermal post annealing treatments is also studied. Comparable carrier lifetime is achieved when Al2O3 sample is annealed for 15 min in forming gas in a temperature range from 400℃ to 450℃. In addition, the passivation quality can be further improved when a thin PECVD-SiNx cap layer is prepared on Al2O3, and an effective minority carrier lifetime of2.8 ms and implied Voc of 721 mV are obtained. In addition, several novel methods are proposed to restrain blistering.

Radiation Parameters of Some Potential Bioactive Compounds

In this study,we aimed to determine the radiation parameters of some potential bioactive compounds.1-Aryl-3-dibenzylamino-propane-1-on hydrochloride type Mannich bases were synthesized via classical conventional heating method.Aryl part was changed as phenyl(C6H5),4-methylphenyl(4-CH3C6H4),4-fluorophenyl(4-FC6H4),4-nitrophenyl(4-NO2C6H4),4-chlorophenyl(4-ClC6H4),4-bromophenyl(4-BrC6H4),and 2-thienyl(C4H3S-2-yl).Mass attenuation coefficient(μm),effective atomic number(Zeff)and effective electron density(Nel)of compounds were determined experimentally and theoretically for at 8.040,8.910,13.40,14.96,17.48,19.61,22.16,24.94,32.19,36.38,44.48,50.38and 59.54keV photon energies by using an HPGe detector with a resolution of 182eV at 5.9keV.Radiation parameters of these compounds which can be anti-cancer drug candidate were given in the tables.The results show that phenyl ring behave like thiophene ring in terms of radiation absorption.It is thought that the results of study may drive allow the development of drug candidate new compounds in medical oncology.

Principle for the Working of the Lithium-Ion Battery

The technological advances in Lithium-ion batteries have created many new applications, including electric vehicles. In this short note, we shall explain in simple terms the basic physics why and how it is possible to have high energy capacity in Lithium-ion batteries. However, heating has been a common problem and without appropriate design, they might give fire and explosion as reported.