Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Atractylodes lancea:A review

Atractylodes lancea(called Cangzhu in China)is a medicinal plant that has long been used as tonic agent in various ethno-medical systems in East Asia,especially in China,for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction,cancer,osteoporosis,obesity and fetal irritability.We used the TCMSP database to search for the main active ingredients and traditional Chinese medicine targets of Atractylodes macrocephala.There are a total of 38 related articles,of which 27 are closely related to chemical composition and activity.This study reviews the chemical components and pharmacological effects of A.lancea,aiming to provide reference for its further research and development.

Effect of Three Precursors on Accumulation of Principal Volatile Oil Constituents in Tissue Culture Plantlets of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of three precursors on the accumulation of principal volatile oil constituents in tissue culture plantlets of Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.） DC. with the aim to provide references for the improvement of artificial cultivated A. lancea quality. [Method] Three precursors were added into the MS rooting medium for A. lancea tissue culture plantlets and the volatile oil was extracted by ultrasonication after cultured for several days. The content of atractylon, atractylol, β-eucalyptol and atractydin in the volatile oil were determined by using gas chromatography method. [Result] The addition of xylose, isoprene and tetrahydrofuran impacted the growth indicators, yield of volatile oil and relative percentage content of the four constituents of A. lancea tissue culture plantlets. In the 6 g/L xylose optimized medium, the atractylon and β-eucalyptol content reached up to 4.23% and 56.34%, respectively, 1.41% and 1.66% higher than the control; although the addition of isoprene into medium raised the atractylon content, the accumulation of total volatile oil was inhibited that it decreased by 23.67%, 31.06% and 7.10% to the control; for the tetrahydrofuran optimized medium, the content of atractylon, atractylol and atractydin all increased, and the total volatile oil content increased by 49.97% to the control when the concentration of tetrahydrofuran was 0.07 g/L. [Conclusion] The addition of xylose and tetrahydrofuran promoted the accumulation of principal constituents of the volatile oil, whereas the addition of isoprene inhibited the accumulation.

A new polyacetylene glycoside from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea

A new polyacetylene glycoside,（1,3Z,11E）-tridecatriene-7,9-diyne-5-hydroxyl-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,was isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea（Thunb.） DC.Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.

Study on the Mechanism of Atractylodes lancea in the Treatment of Diabetes Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To predict the mechanism of Atractylodes lancea in the treatment of diabetes by using the method of network pharmacology.[Methods]The active constituents of A.lancea were mined and their action targets were predicted by using TCMSP database,and the targets of diabetes were screened out by GeneCards,and OMIM databases.The"constituent-target-pathway-disease"network of A.lancea in the treatment of diabetes was constructed by using Cytoscape software.The target protein-related interaction network was constructed by STRING database,and the biological function annotation and pathway analysis of key targets were carried out.[Results]The 4 active constituents of A.lancea could treat diabetes by intervening in 47 targets,95 GO biological processes and 116 main biological pathways.[Conclusions]The wogonin,NSC63551,3β-acetoxy atractylone andβ-carotene in A.lancea may regulate nuclear receptor activity,transcription factor activity(directly bind to the ligand-regulated sequence-specific DNA),steroid receptor,G protein-coupled amine receptor activity,sodium-chloride transporter activity,neurotransmitter receptor activity and other pharmacological effects,by mediating AGE-RAGE pathway,IL-17 pathway,PI3K-Akt pathway,p53 pathway,etc.,so as to treat diabetes.

Research Progress of Diseases on Atractylodes lancea

According to the current situation of diseases on Atractylodes lancea , the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and control methods of root diseases, leaf diseases and other diseases of A. lancea are analyzed, in order to provide a reference for the diagnosis and control of diseases on A. lancea .

Seed Propagation Technique of Atractylodes lancea in Maoshan, Jiangsu

Due to over exploitation, the Atractylodes resources in such five counties and cities as Jurong, Jintan, Lishui, Liyang and Gaochun have been exhausted. This paper summarized the seed propagation technique of Atractylodes lancea in Maoshan, Jiangsu Province, aiming to provide reference for the restoration of A. lancea production in Maoshan, Jiangsu.

Nitric Oxide and Brassinosteroids Mediated Fungal Endophyte-Induced Volatile Oil Production Through Protein Phosphorylation Pathways in Atractylodes lancea Plantlets

Fungal endophytes have been isolated from almost every plant, infecting their hosts without causing visible disease symptoms, and yet have still proved to be involved in plant secondary metabolites accumulation. To decipher the possible physiological mechanisms of the endophytic fungus-host interaction, the role of protein phosphorylation and the relationship between endophytic fungus-induced kinase activity and nitric oxide （NO） and brassinolide （BL） in endophyte-enhanced volatile oil accumulation in Atractylodes lancea plantlets were investigated using pharmacological and biochemical approaches. Inoculation with the endophytic fungus Gilmaniella sp. ALl2 enhanced the activities of total protein phosphorylation, Ca2^-dependent protein kinase, and volatile oil accumulation in A. lancea plantlets. The upregulation of protein kinase activity could be blocked by the BL inhibitor brassinazole. Furthermore, pretreatments with the NO-specific scavenger cPTIO significantly reduced the increased activities of protein kinases in A. lancea plantlets inoculated with endophytic fungus. Pretreatments with different protein kinase inhibitors also reduced fungus-induced NO production and volatile oil accumulation, but had barely no effect on the BL level. These data suggest that protein phosphorylation is required for endophyte- induced volatile oil production in A. lancea plantlets, and that crosstalk between protein phosphorylation and the NO pathway may occur and act as a downstream signaling event of the BL pathway.

Development of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized crude ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea(Thunb) DC.

Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA), the adenocarcinoma of the biliary duct, is commonly reported in Asia with the highest incidence in northeastern Thailand. Chemotherapy of this type of cancer is limited due to the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs. A series of previous studies support further research and development of Atractylodes lancea(Thunb) DC.(AL) as a potential candidate for the treatment of CCA as a crude ethanolic extract. In the present study, we aimed to develop an oral pharmaceutical formulation(capsule) of the standardized AL crude ethanolic extract for further clinical development in patients with CCA. Major steps included macroscopic and microscopic authentication of the AL rhizomes, preparation of standardized AL extract, preparation of oral pharmaceutical formulation(capsule) of the standardized AL extract, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the marker compound(atractylodin) in the formulated AL extract, evaluation of contaminations of heavy metals, pesticides residues, and microorganisms in the ground AL rhizomes and the formulated(capsule) powder of AL, physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the formulated AL extract/capsule, and cytotoxicity evaluation of the formulated AL extract. Results of all evaluations confirmed satisfactory pharmaceutical properties of oral(capsule) formulation of the standardized AL extract.

A New Sesquiterpenoid Glycoside from Rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea

Objective To study the water-soluble chemical constituents from the rhizomes of Atratylodes lancea. Methods Two sesquiterpenoid glycosides were purified by column chromatography and their structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis. They were also evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by determining the inhibitory activity on LPS-induced NO and PGE2 generation in RAW 264.7 cell lines. Results Compound 1 was a new sesquiterpenoid glycoside, named as（1S,4S,5R,7R,10S）-4,11,14-trihydroxyguai-3-one-11-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, but exhibited no appreciable activity. Compound 2 was atractyloside A and showed weak activity. Conclusion The hydroxyl group at C-10 of guaiol-type glycoside could be important for anti-inflammatory activity.

Sesquiterpenoid and C14-polyacetylene glycosides from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea

Four new glycosides including a eudesmane-type sesquiterpenoid（1）, a guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid（2）, and two C_（14）-polyacetylenes（3, 4） were isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses（UV, IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and HR-ESIMS）. The absolute configurations of their aglycones were established based on the experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism（ECD）, whereas those of monosaccharide moieties were determined by the GC method after chiral derivatization. Compound 4 showed weak anti-inflammatory effects on the LPS-induced NO production in microglia BV2 cells at a concentration of10μmmolL^（-1）.

Mechanisms of the Traditional Chinese Herb Atractylodes lancea against COVID-19 Based on Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.(AL)has been proven to be effective in the treatment of coronavirus disease2019(COVID-19).In this study,TCMSP,TCMID,OMIM,GeneCards,PharmMapper and SwissTargetPrediction were used to collect potential targets for AL against COVID-19.The online STRING analysis platform and Cytoscape were used for generating a(protein-protein interaction)PPI network.The Cytoscape and Autodock software were used for determining hub genes and key compounds.Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analysis were performed via DAVID database.A total of 84 common targets were obtained.The antiviral pathways were main pathways in traetment.10 hub genes and key compounds were screened by CytoHubba.We found that AL2,AL6 and AL38 had lower binding energy with key proteins.Our study demonstrated that AL might be used to treat COVID-19 by improving the"cytokine storm",regulating some antiviral pathways,and inhibiting the key protein through which the SARS-CoV-2 invades the host cell.These findings give a pharmacological basis and support for treating COVID-19 with AL.

不同叶面肥对茅苍术种子种苗生长及苍术素含量的影响

结合十堰市茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.]种子种苗生产需求,以一年生茅苍术种子种苗为材料,开展不同叶面肥对种苗的生物量和干燥根茎苍术素含量的影响研究。结果表明,不同叶面肥均未能促进一年生茅苍术种苗植株增高,对须根长和须根数无显著影响,减少了地下根茎鲜重和干重,相对提高了干重占比,但显著提高了一年生茅苍术种苗根茎的苍术素含量。此外,尽管叶面肥采用尿素能够提高一年生茅苍术种苗的叶片生长,但叶面肥采用磷酸二氢钾和硝酸钾有利于提高一年生茅苍术种苗的苍术素积累,提高了品质,更有利于大田生产应用。

Effect of Endophytic Fungi AL12 on the Metabolites Distribution in Organs of Atraetylodes lancea

[Objective] To examine the effect of endophytic fungi ALl2 （Gilmaniella sp.） on metabolites distribution in organs of Atractylodes lancea. [Method] Endophytic fungi ALl2 was inoculated on Atraetylodes lancea plantlets in tissue culture, and the distribution of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, soluble sugar in leaves and roots of the inoculated group were detected. The weight of leaves and roots were compared. Gas Chromatography was used to analyze the volatile oil components. [Result] Compared with the control group, the average fresh weight and dry weight of leaves and roots of A. lancea which had been symbiosed with ALl2 increased significantly. The content of lignin and soluble sugar increased in the leaves of the inoculated group, and the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, soluble sugar and volatile oil also increased in roots. [Conclusion] The results indicate that symbiosed with ALl2 is benefit for the development of A. lancea roots and can promote the transfer and accumulation of the medicinal components to the roots.

不同覆盖物对大别山茅苍术出苗的影响

为了解大别山区域茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.]育苗过程中不同覆盖水平对茅苍术苗出苗与生长的影响,设置不同厚度地膜覆盖、松针覆盖、稻稃覆盖、杂灌叶覆盖与菌杂混土等处理。结果表明,不同覆盖物对茅苍术苗出苗数量、生长势、块茎鲜重、根长及健株率等性状的影响明显,其中地膜覆盖、菌杂混土处理的出苗质量显著优于无覆盖处理,稻稃覆盖、杂灌叶覆盖处理显著差于无覆盖处理,松针覆盖处理略优于对照,但未达显著水平。除健株率与成苗数量相关性未达到显著水平外,成苗数量、生长势、块茎鲜重、根长、健株率等性状两两之间呈显著正相关。不同覆盖物处理田块的杂草群相也有所不同,部分杂草如苍耳、问荆、蒿等在遮光覆盖条件下发生早而快。适合的土壤类型、良好的土壤墒情与微生态环境、适宜的温度与光照条件,均有利于促进茅苍术苗早生快发。根据茅苍术苗的成苗情况、生长势与整齐度基本能够判断幼苗的性状与全株生长状况。

三种细菌对茅苍术的生长、药效成分及关键酶基因的影响

为了培育优质茅苍术种质资源,提高茅苍术药材品质,本研究以茅苍术植株为材料,通过接种枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、胶质芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mucilaginosus)以及细黄链霉菌(Streptomyces microflavus)的方法,考察不同菌株对其生长特性、主要药效成分积累及其关键酶基因表达的影响。结果发现接种3种菌株均在不同程度促进茅苍术的生长,过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性和叶绿素含量,以接种胶质芽孢杆菌组对苍术苗的作用最明显,该组的株高、茎粗、根长、根鲜质量及根干质量较对照组分别增长了23.0%、28.9%、24.2%、34.8%和39.0%,抗氧化酶活性和叶绿素含量与对照组的差异也达到显著水平;接种胶质芽孢杆菌组3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A还原酶(HMGR)、法呢基焦磷酸合酶(FPPS)和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)基因的相对表达量均显著增加,而另两组只有HMGR和ACC相对表达量明显增加。这表明不同的菌株对茅苍术的促生作用不一。本研究结果为人工调控茅苍术的栽培生产实践提供科学依据。