Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Atractylodes lancea:A review

Atractylodes lancea(called Cangzhu in China)is a medicinal plant that has long been used as tonic agent in various ethno-medical systems in East Asia,especially in China,for the treatment of gastrointestinal dysfunction,cancer,osteoporosis,obesity and fetal irritability.We used the TCMSP database to search for the main active ingredients and traditional Chinese medicine targets of Atractylodes macrocephala.There are a total of 38 related articles,of which 27 are closely related to chemical composition and activity.This study reviews the chemical components and pharmacological effects of A.lancea,aiming to provide reference for its further research and development.

Effect of Three Precursors on Accumulation of Principal Volatile Oil Constituents in Tissue Culture Plantlets of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.

[Objective] This study was to explore the effect of three precursors on the accumulation of principal volatile oil constituents in tissue culture plantlets of Atractylodes lancea （Thunb.） DC. with the aim to provide references for the improvement of artificial cultivated A. lancea quality. [Method] Three precursors were added into the MS rooting medium for A. lancea tissue culture plantlets and the volatile oil was extracted by ultrasonication after cultured for several days. The content of atractylon, atractylol, β-eucalyptol and atractydin in the volatile oil were determined by using gas chromatography method. [Result] The addition of xylose, isoprene and tetrahydrofuran impacted the growth indicators, yield of volatile oil and relative percentage content of the four constituents of A. lancea tissue culture plantlets. In the 6 g/L xylose optimized medium, the atractylon and β-eucalyptol content reached up to 4.23% and 56.34%, respectively, 1.41% and 1.66% higher than the control; although the addition of isoprene into medium raised the atractylon content, the accumulation of total volatile oil was inhibited that it decreased by 23.67%, 31.06% and 7.10% to the control; for the tetrahydrofuran optimized medium, the content of atractylon, atractylol and atractydin all increased, and the total volatile oil content increased by 49.97% to the control when the concentration of tetrahydrofuran was 0.07 g/L. [Conclusion] The addition of xylose and tetrahydrofuran promoted the accumulation of principal constituents of the volatile oil, whereas the addition of isoprene inhibited the accumulation.

Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.

The rhizome of Atractylodes Iancen(A.lancea)(Thunb.) DC.(AL)is extensively used in Chinese,Thai,and Japanese traditional medicines as crude extracts/decoctions or a component in various herbal formulations.Various pharmacological activities of Al.and its major constituents have been demonstrated in ritro.ex ciro.and in animal models.Results from the toxicity studies in animal models suggest safety profile of AL,and its active constituents.Despite extensive use with positive impression in many diseases,there has not been a clinical study that can conclusively support its efficacy and safely profile in human.This review comprehensively summarizes current information on the pharmacological activities of AL and their active constituents including anticancer,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial and antipyretic activities,as well as activities on central nervous,cardiovascular,and gastrointestinal systems.

A new polyacetylene glycoside from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea

A new polyacetylene glycoside,（1,3Z,11E）-tridecatriene-7,9-diyne-5-hydroxyl-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside,was isolated from the rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea（Thunb.） DC.Its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis.

Seed Propagation Technique of Atractylodes lancea in Maoshan, Jiangsu

Due to over exploitation, the Atractylodes resources in such five counties and cities as Jurong, Jintan, Lishui, Liyang and Gaochun have been exhausted. This paper summarized the seed propagation technique of Atractylodes lancea in Maoshan, Jiangsu Province, aiming to provide reference for the restoration of A. lancea production in Maoshan, Jiangsu.

Study on the Mechanism of Atractylodes lancea in the Treatment of Diabetes Based on Network Pharmacology

[Objectives]To predict the mechanism of Atractylodes lancea in the treatment of diabetes by using the method of network pharmacology.[Methods]The active constituents of A.lancea were mined and their action targets were predicted by using TCMSP database,and the targets of diabetes were screened out by GeneCards,and OMIM databases.The"constituent-target-pathway-disease"network of A.lancea in the treatment of diabetes was constructed by using Cytoscape software.The target protein-related interaction network was constructed by STRING database,and the biological function annotation and pathway analysis of key targets were carried out.[Results]The 4 active constituents of A.lancea could treat diabetes by intervening in 47 targets,95 GO biological processes and 116 main biological pathways.[Conclusions]The wogonin,NSC63551,3β-acetoxy atractylone andβ-carotene in A.lancea may regulate nuclear receptor activity,transcription factor activity(directly bind to the ligand-regulated sequence-specific DNA),steroid receptor,G protein-coupled amine receptor activity,sodium-chloride transporter activity,neurotransmitter receptor activity and other pharmacological effects,by mediating AGE-RAGE pathway,IL-17 pathway,PI3K-Akt pathway,p53 pathway,etc.,so as to treat diabetes.

Research Progress of Diseases on Atractylodes lancea

According to the current situation of diseases on Atractylodes lancea , the etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms and control methods of root diseases, leaf diseases and other diseases of A. lancea are analyzed, in order to provide a reference for the diagnosis and control of diseases on A. lancea .

Study on Rapid Propagation Medium of Atractylodes Lances by Orthogonal Design

[Objective] The aim was to protect wild resource of Atractylodes lances and to provide technical guidance for industrialization of Atractylodes lances. [Method] The test-tube seedlings were produced from seeds of Atractylodis Lances. At the same time, the effects of 6-BA, NAA and KT on the proliferation of aseptic seedling was studied through the orthogonal test. Effect of NAA concentration on the rooting of aseptic seedling was studied through nine types of light substrate groups, which consist of peat soil, fine sand and cotton seed hull, and their effects on Atractylodes lances growth were studied on with orthogonal design. [Result] The culture medium suitable for the proliferation of the Atractylodes lances tube seedling was MS＋6-BA 1.0 mg/L＋NAA 0.4 mg/L＋KT 0,4 mg/L. And the medium suitable for rooting was 1/2MS＋NAA 0.5 mg/L. The optimal ratio of soil, riversand and cotton seed hull was 3：3：2. [Conclusion] The research selected optimum culture medium, rooting medium and ratio of substrate, which provided technical guidance for laboratorial preservation of germplasm resource of Atractylodes lances and industrialization of its seedling production.

苍术（Atractybeslancea（Thunb．）DC．）种内遗传多样性分析

分析了苍术（Ａｔｒａｃｔｙｌｏｄｅｓｌａｎｄｅａ（Ｔｈｕｎｂ．）ＤＣ．）５种等位酶（ＭＤＨ，ＧＤＨ，ＰＰＯ，ＳＯＤ，ＰＥＲ）１２个位点上２５个等位基因的分化特征。结果表明：群体内多态位点比例平均为０．６１，每个位点的平均杂合率为０．２６，每个位点发现的平均等位基因数为１．７８。苍术种内基因多样性的８６％产生在群体内，群体间分化的明显效果为１４％。所有配对组合，群体间的平均遗传距离是０．１１，遗传同一性是０．９０。说明苍术种内变异很大。同时探讨茅苍术的分类位置，认为茅苍术不是苍术和白术的杂交种。

我国东北地区苍术的生境适宜性评价

苍术(Atractylodes lancea)是我国东北地区的道地药材,市场需求日益增加,人们种植意愿浓厚。然而,当前苍术人工栽培种源杂乱、存活率低、产量及品质参差不齐,原因在于对苍术的适宜生存环境缺乏科学判断。针对东北地区苍术的自然分布数据和环境变量数据,应用最大熵模型(Maxent)和地理信息系统(GIS)对其生境适宜性进行评估和区划。结果表明:苍术在我国东北地区主要分布于辽西山地、小兴安岭、长白山及其余脉,生境适宜区(P>0.5)面积为10.96万km^(2),占东北地区总面积的8.84%;影响苍术分布的6个主要环境因子(贡献率)依次为年均降水量(26.5%)、最暖季平均温度(18.6%)、降水量季节性变异系数(16.6%)、海拔(12.2%)、年平均气温(11%)、最冷季降水量(5.2%),累计贡献率超过90%,水分因子(年均降水量+降水量季节性变异系数)比温度因子(最暖季平均温度+年平均气温)对苍术的分布影响更大;根据对苍术主要生境适宜区的分析,苍术在东北地区可能存在两种气候生态型,即辽西的耐旱型、长白山的耐寒型。综上所述,在发展苍术种植产业的过程中,除了应关注苍术的适宜分布区以外,还应充分考虑不同区域种源的生态需求,以避免由于盲目引种而导致的种植损失。

林下苍术“拟境栽培”技术

林下种植中药材是模拟药用植物野生生境的“拟境栽培”方式,有利于提高药材产量和林下土地资源的高效利用。本研究以苍术林下种植为研究对象,结合种植实践,从地块选择、整地、移栽、播种、田间管理等方面总结了林下苍术“拟境栽培”技术要领和影响林下苍术生长发育过程中光合特性参数及有效成分合成和积累的生态因素,以期为林下大规模种植苍术提供技术理论支持。

与玉米间作促进苍术根际养分吸收利用的原因

与玉米间作能够缓解苍术连作障碍,而养分条件变化是关键因素之一。为探究苍术||玉米间作对苍术根际养分吸收利用的影响,本研究开展了为期2年的苍术||玉米间作根际不同分隔处理的田间试验,共设置了4种处理:苍术单作(A)、苍术||玉米间作不隔膜(AI)、苍术||玉米间作隔尼龙膜(AN)和苍术||玉米间作隔塑料膜(AP),分别测定了苍术生物量和4种挥发油成分含量,苍术根茎氮磷钾含量,根际土壤pH、有机质和土壤养分因子含量。结果发现,AI和AN处理的苍术根茎鲜重均高于A和AP,且AI与A和AP的差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。苍术4种挥发油含量均表现为AI和AN高于A和AP,其中AI的β-桉叶醇含量分别比A和AP显著高128.4%和205.6%(P<0.05),AI和AN的苍术素含量比A和AP显著提高75.0%~875.0%(P<0.05);相比A和AP,AI和AN的苍术根茎4种挥发油成分总含量显著提高82.8%~210.3%(P<0.05),表明苍术||玉米间作的地下根际互作对促进苍术根茎生物量和挥发油积累有重要作用。AI和AN比A和AP苍术根际土壤pH下降0.4%~6.3%、土壤有机质含量提高13.5%~48.1%;AI的苍术根际土壤碱解氮含量分别比A和AP显著提高32.8%和36.2%(P<0.05),AN的速效钾含量分别显著提高51.5%和46.7%(P<0.05)。相关性分析发现,苍术酮主要与苍术根茎氮磷钾含量和根际土壤氮磷钾含量呈正相关,而苍术素主要与根茎钾含量呈正相关。与A和AP相比,AI苍术磷吸收效率分别提高23.4%和30.0%(P<0.05);AI和AN的氮和钾利用效率比A显著提高131.3%~222.2%(P<0.05)。综上可知,苍术||玉米间作体系中,与无根际互作(A和AP)相比,地下根际互作效应(AI和AN)可提高苍术根际酸化水平,活化土壤氮磷钾,促进苍术根茎养分吸收利用,进而提高苍术产量,同时影响苍术根茎挥发油积累。本研究揭示了苍术||玉米间作地下根际作用是促进苍术根际养分吸收利用的重要因素,为药用植物生态多样性种植模式推广提供重要参考。

不同叶面肥对茅苍术种子种苗生长及苍术素含量的影响

结合十堰市茅苍术[Atractylodes lancea(Thunb.)DC.]种子种苗生产需求,以一年生茅苍术种子种苗为材料,开展不同叶面肥对种苗的生物量和干燥根茎苍术素含量的影响研究。结果表明,不同叶面肥均未能促进一年生茅苍术种苗植株增高,对须根长和须根数无显著影响,减少了地下根茎鲜重和干重,相对提高了干重占比,但显著提高了一年生茅苍术种苗根茎的苍术素含量。此外,尽管叶面肥采用尿素能够提高一年生茅苍术种苗的叶片生长,但叶面肥采用磷酸二氢钾和硝酸钾有利于提高一年生茅苍术种苗的苍术素积累,提高了品质,更有利于大田生产应用。

基于瓶内-瓶外结合的濒危药用植物茅苍术组培快繁研究

目的:优化茅苍术离体培养方法及条件,建立一种茅苍术高效组培快繁技术体系。方法:以茅苍术无菌苗为外植体,优化培养条件,筛选最佳增殖培养基,并采用组培瓶内-瓶外结合对茅苍术继代芽苗进行生根诱导,获得组培苗。结果:茅苍术胚轴切割以横切、仅保留下胚轴最佳,平均增殖系数为3.80;光照强度6000 lx更适于茅苍术不定芽诱导,平均增殖系数达4.36。茅苍术最适不定芽增殖培养基为MS+6-BA 1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖50 g/L,增殖系数为12.96±1.55,单芽最高增殖系数可达15,农艺性状整齐度最高。瓶外生根过程中,育苗周期较瓶内生根方式可缩短14 d左右,最适生根基质为草炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=3∶1∶1;瓶外生根平均成活率达95.00%,显著高于瓶内生根。结论:通过结合瓶内培养与瓶外生根技术,建立了一种创新性的茅苍术组培快繁技术体系,在缩短育苗周期的同时,提高茅苍术成活率,为濒危药用植物茅苍术工厂化育苗提供科学可行的技术支持。

三种苗前除草剂对茅苍术杂草防治效果及安全性评价

为了筛选出防效好、残留少且对环境影响较小的茅苍术苗前除草剂,选取常用的3种苗前除草剂乙草胺、乙氧氟草醚和二甲戊灵,研究其除草效果,对叶绿素荧光参数的影响,农药残留情况及其对土壤微生物真菌和细菌群落的影响。结果表明,乙草胺的除草效果较好,株防效和鲜重防效都达到了80%以上,对茅苍术叶绿素荧光参数影响较小,农残较少,对土壤细菌和真菌群落无显著性影响;乙氧氟草醚和二甲戊灵对叶绿素荧光参数有影响,短时间内有一定的土壤农残。综合防效和安全性,优选乙草胺作为茅苍术的苗前除草剂。

含氨基酸肥料对北苍术生长和产量的影响

为了探索含氨基酸肥料在北苍术上的应用效果,研究了不同种类含氨基酸肥料对北苍术生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明:不同种类含氨基酸肥料均能促进北苍术植株和根系生长发育,提高北苍术茎叶和根茎生物量积累,有助于北苍术产量的提高;不同种类含氨基酸肥料对北苍术生长的影响有一定差异,益能肽对北苍术茎叶生物量提升幅度较大,ABT生根液偏向于促进北苍术根茎生长和生物量的积累与提高。

Effect of Endophytic Fungi AL12 on the Metabolites Distribution in Organs of Atraetylodes lancea

[Objective] To examine the effect of endophytic fungi ALl2 （Gilmaniella sp.） on metabolites distribution in organs of Atractylodes lancea. [Method] Endophytic fungi ALl2 was inoculated on Atraetylodes lancea plantlets in tissue culture, and the distribution of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, soluble sugar in leaves and roots of the inoculated group were detected. The weight of leaves and roots were compared. Gas Chromatography was used to analyze the volatile oil components. [Result] Compared with the control group, the average fresh weight and dry weight of leaves and roots of A. lancea which had been symbiosed with ALl2 increased significantly. The content of lignin and soluble sugar increased in the leaves of the inoculated group, and the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, soluble sugar and volatile oil also increased in roots. [Conclusion] The results indicate that symbiosed with ALl2 is benefit for the development of A. lancea roots and can promote the transfer and accumulation of the medicinal components to the roots.

Development of oral pharmaceutical formulation of standardized crude ethanolic extract of Atractylodes lancea(Thunb) DC.

Cholangiocarcinoma(CCA), the adenocarcinoma of the biliary duct, is commonly reported in Asia with the highest incidence in northeastern Thailand. Chemotherapy of this type of cancer is limited due to the lack of effective chemotherapeutic drugs. A series of previous studies support further research and development of Atractylodes lancea(Thunb) DC.(AL) as a potential candidate for the treatment of CCA as a crude ethanolic extract. In the present study, we aimed to develop an oral pharmaceutical formulation(capsule) of the standardized AL crude ethanolic extract for further clinical development in patients with CCA. Major steps included macroscopic and microscopic authentication of the AL rhizomes, preparation of standardized AL extract, preparation of oral pharmaceutical formulation(capsule) of the standardized AL extract, quantitative and qualitative analysis of the marker compound(atractylodin) in the formulated AL extract, evaluation of contaminations of heavy metals, pesticides residues, and microorganisms in the ground AL rhizomes and the formulated(capsule) powder of AL, physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of the formulated AL extract/capsule, and cytotoxicity evaluation of the formulated AL extract. Results of all evaluations confirmed satisfactory pharmaceutical properties of oral(capsule) formulation of the standardized AL extract.

苍术化学成分药理作用研究进展

苍术作为东亚国家广泛使用的重要草药之一,有着悠久的历史。苍术的化学成分主要包括烯炔类、倍半萜类、三萜类、糖苷类及甾醇类等,苍术活性成分在一些疾病上的潜在应用可能归因于其药理特性,如抗癌、免疫调节等。随着对苍术药理作用研究的深入,苍术的抗胃溃疡、抗菌抗炎、胃肠道调节和抗氧化等作用也得到发掘,但是与临床应用还有一定差距。因此,本文对苍术化学成分药理作用进行总结,旨在为深入研究苍术作为临床使用的一种天然产物的药理活性提供参考。

土炒苍术色度值及红外鉴别研究

目的:通过土炒苍术色度值和红外光谱法的测定,以期建立一种快速、简便、可靠的方法对土炒苍术饮片进行质量评价。方法:测定苍术生品和土炒苍术炮制品的色度值,L(亮度值)、a(红绿值)、b(黄蓝值);采用傅里叶变换红外光谱对苍术生品和土炒苍术炮制品进行红外光谱研究。结果:采用色度值能将苍术生品和土炒炮制品颜色进行量化;苍术土炒后,红外光谱中3275 cm^(-1) O-H伸缩振动峰和1026 cm^(-1) C-OH伸缩振动峰较生品强度降低。结论:本研究为苍术土炒前后颜色的量化及红外鉴别研究提供实验依据。