Radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardias related to myocardial scar or incision

Objectives Intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardias(IARTs)are common late after heart surgery.Conventional mapping and ablation is relatively difficult because of the complicated anatomy and multiple potential re-entry loops.In this study we aimed to evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia(AT)induced by myocardial scar or incision.Methods In 6 patients(three male and three female,aged 33.3±11.8 years)who had AT related to myocardial scar or incision, electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation(RFCA)were performed.Earliest activation combined with entrain- ment mapping was adopted to determine a critical isthmus.Results Re-entry related to the lateral atriotomy scar was inducible in 5 of 6 patients.With entrainment mapping,the PPI(post-pacing interval)-TCL(tachycardia cycle length)difference was＜30 ms when pacing at the inferior margins of the right lateral atriotomy scar.Among them,3 patients had successful linear ablation between scar area to inferior vena cava,and 2 patients between scar area to tricuspid annulus.Re-entry involving an ASD patch was demonstrated in 1 of 6 patients.PPI-TCL differences＜30 ms were observed when entraining tachycardia at sites near the septal patch.But linear ablation failed in terminating AT.There was no complication during procedure.No recurrence of AT related to incision was observed during follow-up except for the failed patient.Conclusion Under conventional electrophysiological mapping,adopting linear ablation from scar area to anatomic barrier,successful ablation can be obtained in patients with IRATs related to myocardial scar or incision.

Radiofrequency ablation of atrial tachycardia in patients with repaired atrial septal defect

Objective:To evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics and radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial tachycardia (AT) in patients with repaired atrial septal defects(ASD). Methods: In 76 consecutive patients with AT who underwent the electrophysiological study and radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA). 4 patients (one male and three female aged 35. 5±11. 5 years) had AT-related myocardial scar or incision. Earliest activation combined with entrainment mapping was adopted to determine a critical isthmus. Results: Re-entry related to the lateral atriotomy scar was inducible in 3 of 4 patients. With en-trainment mapping, the PPI-TCL difference was <30 ms when pacing at the inferior margins of the right lateral atriotomy scar. Among them, 2 patients had successful linear ablation between scar area to inferior vena cava, and 1 patient between scar areas to tricuspid annulus. Re-entry involving an ASD patch was demonstrated in 1 of 4 patients. PPI-TCL differences <30 ms were found when entraining tachycardia at sites near the septal patch. But linear ablation failed in terminating AT. There was no complication during procedure. No recurrence of incision-related AT was found during follow-up except for the failed patient. Conclusion: Under conventional electrophysiological mapping, adopting linear ablation from scar area to anatomic barrier, successful ablation also can be obtained in patients with IRAT related to myocardial scar or incision.

Role of catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia associated with structural heart disease

In patients with structural heart disease, ventricular tachycardia (VT) worsens the clinical condition and may severely affect the shortand long-term prognosis. Several therapeutic options can be considered for the management of this arrhythmia. Among others, catheter ablation, a closed-chest therapy, can prevent arrhythmia recurrences by abolishing the arrhythmogenic substrate. Over the last two decades, different techniques have been developed for an effective approach to both tolerated and untolerated VTs. The clinical outcome of patients undergoing ablation has been evaluated in multiple studies. This editorial gives an overview of the role, methodology, clinical outcome and innovative approaches in catheter ablation of VT.

Radiofrequency ablation for treating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by atrial fibrillation： A single-center retrospective analysis

The effect of selective radiofrequency ablation for treating paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia （PSVT） and its associated paroxysmal atrial fibrillation （PAF） was assessed. Methods Data were collected retrospectively from patients diagnosed of PSVT and subsequently treated with radiofrequency ablation. Regular monthly follow-up by dynamic electrocardiography （ECG） was performed. Incident rates of atrial fibrillation before and after ablation were compared. Results 382 PSVT patients with 58 having atrial fibrillation were en- rolled. The order of complicated PAF from high to low in these patients was displayed as： atrial tachycardia （AT）, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia （AVRT） and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia （AVNRT）. Among AVRT patients, PAF was more frequent in patients having accessory pathways. AVNRT patients had significant- ly lower PAF rate comparing to other patients. PAF incident rate was significantly reduced by radiofrequency ablation therapy. Conclusion We advise regular dynamic ECG for PSVT patients, especially those with atrial flutter, AT or pre-excitation syndrome. Selective radiofrequency ablation is a feasible approach for treating AF complicated PSVT patients.

Biatrial Macroreentry Atrial Tachycardia after Atria Fibrillation Ablation

Catheter ablation is an important therapy for atrial fibrillation （AF） in the last decade. In parallel, atrial tachycardia （AT） has become the most common type of arrhythmia after AF ablation, especially after extensive left atrial （LA） substrate modification,t^j The occurrence of AT after AF is due to the conduction gaps of ablation lines and the conduction obstacle caused by the ablation lesions？-~1 Most of these ATs locate in LA, and here, we described a biatrial macroreentry AT （MAT） after AF ablation.

A three-pulmonary vein isolation approach to treat paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Objective To investigate the safety and efficacy of a 3-pulmonary vein (PV) isolation approach in treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Radiofrequency catheter ablation was used to eliminate PV potential in 11 patterns with frequent paroxysmal AF refractory to anti-arrhythmic agents. During sinus rhythm, PV potential was mapped in the left and right superior PVs and left inferior PV. The procedural success was defined as the elimination of PV potential in the 3 PVs. Restults PV potential was identified and abolished in a total of 24 PVs, mostly in the left and right superior PV. There was no pulmonary stenosis or other complications during or after the procedures. AF recurred in one patient after an average of 12 ± 3 month follow-up. Conclusions PV potemials were present mostly in the left or right superior PV. The 3-PVs isolation approach is safe and effective in preventing drug-resistant paroxysmal AF.

Inadvertent isolation of a focal tachycardia within the superior vena cava

The superior vena cava (SVC) is known to be a potential source of focal atrial tachycardias. Not uncommonly these tachycardias trigger atrial fibrillation or flutter. Focal ablation is safe and effective in eliminating arrhythmogenic foci within the SVC. We present the case of a patient with focal atrial tachycardia arising from the SVC. During presumably focal ablation inadvertent electrical isolation of the SVC from the right atrium was achieved, with restoration of sinus rhythm in the atria and persistence of the tachycardia within the SVC.

心房纤维化致右房电极植入失败病例1例

1例长期房性心动过速患者射频消融术中出现心脏停搏,并在三维标测系统指导下行右心房基质标测,后行双腔起搏器植入。三维标测系统指导下标测右心房游离壁及前壁发现大片低电压及疤痕区。起搏器植入术中多次调试右心房电极,起搏阈值参数均不理想,右心房电极植入失败。长期房性心动过速可能导致心房电重构、心房纤维化,从而导致右心房电极植入失败。

心脏三维电解剖标测在导管射频消融术治疗阵发性室上性心动过速患者中的应用

目的探讨心脏三维电解剖标测在导管射频消融术治疗阵发性室上性心动过速患者中的应用。方法选取2018年10月至2020年4月中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院诊治的阵发性室上性心动过速患者87例,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组41例和观察组46例。对照组在X线透视下完成导管射频消融术治疗,观察组在心脏三维电解剖标测系统下完成导管射频消融术治疗,术后完成6个月随访。比较两组消融成功率、手术时间、X线辐射量、并发症及复发率;对患者复发情况进行单因素分析及多因素Logistic分析。结果两组术后1、3个月复发率无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组术后并发症发生率及术后6个月复发率均低于对照组(χ^(2)=5.002、5.002,P<0.05);观察组X线辐射剂量和辐射时间低于对照组(t=10.936、11.322,P<0.05)。87例患者6个月随访时未有患者死亡,将复发2例作为复发组,其余作为未复发组,进行单因素分析,结果显示两组手术方法差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=7.297,P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,手术方式是患者复发的影响因素[OR(95%CI)=1.846(1.527~2.313),P<0.05]。结论在阵发性室上性心动过速患者导管射频消融术治疗中应用心脏三维电解剖标测能减少辐射剂量,术后并发症和复发率较低。

精细化护理对Carto3三维标测系统下经导管射频消融术治疗的心房颤动患者的影响

目的:研究精细化护理对Carto3三维标测系统下经导管射频消融术治疗的心房颤动患者的价值。方法:选取2021年10月—2022年10月广西医科大学第一附属医院进行Carto3三维标测系统下经导管射频消融术的心房颤动患者118例为研究对象,以随机列表法分为研究组和对照组,各59例。对照组应用常规护理,研究组应用精细化护理。比较两组抑郁自评量表(SDS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、生活质量评分、并发症发生率、满意度。结果:研究组干预后SDS、SAS评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);研究组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.041);研究组干预后物质生活、心理功能、社会功能、躯体功能评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001);研究组满意度高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.031)。结论:精细化护理对Carto3三维标测系统下经导管射频消融术治疗的心房颤动患者效果较好,能够缓解患者负性情绪,改善生活质量,并发症少,患者满意度较高。

经主动脉无冠窦内射频消融局灶性房性心动过速

目的探讨起源于主动脉无冠窦或其邻近组织的局灶性房性心动过速(简称房速)心脏电生理特点及经射频导管消融方法。方法 13例患者男3例,女10例,年龄52.7±9.8岁,阵发性房速病史4.2±4.5年。心房刺激诱发房速后,分析体表心电图P′波特点并于右房及主动脉无冠窦内进行激动标测。均于无冠窦内进行射频消融治疗。结果 13例心房刺激均能反复诱发或终止房速,平均周长340.9±46.0ms,房速时P′波时限77.8±14.4ms,明显短于窦性心律时P波时限111.2±10.3ms(P<0.05)。常规激动标测,所有患者于His束处标测到相对提前的心房激动。经主动脉逆行方法 ,所有患者于无冠窦内标测到心房激动较His束处的心房激动提前9.3±6.1ms,放电1～2次于2～8s内终止房速。随访3～36个月,无复发病例及手术相关合并症。结论起源于主动脉无冠窦或其邻近组织的房速具有窄P′波及常规标测相对提前的心房激动位于His束处的特点。经主动脉无冠窦内标测消融是一种根治此类房速安全有效的方法 。

起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速体表心电图特点及射频消融治疗

目的报道起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位的房性心动过速(简称房速)体表心电图特点及射频消融结果。方法13例房速均被证实起源于三尖瓣环非间隔部位并射频消融成功。影像学消融靶点位于三尖瓣环,局部电图可见A波和V波,且A∶V<2,V波的振幅>0.5 mV。结果9例消融成功部位位于三尖瓣环下侧壁,4例位于三尖瓣环上侧壁,靶点局部A波激动时间领先体表心电图P波起点41±15 ms,AV比值0.5±0.4。三尖瓣环下侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL、aVR导联P波正向,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波负向,V1～V6导联P波负向。三尖瓣环上侧壁起源的房速P波特点:Ⅰ、aVL导联P波正向,aVR导联P波负向或呈等电位线,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、aVF导联P波低幅正向波或呈等电位线,V1导联负向,胸前导联由右向左P波逐渐移行为正向。结论三尖瓣环非间隔部位是右房房速的一个重要起源点,其体表心电图有明确特征。

小儿室上性心动过速电生理与射频消融临床评估

目的通过食道电生理检查(transesophageal atrial pacing,TEAP)与心内电生理(electrophysiology study of the heart,EPS)比较研究,探讨小儿室上性心动过速(supraventricular tachycardia,SVT)射频消融(radiofre-quency catheter ablation,RFCA)术前TEAP对小儿SVT的发病机制、诊断价值及介入治疗适应证规范应用。方法对1998年8月-2007年1月经RFCA治疗的SVT34例患儿的TEAP及EPS资料进行对比分析。结果SVT34例,30例TEAP显示房室结折返性心动过速(atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,AVNRT)5例,房室折返性心动过速(atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia,AVRT)25例,与EPS的诊断符合率为96.7%(29/30例);EPS诊断AVRT30例,AVNRT4例。成功消融32例,手术未见明显并发症。结论TEAP与EPS检查结果符合率较高,可作为快速性心律失常的初步诊断及定位,为选择EPS及RFCA术指征重要辅助手段;RFCA根治小儿室上性心动过速疗效肯定,是小儿SVT安全可行的介入治疗方法。

局灶性房性心动过速射频消融治疗的临床疗效观察

目的:观察导管射频消融治疗局灶性房性心动过速的疗效及安全性,并比较常规标测与Carto系统标测的结果差异。方法:50例局灶性房性心动过速患者进行了电生理检查和射频消融治疗,32例采用常规标测,25例采用Carto系统标测(包括常规标测消融失败的7例)。平均随访20±11月,观察常规标测组和Carto系统标测组射频消融即刻和远期成功率及安全性和临床症状改善情况,同时比较二组"射线暴露时间。结果:①常规标测组和Carto系统标测组射频消融即刻成功率分别为78%、100%,远期成功率分别为68%、96%,无1例发生并发症;成功术后,由局灶性房性心动过速引起的症状消失。②Carto系统标测组%射线暴露时间明显少于常规标测组。结论:局灶性房性心动过速射频消融治疗成功率和安全性高,Carto系统标测比常规标测更有优势,且明显减少X射线暴露时间。

经食道心房调搏在射频消融术治疗室上性心动过速中的价值

目的探讨经食道心房调搏（ＴＥＡＰ）在射频消融（ＲＦＣＡ）治疗室上性心动过速中病人的初选、旁道的初步定位等方面的价值。方法于检查前１ｗｋ停服任何抗心律失常药物，以ＤＦ－５Ａ心脏电生理刺激仪发放刺激信号，起搏方式为Ｓ１Ｓ１分级递增性刺激和Ｓ１Ｓ２程序早搏刺激，个别加发Ｓ３或Ｓ４。结果３１例室上性心动过速的患者中房室结双径路１１例，房室旁道１８例，均得到ＲＦＣＡ时心内电生理检查的证实；其他２例。结论其结果证明食道心房调搏对于行ＲＦＣＡ治疗的病人的初选及旁道的初步定位、旁道不应期的测量、是否存在多条旁道具有明显帮助；该法操作方便、安全。

心脏病外科术后右房房性心动过速的标测及射频消融

目的总结分析心脏病外科术后右房起源房性心动过速(简称房速)的标测及射频消融结果。方法共入选27例心脏外科术后持续性右房房速患者,在心动过速状态下采用三维电解剖标测系统建立右房激动标测图和电压图,标示出疤痕区及双电位区,并揭示心动过速的机制。根据标测结果选择心动过速的关键峡部或起源点进行消融。结果心动过速机制分为以下几种类型:单环折返包括右房峡部依赖性心房扑动(15例)和切口折返性房速(5例);双环折返性房速(3例);两种以上机制(包括局灶性)的复杂房速(4例)。术中即时手术成功率100%。随访过程中5例复发房速,3例再次消融成功。结论心脏外科术后右房房速多数与外科手术切口疤痕相关,在三维电解剖标测系统指导下射频消融治疗效果满意。

Carto merge技术指导永久性心房颤动射频消融

目的探讨Carto merge技术指导永久性心房颤动射频消融的作用和优势。方法用Carto merge技术指导射频消融治疗永久性心房颤动15例。术中用Carto导管标测和构建左心房和肺静脉的电解剖图,然后与术前心脏核磁共振造影的三维图像进行数据整合形成二者的复合图形(Carto merge)。首先在Carto merge的指导下行双侧上下肺静脉环线消融,直到Lasso标测证实所有肺静脉均达到电隔离效果,如心房颤动不终止,依次进一步消融左房顶部线、二尖瓣峡部线及三尖瓣峡部线,如上述部位消融后心房颤动仍未终止,即行同步直流电复律恢复窦性心律。结果15例患者中2例在消融过程中心房颤动自行终止,13例均经直流电复律。3例患者分别于术后24h、1和5周时复发持续性心房颤动。其余患者经1～10个月随访,均维持窦性心律。近期手术成功率为80%。结论Carto merge技术可有效地指导永久性房颤的射频消融,结合单Lasso标测,可简化操作,提高消融手术的成功率。

特发性室性心动过速靶点标测与射频消融方法研究

目的探讨特发性室性心动过速（ＩＶＴ）有效靶点标测与射频导管消融（ＲＦＣＡ）放电方法。方法６７例ＩＶＴ病人行ＲＦＣＡ治疗。右室ＩＶＴ（ＩＲＶＴ）和左室ＩＶＴ（ＩＬＶＴ）采用激动标测和起搏标测相结合方法寻找靶点，右室流出道（ＲＯＴ）ＩＲＶＴ用双大头导管交替标测或放置１根４极或１０极电极导管于ＲＯＴ作为参考电极。采用预设６０～７０℃渐增功率温控放电进行消融。结果６７例ＩＶＴ消融成功６２例，成功率９２．５％，其中２３例ＩＲＶＴ成功２１例，１例靶点位于右室流入道，消融成功，２２例位于ＲＯＴ，２０例消融成功；４４例ＩＶＴ成功４１例，１例靶点位于左室游离壁，消融成功，４３例位于左室室间隔部，４０例成功。４例术后出现少量心包积液。结论激动标测和起搏标测相结合是提高ＩＶＴ消融成功率的有效方法。渐增功率温控放电安全可靠。

三维标测下主动脉无冠窦起源局灶性房性心动过速的射频消融效果

目的:分析主动脉无冠窦起源房性心动过速(房速)的心内电生理标测特点及射频消融疗效。方法:对11例主动脉无冠窦起源房速在三维标测系统引导下行心内电生理标测及射频消融治疗。术中构建右心房、希氏束及主动脉根部电解剖模型,测量最早激动点与希氏束的距离,在房速最早激动部位行射频消融治疗。结果:心内电生理检查11例房速皆为局灶起源,右心房激动标测最早激动部位均在希氏束左侧或左后上方,领先冠状窦近端参照A波(21.0±7.9)ms,距希氏束(6.9±3.4)mm。主动脉根部标测房速最早激动部位皆位于无冠窦内,领先冠状窦近端参照A波(35.0±8.6)ms,距希氏束(7.3±4.6)mm;消融终止房速,巩固消融后重复术前诱发条件刺激不能诱发出房速。术中及术后无房室阻滞发生。术后随访6个月,房速无复发。结论:无冠窦起源房速消融安全性和成功率高,标测要点为右心房房速最早激动位于希氏束左侧或左后上方时应常规于主动脉根部标测明确是否无冠窦激动最为领先。

导管射频消融治疗房性心动过速39例

目的 探讨房性心动过速 (房速 )的电生理检查和射频消融方法及疗效。方法 39例房速患者进行了电生理检查和射频消融治疗 ,房速病史 (4 .5± 1.6 )年。合并房间隔缺损 2例 ,冠心病 1例 ,皮肌炎 1例 ,其余均无器质性心脏病。房速发作时采用激动顺序标测法确定心房最早激动点(EAA)。结果 3例房速为房早诱发 ,其余均为心房电刺激诱发并可终止。有 9例同时伴发其他心动过速 ,其中 5例房室结折返性心动过速、2例房扑、2例旁道。房速时标测到EAA ,并消融成功的部位确定为房速起源部位 ,33例成功病例起源部位为冠状静脉窦口附近 9例 ,靠近希氏束部位 5例 ,沿终末嵴分布于右房侧壁 13例 ,上腔静脉 2例 ,房间隔 3例 ,右上肺静脉 1例。房速消融成功率 81% (33/39) ,9例合并的其他心动过速也均消融成功 ,术中和术后无并发症。X线透视时间为 (16 .4± 2 .1)min。结论 导管射频消融可以根治房性心动过速 ,疗效好、安全性高 ;激动顺序标测是最有效的标测方法 ;