工业控制系统(Industrial Control Systems,ICSs)是关系国计民生的关键基础设施系统。针对工业控制系统的网络攻击可造成严重的经济损失和社会负面效应。随着工业互联网的发展,越来越多的工业控制系统接入互联网,在提高生产效率的同时,...工业控制系统(Industrial Control Systems,ICSs)是关系国计民生的关键基础设施系统。针对工业控制系统的网络攻击可造成严重的经济损失和社会负面效应。随着工业互联网的发展,越来越多的工业控制系统接入互联网,在提高生产效率的同时,也使得工业控制系统面临着更加严峻的网络攻击威胁态势。由此,企业会部署各类安全措施,以期有效保护系统。然而,由于“攻防不对等”,防御者普遍缺乏对于攻击的有效了解,所部署安全措施的防护效果无法做出有效的评估,从而难以做出改进。ICS ATT&CK(Adversarial Tactics,Techniques and Common Knowledge)框架的提出,为工控领域提供了统一的攻击战术、技术知识库。该框架可有效指导工业控制系统的安全防护建设。本文针对工业控制系统所面临的检测能力评估、防护策略制定、威胁狩猎等难题,结合美国国家标准和技术协会(NIST)提出的IPDRR(Identify-Protect-Detection-Respond-Recover)能力模型、钻石模型(Diamond Model)等,探索利用ICS ATT&CK框架制定更加稳健的工业控制系统安全防护策略,为企业的网络安全防护体系建设提供借鉴和指导。展开更多
Introduction: Studies of abnormal ventilatory function in Côte d’Ivoire have been carried out in the workplace and in schools. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms ...Introduction: Studies of abnormal ventilatory function in Côte d’Ivoire have been carried out in the workplace and in schools. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function abnormalities in the population of the lagoon district of Attécoubé in Abidjan. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 170 people in the municipality of Attécoubé Lagune. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental characteristics. A basic spirometry and a beta mimetic test were carried out on all the subjects surveyed. Data analysis was done with the stata 15.1 software. Results: The study population was composed of 103 women and 67 men with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.65. The average age was 35.92 ± 15.28 years. The most frequent respiratory symptoms were chest tightness (29.41%), dyspnea (28.82%), sneezing (22.94%) and cough (22.35%). The prevalence of ventilatory function abnormalities was 43.24% among residents of Attécoubé Lagune and the most frequent abnormality was ventilatory restriction (35.15%) followed by obstruction (4.85%). The risk factor for ventilatory function abnormalities was heavy pollution [OR = 2.66;IC: 1.053 - 6.743;P = 0.038]. Conclusion: Residents of the Attécoubé Lagune district had many respiratory symptoms and a high prevalence of ventilatory function abnormalities. Improving air quality is urgently needed in this municipality.展开更多
文摘工业控制系统(Industrial Control Systems,ICSs)是关系国计民生的关键基础设施系统。针对工业控制系统的网络攻击可造成严重的经济损失和社会负面效应。随着工业互联网的发展,越来越多的工业控制系统接入互联网,在提高生产效率的同时,也使得工业控制系统面临着更加严峻的网络攻击威胁态势。由此,企业会部署各类安全措施,以期有效保护系统。然而,由于“攻防不对等”,防御者普遍缺乏对于攻击的有效了解,所部署安全措施的防护效果无法做出有效的评估,从而难以做出改进。ICS ATT&CK(Adversarial Tactics,Techniques and Common Knowledge)框架的提出,为工控领域提供了统一的攻击战术、技术知识库。该框架可有效指导工业控制系统的安全防护建设。本文针对工业控制系统所面临的检测能力评估、防护策略制定、威胁狩猎等难题,结合美国国家标准和技术协会(NIST)提出的IPDRR(Identify-Protect-Detection-Respond-Recover)能力模型、钻石模型(Diamond Model)等,探索利用ICS ATT&CK框架制定更加稳健的工业控制系统安全防护策略,为企业的网络安全防护体系建设提供借鉴和指导。
文摘Introduction: Studies of abnormal ventilatory function in Côte d’Ivoire have been carried out in the workplace and in schools. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function abnormalities in the population of the lagoon district of Attécoubé in Abidjan. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 170 people in the municipality of Attécoubé Lagune. A questionnaire was used to collect information on sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental characteristics. A basic spirometry and a beta mimetic test were carried out on all the subjects surveyed. Data analysis was done with the stata 15.1 software. Results: The study population was composed of 103 women and 67 men with a sex ratio (M/F) of 0.65. The average age was 35.92 ± 15.28 years. The most frequent respiratory symptoms were chest tightness (29.41%), dyspnea (28.82%), sneezing (22.94%) and cough (22.35%). The prevalence of ventilatory function abnormalities was 43.24% among residents of Attécoubé Lagune and the most frequent abnormality was ventilatory restriction (35.15%) followed by obstruction (4.85%). The risk factor for ventilatory function abnormalities was heavy pollution [OR = 2.66;IC: 1.053 - 6.743;P = 0.038]. Conclusion: Residents of the Attécoubé Lagune district had many respiratory symptoms and a high prevalence of ventilatory function abnormalities. Improving air quality is urgently needed in this municipality.
