A Behavior-Based Remote Trust Attestation Model

While remote trust attestation is a useful concept to detect unauthorized changes to software, the current mechanism only ensures authenticity at the start of the operating system and cannot ensure the action of running software. Our approach is to use a behavior-based monitoring agent to make remote attestation more flexible, dynamic, and trustworthy. This approach was mostly made possible by extensive use of process information which is readily available in Unix. We also made use of a behavior tree to effectively record predictable behaviors of each process. In this paper, we primarily focus on building a prototype implementation of such framework, presenting one example built on it, successfully find potential security risks in the run time of a ftp program and then evaluate the performance of this model.

A Method to Implement Full Anonymous Attestation for Trusted Computing Platform

Trusted computing （TC） technology is brought out by trusted computing group （TCG） to make computing as safe and reliable as people expect. Attestation is one main function specified by TCG, which is the means by which a trusted computer assures a remote computer whose platform is not tampered with. There are two protocols that implement attestation without disclosing the platform＇s real identity, which are Privacy CA-based protocol and direct anonymous attestation （DAA） protocol. However, in the first protocol the privacy CA is the bottleneck and the platform＇s identity will be disclosed if the privacy CA is compromise, while DAA protocol can do profiling when dealing with rogue hardware device. In this paper, we propose a DAA-extended new approach to ensure full anonymous attestation that can not only detect a rogue TPM, but also reveal rogue TPM＇s real identity.

SAPEM: Secure Attestation of Program Execution and Program Memory for IoT Applications

Security is one of the major challenges that devices connected to the Internet of Things(IoT)face today.Remote attestation is used to measure these devices’trustworthiness on the network by measuring the device platform’s integrity.Several software-based attestation mechanisms have been proposed,but none of them can detect runtime attacks.Although some researchers have attempted to tackle these attacks,the proposed techniques require additional secured hardware parts to be integrated with the attested devices to achieve their aim.These solutions are expensive and not suitable in many cases.This paper proposes a dual attestation process,SAPEM,with two phases:static and dynamic.The static attestation phase examines the program memory of the attested device.The dynamic program ow attestation examines the execution correctness of the application code.It can detect code injection and runtime attacks that hijack the control-ow,including data attacks that affect the program control-ow.The main aim is to minimize attestation overhead while maintaining our ability to detect the specied attacks.We validated SAPEM by implementing it on Raspberry Pi using its TrustZone extension.We attested it against the specied attacks and compared its performance with the related work in the literature.The results show that SAPEM signicantly minimizes performance overhead while reliably detecting runtime attacks at the binary level.

A Trusted Attestation Mechanism for the Sensing Nodes of Internet of Things Based on Dynamic Trusted Measurement

Internet of things has been widely applied to industrial control, smart city and environmental protection, in these application scenarios, sensing node needs to make real-time response to the feedback control of the application layer. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor whether or not awareness nodes are trusted in real time, but the existing mechanisms for trusted certification lack the real-time measurement and tracking of the sensing node. To solve the above problems,this paper proposes a dynamic metric based authentication mechanism for sensing nodes of Internet of things. Firstly, the dynamic trustworthiness measure of the sensing nodes is carried out by introducing the computational function such as the trust function, the trustworthiness risk assessment function, the feedback control function and the active function of the sensing node. The dynamic trustworthiness measure of sensing nodes from multiple dimensions can effectively describe the change of trusted value of sensing nodes. Then, on the basis of this, a trusted attestation based on node trusted measure is realized by using the revocable group signature mechanism of local verifier. The mechanism has anonymity, unforgeability and traceability, which is proved the security in the standard model. Simulationexperiments show that the proposed trusted attestation mechanism is flexible, practical and efficient and has better attack resistance. It can effectively guarantee the reliable data transmission of nodes and realize the dynamic tracking of node reliability, which has a lower impact on system performance.

A Novel Direct Anonymous Attestation Protocol Based on Zero Knowledge Proof for Different Trusted Domains

In order to solve the issue that existing direct anonymous attestation (DAA) scheme can not operate effectively in different domains,based on the original DAA scheme,a novel direct anonymous attestation protocol used in multi domains environment is proposed and designed,in which,the certificate issuer located in outside of domain can be considered as a proxy server to issue the DAA certificate for valid member nodes directly.Our designed mechanism accords with present trusted computing group (TCG) international specification,and can solve the problems of practical authentication and privacy information protection between different trusted domains efficiently.Compared with present DAA scheme,in our protocol,the anonymity,unforgeability can be guaranteed,and the replay-attack also can be avoided.It has important referenced and practical application value in trusted computing field.

An Enhanced Direct Anonymous Attestation Scheme with Mutual Authentication for Network-Connected UAV Communication Systems

In network-connected UAV(NCUAV) communication systems, user authentication is replaced by platform identity authentication and integrity check because many NC-UAVs are operated without human intervention. Direct anonymous attestation(DAA) is an attractive cryptographic scheme that provides an elegant balance between platform authentication and anonymity. However, because of the low-level computing capability and limited transmission bandwidth in UAV, the existing DAA schemes are not suitable for NC-UAV communication systems. In this paper, we propose an enhanced DAA scheme with mutual authentication(MA-DAA scheme), which meets the security requirements of NC-UAV communication systems. The proposed MA-DAA scheme, which is based on asymmetric pairings, bundles the identities of trusted platform module(TPM) and Host to solve the malicious module changing attacks. Credential randomization, batch proof and verification, and mutual authentication are realized in the MA-DAA scheme. The computational workload in TPM and Host is reduced in order to meet the low computation and resource requirements in TPM and Host.The entire scheme and protocols are presented,and the security and efficiency of the proposed MA-DAA scheme are proved and analyzed.Our experiment results also confirm the high efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Efficient Property-Based Remote Attestation Scheme

In order to ensure the security of the property-based remote attestation scheme, an improved, more efficient, formal security model of propertybased remote attestation is proposed, with which we prove that the user platform satisfies the security property requirements predefined by a remote relying party. Under the co-Computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) assumption, the proposed scheme is proved to be secure in the random oracle model. Compared with the existing schemes, the proposed scheme has a short property certificate and signature size, and requires less computational cost.

Enhancing the Trustworthiness of 6G Based on Trusted Multi-Cloud Infrastructure:A Practice of Cryptography Approach

Due to the need for massive device connectivity,low communication latency,and various customizations in 6G architecture,a distributed cloud deployment approach will be more relevant to the space-air-ground-sea integrated network scenario.However,the openness and heterogeneity of the 6G network cause the problems of network security.To improve the trustworthiness of 6G networks,we propose a trusted computing-based approach for establishing trust relationships inmulti-cloud scenarios.The proposed method shows the relationship of trust based on dual-level verification.It separates the trustworthy states of multiple complex cloud units in 6G architecture into the state within and between cloud units.Firstly,SM3 algorithm establishes the chain of trust for the system’s trusted boot phase.Then,the remote attestation server(RAS)of distributed cloud units verifies the physical servers.Meanwhile,the physical servers use a ring approach to verify the cloud servers.Eventually,the centralized RAS takes one-time authentication to the critical evidence information of distributed cloud unit servers.Simultaneously,the centralized RAS also verifies the evidence of distributed RAS.We establish our proposed approach in a natural OpenStack-based cloud environment.The simulation results show that the proposed method achieves higher security with less than a 1%system performance loss.

可信执行环境:现状与展望

当前在云服务、移动社交网络下用户普遍追求隐私保护、安全计算,从而推动了隐私计算、机密计算等领域的快速发展.可信执行环境(trusted execution environment,TEE)作为机密计算服务中重要的技术基础已经广泛部署到各类计算平台中.目前,以Intel,Arm等为代表的设备制造商采用软硬件隔离机制,推出了多类实用TEE技术并不断迭代更新,从功能上更加方便设备管理者、普通用户使用安全服务.研究人员则根据不同的系统架构和应用需求,优化TEE模型,扩大可信应用领域并提升其工作效率.全面分析主流系统架构(包括x86、Arm、RISC-V、异构计算单元)中TEE技术发展路线、技术特点包括基础硬件设施设计、软件接口定义、安全边界等,挖掘TEE技术可行的应用场景.同时,分析各类TEE技术面临的挑战,探讨TEE技术局限性以及自身面临的安全风险如侧信道攻击等.在此基础上,从安全性、功能性等方面总结各类TEE技术优缺点,并提出TEE技术未来的发展思路.

Trusted Attestation Architecture on an Infrastructure-as-a-Service

Trusted attestation is the main obstruction preventing large-scale promotion of cloud computing. How to extend a trusted relationship from a single physical node to an Infrastructure-as-a-Service （laaS） platform is a problem that must be solved. The laaS platform provides the Virtual Machine （VM）, and the Trusted VM, equipped with a virtual Trusted Platform Module （vTPM）, is the foundation of the trusted laaS platform. We propose a multi-dimensional trusted attestation architecture that can collect and verify trusted attestation information from the computing nodes, and manage the information centrally on a cloud management platform. The architecture verifies the laaS＇s trusted attestation by apprising the VM, Hypervisor, and host Operating System＇s （OS） trusted status. The theory and the technology roadmap were introduced, and the key technologies were analyzed. The key technologies include dynamic measurement of the Hypervisor at the process level, the protection of vTPM instances, the reinforcement of Hypervisor security, and the verification of the laaS trusted attestation. A prototype was deployed to verify the feasibility of the system. The advantages of the prototype system were compared with the Open CIT （Intel Cloud attestation solution）. A performance analysis experiment was performed on computing nodes and the results show that the performance loss is within an acceptable range.

TPM-Based Remote Attestation for Wireless Sensor Networks

It is essential to design a protocol to allow sensor nodes to attest to their trustworthiness for mission- critical applications based on Wireless Sensor Networks （WSNs）. However, it is a challenge to evaluate the trustworthiness without appropriate hardware support. Hence, we present a hardware-based remote attestation protocol to tackle the problem within WSNs. In our design, each sensor node is equipped with a Trusted Platform Module （TPM） which plays the role of a trusted anchor. We start with the formulation of remote attestation and its security. The complete protocol for both single-hop and multi-hop attestations is then demonstrated. Results show the new protocol is effective, efficient, and secure.

A New Process and Framework for Direct Anonymous Attestation Based on Symmetric Bilinear Maps

For the problem of the original direct anonymous attestation （DAA） scheme＇s complexity and great time consumption, a new DAA scheme based on symmetric bilinear pairings is presented, which gives a practical solution to ECC-based TPM in protecting the privacy of the TPM. The scheme still includes five procedures or algorithms： Setup, Join, Sign, Verify and Rogue tagging, but gets rid of zero-knowledge proof and takes on a new process and framework, of which the main operations are addition, scalar multiplication and bilinear maps on supersingular elliptic curve systems. Moreover, the scheme adequately utilizes the properties of bilinear maps as well as the signature and verification of the ecliptic curve system itself. Compared with other schemes, the new DAA scheme not only satis- fies the same properties, and shows better simplicity and high effi- ciency. This paper gives not only a detailed security proof of the proposed scheme, but also a careful performance analysis by comparing with the existing DAA schemes.

Trust Attestation Mechanism for the Sensing Layer Nodes of Internet of Things

The main function of Internet of Things is to collect and transmit data.At present,the data transmission in Internet of Things lacks effective trust attestation mechanism and trust traceability mechanism of data source.To solve the above problems,a trust attestation mechanism for sensing layer nodes is presented.First a trusted group is established,and the node which is going to join the group needs to attest its identity and key attributes to the higher level node.Then the dynamic trust measurement value of the node can be obtained by measuring the node data transmission behavior.Finally the node encapsulates the key attributes and trust measurement value to use short message group signature to attest its trust to the challenger.This mechanism can measure the data sending and receiving behaviors of sensing nodes and track the data source,and it does not expose the privacy information of nodes and the sensing nodes can be traced effectively.The trust measurement for sensing nodes and verification is applicable to Internet of Things and the simulation experiment shows the trust attestation mechanism is flexible,practical and efficient.Besides,it can accurately and quickly identify the malicious nodes at the same time.The impact on the system performance is negligible.

Remote Attestation-Based Access Control on Trusted Computing Platform

Existing remote attestation schemes based on trusted computing have some merits on enhancing security assurance level, but they usually do not integrate tightly with the classical system security mechanism. In this paper, we present a component named remote attestation-based access controller （RABAC）, which is based on a combination of techniques, such as random number, Bell-La Padula （BLP） model, user identity combined with his security properties and so on. The component can validate the current hardware and software integrity of the remote platform, and implement access control with different security policy. We prove that the RABAC can not only improve the security of transferred information in remote attestation process but also integrate remote attestation and classical system security mechanism effectively.

Voluntary disclosure of internal control and auditor＇s attestation： evidence from China

We examine what determines a firm＇s decision to disclose a self-assessment report on its internal control （IC） system and to further attain an auditor＇s attestation on the report, using a sample of firms from the Shanghai Stock Exchange during the period 2006-2010. We hypothesize and find supporting evidence that the likelihood of having voluntary disclosure of IC self-assessment with an auditor＇s attestation is positively related to future equity refinancing, mutuM-fund shareholding, and whether the firm is controlled by the government, especially the central government. Our study also takes the identification problem into consideration, as our sample includes firms with IC weaknesses/deficiencies. Our study not only makes an incremental contribution to the literature, but also has practical implications, especially for regulators and investors in China.

Artifacts Attest to the Glorious Ancient Culture of Hunan Province

HUNAN is located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and to the south of Dongting Lake. In Chinese, hu means lake and nan, south. The Xiangjiang River valley, which flows through the province from south to north, is the most developed region in the areas of politics, the economy and culture. Thus, Hunan is also called Xiang for short.

PIMS:An Efficient Process Integrity Monitoring System Based on Blockchain and Trusted Computing in Cloud-Native Context

With the advantages of lightweight and high resource utilization,cloud-native technology with containers as the core is gradually becoming themainstreamtechnical architecture for information infrastructure.However,malware attacks such as Doki and Symbiote threaten the container runtime’s security.Malware initiates various types of runtime anomalies based on process form(e.g.,modifying the process of a container,and opening the external ports).Fortunately,dynamic monitoring mechanisms have proven to be a feasible solution for verifying the trusted state of containers at runtime.Nevertheless,the current routine dynamic monitoring mechanisms for baseline data protection are still based on strong security assumptions.As a result,the existing dynamicmonitoringmechanismis still not practical enough.To ensure the trustworthiness of the baseline value data and,simultaneously,to achieve the integrity verification of the monitored process,we combine blockchain and trusted computing to propose a process integrity monitoring system named IPMS.Firstly,the hardware TPM 2.0 module is applied to construct a trusted security foundation for the integrity of the process code segment due to its tamper-proof feature.Then,design a new format for storing measurement logs,easily distinguishing files with the same name in different containers from log information.Meanwhile,the baseline value data is stored on the blockchain to avoidmalicious damage.Finally,trusted computing technology is used to perform fine-grained integrity measurement and remote attestation of processes in a container,detect abnormal containers in time and control them.We have implemented a prototype system and performed extensive simulation experiments to test and analyze the functionality and performance of the PIMS.Experimental results show that PIMS can accurately and efficiently detect tampered processes with only 3.57% performance loss to the container.

师范认证背景下“心理学基础”课程教学新探索

师范认证对培养师范类专业人才提出了新理念、新标准、新要求。“心理学基础”作为师范类专业的教育方向课程应该发挥其特有作用,课程建设必须特别重视课堂教学与实践教学两大环节,并且实现它们的积极结合。课堂教学与实践教学也是实现培养目标的两条路径,应着力打通它们在专业人才培养上的稳健联系,整体提升专业综合能力水平。

算力网络资源管理安全架构与关键技术

算力网络作为对泛在的计算和网络资源进行灵活调度的新型信息基础设施,对数字经济的发展具有重要意义。算力网络资源管理系统维护算力资源信息并响应用户请求,是支撑算力网络的关键组件,但尚未形成体系化的安全架构,面临着重大安全威胁。文章首先分析当前算力网络资源管理面临的安全风险,并提出算力网络资源管理安全架构,然后梳理其中的关键技术,包括算力资源安全通告协议、高效算力资源校验和算力请求安全解析机制,为算力网络安全体系的建设提供支撑。