Geochronology and Geochemistry of Ore-related Granitoids in the Giant Gariatong Rb Deposit,Tibet and Implications for Rb Metallogeny in China

Rubidium(Rb)deposits mostly occur in the South China and Central Asia orogenic belts and are often closely associated with highly differentiated granites.This study investigates a newly-discovered giant Rb deposit at Gariatong in the Central Lhasa terrane in Tibet.Detailed field studies and logging data revealed that the Rb mineralization mainly occurs in monzogranite and is related to greisenization.LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating of zircon yielded ages of 19.1±0.2 Ma and 19.0±0.2 Ma for greisenized monzogranite and fresh monzogranite,respectively.The monzogranites are characterized as strongly peraluminous,with high contents of SiO2,Al2O3,K2O and Na2O as well as a high differentiation index.They are enriched in light rare earth and large ion lithophile elements with significant negative Eu anomalies and depleted high fieldstrength elements.Petrological and geochemical features of these ore-related monzogranites suggest that they are highly fractionated S-type granites,derived from remelting of crustal materials in a post-collisional setting.The geochemistry of zircon and apatite points to a low oxygen fugacity of the ore-related monzogranite during the magma’s evolution.The discovery of the Gariatong Rb deposit suggests that the Central Lhasa terrane may be an important region for rare metal mineralization.

Petrographic, Geochemical and Metallogenical Context of the Geological Formations of the Goumere Region (North-East of Cote D’Ivoire): Implication to the Knowledge of Gold Mineralization

The Gouméré region is located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire and is located in the South-West of the Bui furrow. In order to highlight the geology of the area studied, 14 samples were taken for studies using petrographic, geochemical and metallogenic methods. The study of macroscopic and microscopic petrography made it possible to highlight two major lithological units: 1) a volcano-plutonic unit, formed of gabbros, basalt, volcaniclastics and rhyodacite;2) a sedimentary unit (microconglomerate). From a geochemical point of view, the results obtained indicate that the plutonites are gabbro and gabbro diorite while the volcanics have compositions of basaltic andesites, rhyolite and dacites. The sediments have a litharenitic to sublitharenitic character. The metallogenic study made it possible to highlight hydrothermal alterations and metalliferous paragenesis on the formations studied. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by the presence of carbonation, silicification, sericitization, sulfidation and to a lesser degree chloritization. Metalliferous paragenesis consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite and magnetite.

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND METALLOGENY OF SOUTH XINJIANG METALLOGENIC BELT,JIANGXI,SOUTH CHINA

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二连盆地赛汉高毕铀矿床渗出成矿作用和模式

通过探讨二连盆地赛汉高毕铀矿成矿作用,构建铀成矿模式,总结成矿特征,提炼关键控矿要素,可指导矿床外围、深部和类似地区铀矿找矿。文章基于赛汉高毕铀矿床构造、建造、油气演化、铀矿化、铀成矿时代等分析,详细阐述了矿床矿石矿物、矿石元素地球化学特征。确认赛汉高毕铀矿床产于赛汉组上段建造间古河道中,受准宝力格深切断陷、贯通性断裂、赛汉晚期深切河道联合控制,形成透镜状或板状铀矿体,铀成矿作用与区域油气逸散活动、挤压构造活动密切相关;铀矿石中CaO+Al_(2)O_(3)和P_(2)O_(5)与铀含量呈正相关,Co、Ni、Zn含量高,Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+)总体小于0.8;各类砂岩中酸解烃含量均比较高,Th/U均小于2,表明赛汉组上段原生环境主要为红杂色的氧化环境,灰色含矿砂体主要是渗出还原成因;矿石中铀是以多种铀矿物形式存在,主要有黄铁矿-铀矿物型、地沥青包裹铀矿物型和微粒碎屑铀矿物型。赛汉高毕铀矿床主要为渗出成矿作用,赋存于深部的富含有机质和四价铀的流体沿贯通断裂或高角度不整合和下切河道运移至上部赛汉组上段氧化砂体中,流体被分解形成黄铁矿、富含铁铝等杂质的磷钙铀矿、地沥青,粒径大的地沥青将已先结晶的黄铁矿和富含铁铝等杂质的磷钙铀矿包裹其中,大部分铀矿物就位于较小的地沥青的外侧和附近。

离子吸附型稀土矿床的诱导成矿学研究

诱导成矿学的核心理念是针对低品位矿石、尾矿和具有成矿潜力岩石中的关键金属资源,通过人工干预手段诱导目标金属元素活化和富集,在有限的时间尺度内形成具有经济价值的可利用资源。离子吸附型稀土矿床是全球稀土资源的主要来源之一,近年来为全球提供了80%以上的中、重稀土资源供给。该类矿床的形成主要受控于内生稀土初始富集和表生风化淋积成矿两个过程,而后者对于成矿极为关键。由于我国华南地区具有适宜形成离子吸附型稀土矿床的气候条件、大量出露的花岗质岩石及风化壳,因此对该地区开展人工诱导成矿技术研发将具有重要应用前景。通过分析离子吸附型稀土矿床形成的控制因素,预计可选择具有成矿潜力的花岗岩、含稀土风化壳和低品位矿床作为主要诱导成矿对象。通过调控地形地貌、生态、水文和风化壳物理化学条件等加速风化进程,促进稀土元素释放,引导稀土元素定向迁移,并在指定位置进行沉淀成矿,形成具有经济价值的富集稀土的矿体。特别是在该过程中可控制轻重稀土元素的分异,促使其形成富集重稀土的矿体,为解决全球重稀土资源紧缺和保障重稀土资源持续供给提供有效实施方案。因此,对离子吸附型矿床开展诱导成矿学研究具有重要的理论意义和应用价值,可作为诱导成矿学的重点研究方向之一。

渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿预测与找矿标志

文章基于渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿机理和模式,认为渗出砂岩型铀成矿作用不同于渗入砂岩型铀矿成矿作用,其成矿预测和找矿标志也不同;提出了渗出砂岩型铀矿成矿作用两大基本关键条件识别标志:红杂色含矿建造原生成因和其中控矿灰色砂体的后生成因识别;在提出的红杂色沉积建造中渗出砂岩型铀矿“上红下黑、上下连通、红中找灰、灰中找矿”总体找矿新思路基础上,阐明渗出砂岩型铀成矿区域预测评价条件和标志:深部富铀富有机质沉积岩建造、区域构造、区域建造、放射性异常信息和综合预测标志等,提出并阐述“小凹陷成大矿”条件;系统建立渗出砂岩型铀矿床预测定位标志体系,特别是野外可识别的宏观标志,包括控矿构造、沉积建造、蚀变改造、铀矿化砂岩颜色、外来有机质特征等,并对比了渗入和渗出砂岩型铀成矿预测标志。提出的渗出砂岩型铀矿识别标志体系不仅对区分“渗入”和“渗出”两种矿化成因,而且对厘清控矿要素、指导成矿预测和找矿工程部署具有重要意义和价值。

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部环县地区砂岩型铀矿成矿要素遥感识别

鄂尔多斯盆地是中国重要的能源、矿产产出盆地,先后在盆地北缘发现多个大型砂岩铀矿床,但是在盆内坳陷的铀矿勘查上仍需突破。渗出理论的提出为盆缘找矿向盆内找矿提供了新的理论依据。研究表明:断层、次生还原矿物、磁异常的变化以及地表铀异常信息是渗出成矿作用在浅表的反映。对上述信息的识别可以为盆内砂岩型铀矿勘查提供数据支撑。以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部环县地区为研究区,利用ETM影像、航磁数据进行构造解译,利用ZY1E高光谱影像识别区内主要出露蚀变矿物,结合航磁、航放数据进行综合分析。结果表明:研究区内断层主要表现为NE、NNE走向,其次为NW和SN向,主要出露蚀变矿物为伊利石、碳酸盐岩,主要分布在沿断层与河流下切作用出露的下白垩统岩层中。航磁异常资料显示研究区出现多处磁异常的过渡区,表现为正的弱异常,可能与深部还原性流体的渗出有关。航放数据表明铀的富集与断层、蚀变矿物的分布在空间上有一定关系。综合高光谱影像、航磁航放资料识别出红杂色沉积建造中铀成矿有利的构造与蚀变矿物,在环县地区指出4处找矿有利区,对坳陷内部找矿具有指导意义。

热液体系溶解度实验和热力学计算方法在成矿过程模拟中的应用

热液流体对金属元素的迁移、富集及沉淀成矿起着关键作用,定量刻画金属元素在热液成矿过程中的运移是矿床学研究的重点和难点。以热力学理论为基础,通过开展溶解度实验,揭示金属元素在热液流体中的地球化学行为,是研究金属元素迁移、富集沉淀机制行之有效的重要手段。其中,基于钛合金反应釜开展不同物理化学条件下金属元素在热液流体中的溶解度实验,结合相关的热力学模拟,能够精确测定金属元素在热液流体中的溶解度、络合物配位数、气液两相中的分配系数及相关热力学参数,为定量模拟热液成矿过程提供重要的实验依据。文章归纳了近年来针对热液体系的实验矿床学方法,分析了各类实验方法与分析手段的优点与不足。重点介绍钛合金反应釜溶解度实验和热力学模拟计算方法,并结合该方法模拟钪矿床成矿的水岩反应过程,说明该方法在成矿过程模拟中的应用,最后阐述了其存在的问题,并对该领域未来的研究趋势提出了展望,以期推动该方法在战略性关键金属超常富集机制研究中的应用。

Paleozoic Tectono-Metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay Region,Central Asia

The research on Paleozoic tectonics and endogenic metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay region of Central Asia is an important and significant project. The Altay region, as a collision zone of the Early Paleozoic （500-397 Ma）, and the Tianshan region, as a collision zone of the early period in the Late Paleozoic （Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, 385-323 Ma）, are all the result of nearly N-S trending shortening and collision （according to recent magnetic orientation）. In the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous period （385-323 Ma）, regional NW trending faults displayed features of dextral strike-slip motion in the Altay and Junggar regions. In the Tianshan region, nearly EW-trending regional faults are motions of the thrusts. However, in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period （323-260 Ma）, influenced by the long-distance effect induced from the Ural collision zone, those areas suffered weaker eastward compression, the existing NW trending faults converted into sinistral strike-slip in the Altay and Junggar regions, and the existing nearly E-W trending faults transferred into dextral strike-slip faults in the Tianshan region. The Rocks of those regions in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period （323-260 Ma） were moderately ruptured to a certain tension-shear, and thus formed a number of world famous giant endogenic metal ore deposits in the Tianshan-Altay region. As to the Central Asian continent, the most powerful collision period may not coincide with the most favorable endogenic metallogenic period. It should be treated to ＂the orogenic metallogeny hypothesis＂ with caution in that region.

Uranium Potential and Regional Metallogeny in China

This paper is briefly involved in distributions of China＇s uranium metallogenic types, provinces, regions and belts. Eight target regions have been pointed out to be worthy of prospecting for uranium resources. The regional uranium metallogeny is discussed and great uranium potential pointed out from many aspects. Generally speaking, there are favorable conditions for uranium mineralization and good perspective to explore for uranium resources.

Metallogeny of the Lannigou Sedimentary Rock-hosted Disseminated Gold Deposit in Southwestern Guizhou Province,China

The Lannigou deposit is a large-sized sedimentary rock-hosted disseminated gold （SRHDG） deposit located in the Youjiang Basin. It is hosted by the Middle Triassic turbidite. Wall rock alterations, including silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, carbonatization and argillization, commonly occur along fractures. PGE study demonstrates that either Permian basalts or Triassic ultrabasic intrnsives are unlikely to be the main source of gold mineralization. Coupled with the lack of other nmgmatic activity in the vicinity of the mining area, an amagmatic origin is proposed. Organic matter compositions and GC-MS analysis of the ores and host rocks show that the organics in the ores and the host rocks have a common source; the organic matter in the ores was mainly indigenous. The positive correlation between S2 and Au contents, along with the common occurrence of organic inclusions, suggest involvement of organic matter in the ore-forming process in terms of promoting Au leaching from the source rocks, making colloidal Au migration possible, as well as hydrocarbon reduction of sulphate. Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Lannigou deposit suggest that it was formed through circulation of meteoric water and probably less importantly organic bearing formation water driven by high geothermal gradient caused by late Yanshanian extension, which leached Au from the source bed, and then migrated as Au-bisnlfides and colloidal Au, culminating in deposition by reduction-adsorption and surface complexation of gold onto the growth surface of arsenlan pyrite.

Ore-forming Fluid and Metallogenic Mechanism of Wolframite-Quartz Vein-type Tungsten Deposits in South China

South China is endowed with copious wolframite-quartz vein-type W deposits that provide a significant contribution to the world‘s tungsten production.Mineralization is spatially associated with highly evolved granites,which have been interpreted as products of ancient crustal anatexis.Ore veins are mainly hosted in low-grade metamorphosed quartz sandstone,slate and granitic rocks.The ore minerals mainly comprise wolframite,cassiterite,scheelite and pyrite,with minor molybdenite,arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite.Typical steeply dipping veins can be divided into five zones from top to the bottom,namely:(Ⅰ)thread,(Ⅱ)veinlet,(Ⅲ)moderate vein,(Ⅳ)thick vein,and(Ⅴ)thin out zones.In general,three types of fluid inclusions at room temperature are commonly recognized in wolframite and/or quartz from these veins:two-phase liquid-rich(type L),two-phase CO2-bearing(type CB),and CO2-rich(type C).Comparative microthermometry performed on fluid inclusions hosted in wolframite and associated quartz indicates that most wolframite was not coprecipitated with the coexisting quartz.Detailed petrographic observation and cathodoluminescence(CL)imaging on coexisting wolframite and quartz of the Yaogangxian deposit,show repeated precipitation of quartz,wolframite,and muscovite,suggesting a more complex fluid process forming these veins.Previous studies of H-O isotopes and fluid inclusions suggested that the main ore-forming fluids forming the wolframite-quartz vein-type deposits had a magmatic source,whereas an unresolved debate is centered on whether mantle material supplemented the ore-forming fluids.The variable CO2 contents in the ore-forming fluids also implies that CO2 might have had a positive effect on ore formation.Fluid inclusion studies indicate that wolframite was most likely deposited during cooling from an initial H2 O+Na Cl±CO2 magmatic fluid.In addition,fluid-phase separation and/or mixing with sedimentary fluid might also have played an important role in promoting wolframite deposition.We speculate that these processes determine the precipitation of W to varying degrees whereas the leading mechanistic cause remains an open question.Comprehensive studies on spatial variation of fluid inclusions show that both the steeply and gently dipping veins are consistent with the"five floors"model that may have broader applications to exploration of wolframite-quartz vein-type deposits.Recent quantitative analysis of wolframite-and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions by laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows enhanced advantages in revealing fluid evolution,tracing the fluid source and dissecting the ore precipitation process.Further studies on wolframite-quartz vein-type W deposits to bring a deeper understanding on ore-forming fluids and the metallogenic mechanism involved.

Petrological and Mineralogical Study of Enclaves in Plutons in the Typical Mining Districts of Tongling, Anhui and Its Bearing on the Process of Magmatism Metallogeny

Two types of enclaves occur in magmatic plutons in Tongling, Anhui. Enclaves of the first type are residuals of metamorphic rocks of high amphibolite facies, and those of the other type are magmatic rocks ranging from monzonitic to dioritic in composition. A combined petrological and mineralogical study has been carried out on the two types of enclaves in order to estimate their forming conditions and analyze their relations to their hosts, so as to have an insight into the material sources of magmatic rocks and associated mineral deposits and give a clue to better understanding the mechanism of magmatism metallogeny. This leads us to propose a new metallogenic model for strata bound skarn type ore deposits associated with a syntectic type of magmatic rocks. The new model can be simply summarized as partial melting of old metamorphic basement rocks at depth and accumulating, differentiating and positioning of magmas to form deep level and shallow level magma chambers, followed by mixing of different magmas associated with their crypto explosion, migration of gas bearing ore fluids and precipitation of metals in fluids within the magmas.

Deep Structures in China and Its Adjacent Areas: Plate Tectonics and Its Metallogenic Significance

This paper proposes a new tectonic pattern of the deep-seated structures in China and its adjacent areas (including the T - A - B system of the Ryukyu Islands). This is based on studies of the gravity field and gravity inversion coupled with the summation of the most recent achievements in geophysical studies. From a plate-tectonic point of view, the metallogenic characteristics and their indications at depth, as well as relevant geophysical-geological characteristics of four tectonic environments of the Chinese continent are analysed, and a classification of composite metallogenic provinces and belts and prediction of metallogenic prospects are made. The author extends the Kunlun-Qilian-Qinling tectonic belt to the T-A-B system of the Ryukyu Islands through the NW deep boundary of the Hangzhou Bay, and also proposes the following basic views' the migration and superposition of tectonic environments led to the formation of a composite metallogenic system; the change in the tectonic environment resulted in the superposition of various types of mineral deposits; seismic activities and metallogeny are mutually inducing factors. These views will be helpful to a discussion on the tectonic environments and metallogenic regularities.

Continental reconstruction and metallogeny of the Circum-Junggar areas and termination of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt

Continental reconstructions in Central Asia are represented by orogenesis along some large orogenic belts in the Altaid collage （Fig. 1 ） or Central Asian Orogenic Belt （CAOB）, which separate the East European and Siberian cratons to the north from the Tarim and North China cratons to the south （$eng0r et al,, 1993; Jahn et al., 2004; Windley et al., 2007; Qu et al., 2008; Xiao et al., 2010; Xiao and Santosh, 2014）. The Altaid Collage was characterized by complex long tectonic and structural evolution from at least ca. 1.0 Ga to late Paleozoic-early Mesozoic with considerable continental growth （Khain et al., 2002; Jahn et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2009, 2014; KrOner et al., 2014）, followed by Cenozoic intracontinental evolution related to far-field effect of the collision of the In- dian Plate to the Eurasian Accompanying with these complex world-class ore deposits developed 2001; Goldfarb et al., 2003, 2014）. Plate （Cunningham, 2005）. geodynamic evolutions, many （Qin, 2000; Yakubchuk et al,2001; Goldfarb et al., 2003, 2014）.

Correlations between the North China Craton and the Indian Shield:Constraints from regional metallogeny

The correlation between the North China Craton（NCC） and the Indian Shield（IND） has been a hot topic in recent years,On the basis of ore deposit databases,the NCC and IND have shown broad similarity in metallogenesis from the middle Archaean to the Mesoproterozoic,The two blocks both have three major metallogenic systems：（1） the Archaean BIF metallogenic system;（2） the Paleoproterozoic Cu-Pb-Zn metallogenic system;and（3） the Mesoproterozoic Fe-Pb-Zn system,In the north margin of the NCC and the west margin of the IND,the Archaean BIF-Au-Cu-Pb-Zn deposits had the same petrogenesis and host rocks,the Paleoproterozoic Cu-Pb-Zn deposits were controlled by active belts,and the Mesoproterozoic Fe-Pb-Zn deposits were mainly related to multi-stage rifting,Matching regional mineralization patterns and geological features has established the continental assembly referred to as ＂NCWI＂,an acronym for the north margin of the NCC（NC） and the west margin of the IND（WI） during the middle Archaean to the Mesoproterozoic,In this assembly,the available geological and metallogenic data from the Eastern Block and active belts of NC fit those from the Dharwar craton and the Aravalli-DelhiVindhyan belt of WI,respectively,Moreover,the depositional model and environment of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary manganese deposits in NCWI implied that the assembly may be located at low latitudes,where the conditions were favorable for dissolving ice and precipitating manganese deposits,

REE Biological Metallogeny —A Preliminary Study

Five species of bacteria have been found in granite-weathering profiles of Ore District 701.They tend to decrease in varieties and quantities from the upper part down-ward, and no bacterium has been brought up below the depth of 10 m.The simulating experiments done by using humic acid of small molecular weight ,and decanedioic acid extracted from the samples and the bacteria mentioned above have shown that:(1)The dissolving rates of REEs from humic acid+original rock or decanedioic acid +original rock are lower than those from humic acid +bacteria +original rock or decanedioic acid +bacteria+original rock.The presence of bacteria may accelerate the formation of REE-organic complexes and make the complexes increase in quantity.Aminoacids in the bacteria are involved in coordination balance.The concentrations of the complexes tend to increase as a result of the formation of the complexes,i.e., the dissolution, complexation, migration and accumulation of REEs from the original rocks will be accelerated.(2)The metabolism of microorganisms has contributed a lot to keeping a pH environment in the weathering crust.

PORPHYRY AND SKARN Cu-Mo-Pb-Zn-Ag-Au METALLOGENY OF THE GANGDISE PLUTONIC -VOLCANIC ARC, TIBET

The Gangdise plutonic\|volcanic arc is situated in the eastern section of the Tethys\|Himalaya metallogenic province. It is acknowledged as a “tectonic\|magmatic complex" because of its well\|developed fault and igneous activities. Intermediate to acid plutons and dikes were mainly emplaced in the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene volcanic rocks. The unique tectonic position and extremely complicated evolution history of the Gangdise arc have given rise to favorable conditions for polymetal mineralization. From Xietongmen in the west to Mozhugongka in the east of the arc, Au, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Ag show large ore\|forming potentials with well overlapped and highly intensified polymetal anomalies. In the arc region, many localities, like Jiama (Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag) and Qulong (Cu, Pb, Zn) in Mozhugongka county, Lakang’e (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo) in Lazi county, Tinggong (Cu, Mo) and Chongjiang (Cu, Mo) in Nimu county, Dabu (Cu, Au) in Qushui county, and Dongga (Au, Cu) in Xietongmen county, have sound prospective for polymetals.

Organic Metallogeny of Weathering Crust RE Deposit

A series of experimental geochemical studies have been done to confirm the organic metallogenic mechanism of weathering crust RE deposits. It has been concluded that: (1) Rich REbearing weathering crusts contain abundant organisms such as monoacids, diacids and nonacid compounds. Varieties and quantities of the organisms decrease from the upper to the lower of the profile. Humic acids are mainly fulvic acids, which are characterized by containing conjugated π system, carboxylic group, hydroxyl group and only a few nitrogenous groups. No obvious benzene ring has been found. (2) The upper part of the weathering crust contains a great deal of microorganisms, of which the varieties and quantities decrease from the upper to the lower of the profile. No microorganism has been found in the deep part of the profile. The microorganisms and their metabolites such as aminoacids, shortchain acids and organic compounds with small molecular weights can form water soluble RE complexes, which accelerate the RE transportation from original rocks and precipitation states to watersoluble states and thus provide prerequisites for retransportation and reaccumulation of RE. (3) Medium and longchain acids can form REnAm(OH)x(H2O)y type mixedligand polynuclear RE complexes, which devoted to the RE accumulation, whereas shortchain acids and aminoacids can form not only mixedligand complexes with RE, but also water soluble complex ions, which also devoted to the transport and accumulation of RE. (4) The fulvic acids are very soluble in water. They are apt to be mobile in the weathering crust and are able to form soluble complex ions and insoluble mixedligand polynuclear complexes with RE at normal temperature and atmospheric pressure and pH4～6. The composition of these complexes varies with different conditions of the weathering crust. (5) All the organic acids, fulvic acids and microorgaisms have contributed to keeping constant pH condition of the weathering crust. (6) Complexes consisting of clays, RE(Al, Fe……) and fulvic acids have been found in the weathering crust and a bonding pattern has been preliminarily studied. As a conclusion, the dissolution, transport and accumulaiton of REE during weathering is a organic and inorganic interacted process.

Lineament Analysis of Morphostructures of the Uchur-Maya Basin (Southeastern Siberian Platform) from SRTM Data: Relationship with Metallogeny

Based on digital elevation models SRTM03 and SRTM30_Plus (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission Survey) the technique for detecting major structural elements and elucidating details of the geologic structure including discrimination of linear structures and texture features is elaborated. The computation of the modulus of the first derivative by the co- ordinate, i.