Robust Reversible Audio Watermarking Scheme for Telemedicine and Privacy Protection

The leakage of medical audio data in telemedicine seriously violates the privacy of patients.In order to avoid the leakage of patient information in telemedicine,a two-stage reversible robust audio watermarking algorithm is proposed to protect medical audio data.The scheme decomposes the medical audio into two independent embedding domains,embeds the robust watermark and the reversible watermark into the two domains respectively.In order to ensure the audio quality,the Hurst exponent is used to find a suitable position for watermark embedding.Due to the independence of the two embedding domains,the embedding of the second-stage reversible watermark will not affect the first-stage watermark,so the robustness of the first-stage watermark can be well maintained.In the second stage,the correlation between the sampling points in the medical audio is used to modify the hidden bits of the histogram to reduce the modification of the medical audio and reduce the distortion caused by reversible embedding.Simulation experiments show that this scheme has strong robustness against signal processing operations such as MP3 compression of 48 db,additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN)of 20 db,low-pass filtering,resampling,re-quantization and other attacks,and has good imperceptibility.

Multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm

To make audio watermarking accomplish both copyright protection and content authentication with localization, a novel multipurpose audio watermarking scheme is proposed in this paper. The zero-watermarking idea is introduced into the design of robust watermarking algorithm to ensure the transparency and to avoid the interference between the robust watermark and the semi-fragile watermark. The property of natural audio that the VQ indices of DWT-DCT coefficients among neighboring frames tend to be very similar is utilized to extract essential feature from the host audio, which is then used for watermark ex-traction. And, the chaotic mapping based semi-fragile watermark is embedded in the detail wavelet coefficients based on the instantaneous mixing model of the independent component analysis (ICA) system. Both the robust and semi-fragile watermarks can be extracted blindly and the semi-fragile watermarking algorithm can localize the tampering accurately. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in terms of transparency, security, robustness and tampering localization ability.

A Novel Digital Audio Watermarking Scheme in the Wavelet Domain

We present a novel quantization-based digital audio walermarking scheme inwavelet domain. By quantizing a host audio's wavelet coefficients (Integer Lifting WaveletTransform) and utilizing the characteristics of human auditory system (HAS), the grayimage isembedded using our watermarking method. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarkingscheme is inaudible and robust against various signal processing such as noising adding, lossycompression, low pass filtering, re-sampling, and re-quantifying.

Adaptive audio watermarking based on SNR in localized regions

In this paper, a novel localized audio watermarking scheme based on signal to noise ratio （SNR） to determine a scaling parameter a is proposed. The basic idea is to embed watermark in selected high inflexion regions, and the intensity of embedded watermarks are modified by adaptively adjusting a. As these high inflexion local regions usually correspond to music edges like sound of percussion instruments, explosion or transition of mixed music, which represent the music rhythm or tempo and are very important to human auditory perception, the embedded watermark is especially expected to escape the distortions caused by time domain synchronization attacks. Taking advantage of localization and SNR, the method shows strong robustness against common problems in audio signal processing, random cropping, time scale modification, etc.

A Novel Algorithm for Robust Audio Watermarking in Wavelet Domain

A novel algorithm for digital audio watermarking in wavelet domain is proposed. First, an original audio signal is decomposed by discrete wavelet transform at three levels. Then, a discrete watermark is embedded into the coefficients of its intermediate frequencies. Finally, the watermarked audio signal is obtained by wavelet reconstruction. The proposed algorithm makes good use of the multiresolution characteristics of wavelet transform. The original audio signal is not needed when detecting the watermark correlatively. Simulation results show that the algorithm is inaudible and robust to noise, filtering and resampling.

The Study of Audio Watermarking

This paper mainly introduced the basic knowledge of the digital watermarking and digital audio watermarking,including the definition of digital watermarking and digital audio watermarking,the embedding algorithm of digital audio watermarking and the common attack methods.Digital audio watermarking is very important in the watermark fields.This paper studies a non-linear detector based on Gaussian mixture model for detecting the audio watermark.Using the Expectation Maximization algorithm to calculate the mean and variance of discrete cosine transform coefficient in frequency domain,the mean and variance as the nonlinear detector parameters,and through offset coefficient to describe the detection performance.In attack test we have consider join Gaussian noise,re-sampling,re-quantization,MPEG compression,Chebyshev low-pass filter.Experiments prove this watermark embedding and detection algorithm can improve the robustness of watermarking and ability against the attack.

Audio Watermarking Using Wavelet Transform and Genetic Algorithm for Realizing High Tolerance to MP3 Compression

Recently, several digital watermarking techniques have been proposed for hiding data in the frequency domain of audio signals to protect the copyrights. However, little attention has been given to the optimal position in the frequency domain for embedding watermarks. In general, there is a tradeoff between the quality of the watermarked audio and the tolerance of watermarks to signal processing methods, such as compression. In the present study, a watermarking method developed for a visual image by using a wavelet transform was applied to an audio clip. We also improved the performance of both the quality of the watermarked audio and the extraction of watermarks after compression by the MP3 technique. To accomplish this, we created a multipurpose optimization problem for deciding the positions of watermarks in the frequency domain and obtaining a near-optimum solution. The near-optimum solution is obtained by using a genetic algorithm. The experimental results show that the proposed method generates watermarked audios of good quality and high tolerance to MP3 compression. In addition, the security was improved by using the characteristic secret key to embed and extract the watermark information.

Robust Digital Audio Watermarking Scheme Using Blind Source Separation with Global Optimal Property

The paper proposes a robust digital audio watermarking scheme using blind source separation(BSS) based on the global optimization of independency metric(IM),which is formulated as a generalized eigenvalue(GE) problem.Compared with traditional information-theoretical approaches used in digital audio watermarking,such as fast independent component analysis(FastICA),the proposed scheme has lower complexity without timeconsuming iteration steps used in FastICA.To make full use of the multiresolution characteristic of discrete wavelet transform(DWT) and the energy compression characteristic of discrete cosine transform(DCT),the watermark is embedded in the middle DWT-DCT coefficients and the independent component analysis(ICA) approach based on IM is used in the detecting scheme.Simulation results based on Stirmark for Audio v02 show that the proposed scheme has strong robustness as well as the imperceptibility and security.

A multipurpose audio watermarking algorithm with synchronization and encryption

We propose a new multipurpose audio watermarking scheme in which two complementary watermarks are used. For audio copyright protection, the watermark data with copyright information or signature are first encrypted by Arnold transforma- tion. Then the watermark data are inserted in the low frequency largest significant discrete cosine transform （DCT） coefficients to obtain robustness performance. For audio authentication, a chaotic signal is inserted in the high frequency insignificant DCT coefficients to detect tampered regions. Furthermore, the synchronization code is embedded in the audio statistical characteristics to resist desynchronization attacks. Experimental results show that our proposed method can not only obtain satisfactory detection and tampered location, but also achieve imperceptibility and robustness to common signal processing attacks, such as cropping, shifting, and time scale modification （TSM）. Comparison results show that our method outperforms some existing methods.

Novel quantum watermarking algorithm based on improved least significant qubit modification for quantum audio

As one of essential multimedia in quantum networks, the copyright protection of quantum audio has gradually be- come an important issue in the domain of quantum information hiding in the decades. In this paper, an improved quantum watermarking algorithm based on quantum audio by using least significant qubit （LSQb） modification is proposed. Com- pared with the previous achievements, it can effectively improve the robustness and security of watermark for copyright protection of quantum audio. In the new algorithm, the least significant bites and the peripheral least significant bits of the amplitudes are modified in terms of their logical consistency and correlation to enhance watermark robustness of resisting various illegal attacks. Furthermore, the new algorithm can avoid the weak robustness defect of many previous algorithms that directly embedded the watermark into the least significant bits. In order to implement the new algorithm, some spe- cific quantum circuits are designed to obtain better applicability and scalability for embedding and extracting watermark. Finally, the simulation results including the values of audio waveforms and signal to noise ratios （SNR） prove that the new algorithm has good transparency, robustness, and security.

A robust intelligent audio watermarking scheme using support vector machine

Rapid growth in information technology and computer networks has resulted in the universal use of data transmission in the digital domain. However, the major challenge faced by digital data owners is protection of data against unauthorized copying and distribution. Digital watermark technology is starting to be considered a credible protection method to mitigate the potential challenges that undermine the efficiency of the system. Digital audio watermarking should retain the quality of the host signal in a way that remains inaudible to the human hearing system. It should be sufficiently robust to be resistant against potential attacks, One of the major deficiencies of conventional audio watermarking techniques is the use of non-intelligent decoders in which some sets of specific rules are used for watermark extraction. This paper presents a new robust intelligent audio water- marking scheme using a synergistic combination of singular value decomposition （SVD） and support vector machine （SVM）. The methodology involves embedding a watermark data by modulating the singular values in the SVD transform domain. In the extraction process, an intelligent detector using SVM is suggested for extracting the watermark data. By learning the destructive effects of noise, the detector in question can effectively retrieve the watermark. Diverse experiments under various conditions have been carried out to verify the performance of the proposed scheme. Experimental results showed better imperceptibility, higher robustness, lower payload, and higher operational efficiency, for the proposed method than for conventional techniques.

Fragile Audio Watermarking with Perfect Restoration Capacity Based on an Adapted Integer Transform

We propose a novel audio watermarking scheme which can recover the original audio carrier perfectly if the watermarked audio is modified. Besides, we can adjust the maximum tampered rate allowed and the quality of watermarked audio flexibly as required. In the scheme, an efficient generalized integer transform is improved to embed watermark data which are composed of least significant bits（LSBs） of averages in each patch, reference-bits and check-bits. LSBs are needed in the inverse transform. Then, by comparing the extracted check-bits and calculated ones, the modified area can be localized. Finally, reliable reference-bits and samples data help us reconstruct the original audio without errors. The efficiency of the proposed method is theoretically and experimentally verified.

Reversible Audio Watermarking Algorithm Using Non-Causal Prediction

Reversible watermarking technique enables to extract embedded information without any loss of the host signal. For the reduction of the embedding distortion, a desirable reversible watermarking approach should exploit efficient prediction way to generate prediction errors with a smaller magnitude for expansion embedding. In this paper, we present a reversible audio watermarking scheme based on a new non-causal prediction method and embedding strategy. The proposed non-causal prediction method provides non-integer prediction errors and the proposed expansion embedding strategy can proceed them for a lower embedding distortion. Experimental results have shown that the proposed reversible technique has a lower embedding distortion for the same embedding payload in comparison with the existing state-of-the-art works.

基于保密特征的数字音频双水印算法

数字音频水印技术是一种利用特定标识信息嵌入到数字音频内容中的技术手段,它能够实现版权保护和内容取证的功能。为了同时满足版权保护和内容取证的需求,给出了一种基于保密特征的水印嵌入量化方法,并构造了一种基于该保密特征的数字音频双水印算法。将水印嵌入在保密特征中,有效提高了水印系统的安全性。同时,该算法能够实现版权保护和音频内容取证,提高了其实用性。实验结果表明,该算法具有良好的不可听性、鲁棒性、安全性及对恶意攻击的检测能力。

一种听觉无感的音频模拟水印加注方法

数字音频水印在音频转码或经音频在空气中播放转录后不能保留,具有很大的局限性。基于此,提出一种音频的模拟水印加注方法,并分析了详细的设计流程。该方法在设计时针对人耳听觉特性进行了优化,不会影响音频的整体听感,适用于转码、压缩及空气传播等典型音频传播场景。

基于参数寻优的立体声鲁棒水印算法

针对网络音频数据非法传播、隐私泄露等问题,提出了一种基于参数寻优的立体声鲁棒水印算法。首先利用立体声2个声道之间的相对关系对攻击的不敏感性,以2个声道的相对失真最小为目标,优化嵌入过程,修改奇数段的奇异值比值以嵌入水印,提高音频文件的感知质量。其次,针对不同音频文件,提出一种参数寻优算法用于寻找对每个音频文件最优的参数,更好地平衡了算法的不可感知性和鲁棒性。仿真实验结果证明,所提算法具有较好的不可感知性,并且对常规信号处理均具有较好的鲁棒性。

Research on Digital Watermark Using Pre-Processing Technology

We have realized a watermark embedding system based on audio perceptual masking and brought forward a watermark detection system using pre\|processing technology. We can detect watermark from watermarked audio without original audio by using this method. The results have indicated that this embedding and detecting method is robust, on the premise of not affecting the hearing quality, it can resist those attacks such as MPEG compressing, filtering and adding white noise.

STUDY ON SEMANTIC-BASED VIDEO WATERMARKING METHOD

A new video watermarking method for the Audio Video coding Standard (AVS) is proposed. According to human visual masking properties, this method determines the region of interest for watermark embedding by analyzing video semantics, and generates dynamic robust watermark according to video motion semantics, and embeds watermarks in the Intermediate Frequency (IF) Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients of the luminance sub-block prediction residual in the region of interest. This method controls watermark embedding strength adaptively by video textures semantics. Ex- periments show that this method is robust not only to various conventional attacks, but also to re-frame, frame cropping, frame deletion and other video-specific attacks.

基于DWT-DCT-SVD算法的数字音频水印性能评价分析

音频作品被非法篡改会导致作者利益受到侵害,因此音频水印嵌入提取算法的研究在数字产品版权保护中具有重要的研究价值。针对音频水印的特性及评价进行分析,分别基于离散小波变换、离散余弦变换以及DWT-DCT-SVD等算法,重点研究音频水印评价标准中透明性和鲁棒性问题。考虑相同音频及水印,针对不同的嵌入提取算法从透明性及鲁棒性两方面进行对比分析。结果表明,DWT-DCT-SVD算法在透明性及鲁棒性方面更具优势,为数字产品版权保护中音频水印算法的选择、应用及优化提供了重要的理论及应用依据。