It is generally believed that Edgar Allan Poe’s detective stories feature the ratiocination of C.Auguste Dupin,a detective Poe has created.However,this paper aims to demonstrate that there is actually an undercurrent...It is generally believed that Edgar Allan Poe’s detective stories feature the ratiocination of C.Auguste Dupin,a detective Poe has created.However,this paper aims to demonstrate that there is actually an undercurrent of irrationality in Poe’s detective stories.First of all,ratiocination,by definition,refers to inference,or deductive rules.It is also a type of the Enlightenment thinking that is closely related to reason or rationality.In detective fiction,it is the detective’s ability to analyze the clues and reason out the truth.It is true that Dupin’s ratiocination predominates in Poe’s detective stories.However,a closer look will reveal that Dupin’s ratiocinative processes in these stories are in fact blended with his speculation or imagination,namely,elements of irrationality.That is,beneath Dupin’s seemly seamless ratiocinative model is indeed an undercurrent of irrationality.To find out the origin of this undercurrent,we have to research the historical background of Poe’s detective stories.In the era of Poe’s detective stories,the Enlightenment is the dominant thinking,while there is also a resistant force developing at the same time,Gothicism.The Enlightenment puts a premium on reason;in contrast,Gothicism is often equated with irrationality,whose manifestations include horror or imagination.Poe,who is deemed as the“romantic ironist”,is a writer who is uniquely capable of making two statements with opposite meanings simultaneously.So as he indicates that ratiocination will lead to the truth in his detective stories,he may as well implies that imagination or speculation will also fulfill the same purpose.In addition,Poe excels in absorbing contraries;thus,he infuses both rationality and irrationality into his detective stories.For Poe,the latter has to be subdued by the former.As a consequence,the former plays a pivotal role in Poe’s detective stories,while the latter ends up as an undercurrent.展开更多
Background:Nesting trees and habitat represent the key factor underpinning stand selection by forest-dwelling birds.While two large European species–the black stork(Ciconia nigra L.)and white-tailed eagle(Haliaaetus ...Background:Nesting trees and habitat represent the key factor underpinning stand selection by forest-dwelling birds.While two large European species–the black stork(Ciconia nigra L.)and white-tailed eagle(Haliaaetus albicilla L.)–are known to require old,large trees for nesting,we sought to investigate further by comparing species requirements at the levels of the nesting tree,nesting stand,and landscape.This entailed a detailed examination of forest features within circles of radius 15 m surrounding 16 and 19 trees holding the nests of storks and eagles respectively.The same parameters were also checked in the vicinity of 50 randomly-selected mature trees.Results:Our results indicate different nesting preferences,with the eagles entirely confining themselves to Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)–a species also chosen by black storks,which nevertheless regularly favour pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.).Both species select trees of greater girth than the random ones,but white-tailed eagles choose to nest in the vicinity of patches of mature old stands with a loose canopy,to the extent that nesting trees and surrounding trees are of similar ages.In contrast,black storks prefer“veteran”trees with low-set crowns that are much older than any others in their vicinity.Nesting trees of the eagles are away from roads and close to lakes,while black storks do not avoid roads.Conclusions:As the ages of nesting trees of both species are greater than ages at final cutting in this region’s managed forest,silvicultural measures will need to be adjusted,with small patches of forest spared,or larger areas as“islands”of old-growth.Likewise,as tending and thinning are engaged in,certain trees with horizontal branches will need to remain,with relict trees also left untouched.As it happens,all of these recommendations are anyway key elements of close-to nature silviculture and multifunctional forestry.展开更多
Background: For a long time Africa was considered safe from diabetes. However, the International Diabetes Federation predicts an increase in diabetes from 240 million in 2007 to 380 million in 2025 with 80% of the dis...Background: For a long time Africa was considered safe from diabetes. However, the International Diabetes Federation predicts an increase in diabetes from 240 million in 2007 to 380 million in 2025 with 80% of the disease burden in low and middle-income countries including Africa. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among a group of Nigerian women who had earlier been found to have a high prevalence of overweight/obesity. Methods: 253 women attending the 2009 Meeting were recruited for the study. Blood glucose concentration was measured using ACCU-CHEK(R) Advantage glucometer by Roche Diagnostics and diabetes mellitus defined as fasting blood glucose concentration >7 mmol/L. Results: The population mean age was 53.04 ± 11.09 years, diabetics 55.76 ± 10.77 years, and non-diabetics 52.84 ± 11.11 years p = 0.709. 17 (6.7%) subjects had diabetes. Of the 17 diabetics 10 (3.95%) were known to have diabetes previously and 7 (2.76%) were diagnosed for the first time. 3 of the 17 diabetics were aged 50 years. 11 of the 17 (64.7%) diabetics had blood pressure > 140/ 90 mmHg while only 54 of the 236 (22%) non-diabetics had blood pressure >140/90 mmHg. The mean non fasting blood glucose concentration of the population was 5.83 ± 2.33 mmol/L, that of diabetics was 11.9 ± 5.27 mmol/L and non-diabetics 5.39 mmol/L ± 1.03, p < 0.000. Of the 10 previously diagnosed to have diabetes only 3 (30%) had fasting blood glucose concentration <7 mmol/L. Diabetes mellitus correlated with age, systolic blood pressure and age correlated with body mass, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: The study showed a high prevalence of diabetes with a significant proportion of undiagnosed diabetes and a poor level of control among diagnosed diabetics.展开更多
This study is essentially an experiment on the control experiment in the August 1975 catastrophe which was the heaviest rainfall in China's Mainland with a maximum 24-h rainfall of 1060.3 mm, and it significantly ...This study is essentially an experiment on the control experiment in the August 1975 catastrophe which was the heaviest rainfall in China's Mainland with a maximum 24-h rainfall of 1060.3 mm, and it significantly demonstrates that the limited area model can still skillfully give reasonable results even only the conventional data are available. For such a heavy rainfall event, a grid length of 90 km is too large while 45 km seems acceptable. Under these two grid sizes, the cumulus parameterization scheme is evidently superior to the explicit scheme since it restricts instabilities such as CISK to limited extent. The high resolution scheme for the boundary treatment does not improve forecasts significantly.The experiments also revealed some interesting phenomena such as the forecast rainfall being too small while affecting synoptic system so deep as compared with observations. Another example is the severe deformation of synoptic systems both in initial conditions and forecast fields in the presence of complicated topography. Besides, the fixed boundary condition utilized in the experiments along with current domain coverage set some limitations to the model performances.展开更多
Being one of the greatest 20thcentury writers,William Faulkner created many novels which were given high appraisal and remained popular up to today.The broad themes which are covered in Faulkner’s novels cannot be ne...Being one of the greatest 20thcentury writers,William Faulkner created many novels which were given high appraisal and remained popular up to today.The broad themes which are covered in Faulkner’s novels cannot be neglected,including the racial and religious belief in American society,the fading of the traditional Southern value and the corrosive influence of the rapid industrialization over the human being.Among these important themes,Faulkner also paid enough attention to the theme about how the individual can achieve his or her own identity.In the light of Lacan’s theory of Three Orders,this paper tries to evaluate Faulkner’s discussion over the formation of individual’s identity with Gail Hightower as the example.展开更多
This issue starts with a Commentary by Lam[1]about the Special Article by Paul Bebbington published in a previous issue.[2]Bebbington’s article discussed a new model for conceptualizing psychosis based on findings in...This issue starts with a Commentary by Lam[1]about the Special Article by Paul Bebbington published in a previous issue.[2]Bebbington’s article discussed a new model for conceptualizing psychosis based on findings in psychosocial epidemiology;Lam agrees that this new integrated approach raises the exciting possibility of new methods for preventing the onset of psychosis展开更多
All the data in this catalog are chosen from the ＂Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations＂ （Its abbreviation is ＂Monthly Report＂）. The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 in and near China...All the data in this catalog are chosen from the ＂Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations＂ （Its abbreviation is ＂Monthly Report＂）. The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 in and near China and M≥6 all over the world. The ＂Monthly Report＂ is monthly compiled by the Ninth Section of Institute of Geophysics, China EarthQuake Administration.展开更多
The international conference on Kampuchea declded on August 1 in Paris to send a UN fact-finding mission to the country to arrange a peace settlement. The Fatah Movement, the mainstream group in the Palestine Liberati...The international conference on Kampuchea declded on August 1 in Paris to send a UN fact-finding mission to the country to arrange a peace settlement. The Fatah Movement, the mainstream group in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), opened its fifth general congress on August 3 in Tunis. PLO Chairman and President of the State of Palestine Yasser Arafat and Tunisian President Zine E1 Abidine Ben All addressed the opening ceremony.展开更多
On Aug. 8, UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution on the applications of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and South Korea for full membership of the United Nations. The two at present have obse...On Aug. 8, UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution on the applications of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and South Korea for full membership of the United Nations. The two at present have observer status in the UN and submitted their separate applications for membership on July 8 and August 5 this year. The DPRK and South Korea are expected to be separately admitted by the UN General Assembly when its annual session opens on September 17.展开更多
Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the ＂Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations＂ （Its abbreviation is ＂Monthly Report＂）. The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 in ...Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the ＂Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations＂ （Its abbreviation is ＂Monthly Report＂）. The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 in and near China and M≥6 all over the world. The ＂Monthly Report＂ is monthly compiled by the Ninth Section of Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.展开更多
基金This paper is adapted from my Ph.D.dissertation,“Say the unsaid,repair the fractures-On the narrative ruptures in Edgar Allan Poe’s detective stories”.Here,in addition to thanking the anonymous reviewer for his or her opinions on this paper,I would like to express my deepest appreciation for my Ph.D.dissertation advisors,Professor Frank W.Stevenson,and Professor Eva Yin-I Chen.And I must also be thankful to Professor Chin-Yuan Hu,Professor Yi Ping Liang,and Professor Brian D.Phillips,all three of whom participated in my oral defenses and proofread my Ph.D.dissertation.
文摘It is generally believed that Edgar Allan Poe’s detective stories feature the ratiocination of C.Auguste Dupin,a detective Poe has created.However,this paper aims to demonstrate that there is actually an undercurrent of irrationality in Poe’s detective stories.First of all,ratiocination,by definition,refers to inference,or deductive rules.It is also a type of the Enlightenment thinking that is closely related to reason or rationality.In detective fiction,it is the detective’s ability to analyze the clues and reason out the truth.It is true that Dupin’s ratiocination predominates in Poe’s detective stories.However,a closer look will reveal that Dupin’s ratiocinative processes in these stories are in fact blended with his speculation or imagination,namely,elements of irrationality.That is,beneath Dupin’s seemly seamless ratiocinative model is indeed an undercurrent of irrationality.To find out the origin of this undercurrent,we have to research the historical background of Poe’s detective stories.In the era of Poe’s detective stories,the Enlightenment is the dominant thinking,while there is also a resistant force developing at the same time,Gothicism.The Enlightenment puts a premium on reason;in contrast,Gothicism is often equated with irrationality,whose manifestations include horror or imagination.Poe,who is deemed as the“romantic ironist”,is a writer who is uniquely capable of making two statements with opposite meanings simultaneously.So as he indicates that ratiocination will lead to the truth in his detective stories,he may as well implies that imagination or speculation will also fulfill the same purpose.In addition,Poe excels in absorbing contraries;thus,he infuses both rationality and irrationality into his detective stories.For Poe,the latter has to be subdued by the former.As a consequence,the former plays a pivotal role in Poe’s detective stories,while the latter ends up as an undercurrent.
文摘Background:Nesting trees and habitat represent the key factor underpinning stand selection by forest-dwelling birds.While two large European species–the black stork(Ciconia nigra L.)and white-tailed eagle(Haliaaetus albicilla L.)–are known to require old,large trees for nesting,we sought to investigate further by comparing species requirements at the levels of the nesting tree,nesting stand,and landscape.This entailed a detailed examination of forest features within circles of radius 15 m surrounding 16 and 19 trees holding the nests of storks and eagles respectively.The same parameters were also checked in the vicinity of 50 randomly-selected mature trees.Results:Our results indicate different nesting preferences,with the eagles entirely confining themselves to Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.)–a species also chosen by black storks,which nevertheless regularly favour pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.).Both species select trees of greater girth than the random ones,but white-tailed eagles choose to nest in the vicinity of patches of mature old stands with a loose canopy,to the extent that nesting trees and surrounding trees are of similar ages.In contrast,black storks prefer“veteran”trees with low-set crowns that are much older than any others in their vicinity.Nesting trees of the eagles are away from roads and close to lakes,while black storks do not avoid roads.Conclusions:As the ages of nesting trees of both species are greater than ages at final cutting in this region’s managed forest,silvicultural measures will need to be adjusted,with small patches of forest spared,or larger areas as“islands”of old-growth.Likewise,as tending and thinning are engaged in,certain trees with horizontal branches will need to remain,with relict trees also left untouched.As it happens,all of these recommendations are anyway key elements of close-to nature silviculture and multifunctional forestry.
文摘Background: For a long time Africa was considered safe from diabetes. However, the International Diabetes Federation predicts an increase in diabetes from 240 million in 2007 to 380 million in 2025 with 80% of the disease burden in low and middle-income countries including Africa. This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among a group of Nigerian women who had earlier been found to have a high prevalence of overweight/obesity. Methods: 253 women attending the 2009 Meeting were recruited for the study. Blood glucose concentration was measured using ACCU-CHEK(R) Advantage glucometer by Roche Diagnostics and diabetes mellitus defined as fasting blood glucose concentration >7 mmol/L. Results: The population mean age was 53.04 ± 11.09 years, diabetics 55.76 ± 10.77 years, and non-diabetics 52.84 ± 11.11 years p = 0.709. 17 (6.7%) subjects had diabetes. Of the 17 diabetics 10 (3.95%) were known to have diabetes previously and 7 (2.76%) were diagnosed for the first time. 3 of the 17 diabetics were aged 50 years. 11 of the 17 (64.7%) diabetics had blood pressure > 140/ 90 mmHg while only 54 of the 236 (22%) non-diabetics had blood pressure >140/90 mmHg. The mean non fasting blood glucose concentration of the population was 5.83 ± 2.33 mmol/L, that of diabetics was 11.9 ± 5.27 mmol/L and non-diabetics 5.39 mmol/L ± 1.03, p < 0.000. Of the 10 previously diagnosed to have diabetes only 3 (30%) had fasting blood glucose concentration <7 mmol/L. Diabetes mellitus correlated with age, systolic blood pressure and age correlated with body mass, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Conclusion: The study showed a high prevalence of diabetes with a significant proportion of undiagnosed diabetes and a poor level of control among diagnosed diabetics.
基金The project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaState Meteorological Administration Typhoon Research Fund.
文摘This study is essentially an experiment on the control experiment in the August 1975 catastrophe which was the heaviest rainfall in China's Mainland with a maximum 24-h rainfall of 1060.3 mm, and it significantly demonstrates that the limited area model can still skillfully give reasonable results even only the conventional data are available. For such a heavy rainfall event, a grid length of 90 km is too large while 45 km seems acceptable. Under these two grid sizes, the cumulus parameterization scheme is evidently superior to the explicit scheme since it restricts instabilities such as CISK to limited extent. The high resolution scheme for the boundary treatment does not improve forecasts significantly.The experiments also revealed some interesting phenomena such as the forecast rainfall being too small while affecting synoptic system so deep as compared with observations. Another example is the severe deformation of synoptic systems both in initial conditions and forecast fields in the presence of complicated topography. Besides, the fixed boundary condition utilized in the experiments along with current domain coverage set some limitations to the model performances.
文摘Being one of the greatest 20thcentury writers,William Faulkner created many novels which were given high appraisal and remained popular up to today.The broad themes which are covered in Faulkner’s novels cannot be neglected,including the racial and religious belief in American society,the fading of the traditional Southern value and the corrosive influence of the rapid industrialization over the human being.Among these important themes,Faulkner also paid enough attention to the theme about how the individual can achieve his or her own identity.In the light of Lacan’s theory of Three Orders,this paper tries to evaluate Faulkner’s discussion over the formation of individual’s identity with Gail Hightower as the example.
文摘This issue starts with a Commentary by Lam[1]about the Special Article by Paul Bebbington published in a previous issue.[2]Bebbington’s article discussed a new model for conceptualizing psychosis based on findings in psychosocial epidemiology;Lam agrees that this new integrated approach raises the exciting possibility of new methods for preventing the onset of psychosis
文摘All the data in this catalog are chosen from the ＂Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations＂ （Its abbreviation is ＂Monthly Report＂）. The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 in and near China and M≥6 all over the world. The ＂Monthly Report＂ is monthly compiled by the Ninth Section of Institute of Geophysics, China EarthQuake Administration.
文摘The international conference on Kampuchea declded on August 1 in Paris to send a UN fact-finding mission to the country to arrange a peace settlement. The Fatah Movement, the mainstream group in the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), opened its fifth general congress on August 3 in Tunis. PLO Chairman and President of the State of Palestine Yasser Arafat and Tunisian President Zine E1 Abidine Ben All addressed the opening ceremony.
文摘On Aug. 8, UN Security Council unanimously adopted a resolution on the applications of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea and South Korea for full membership of the United Nations. The two at present have observer status in the UN and submitted their separate applications for membership on July 8 and August 5 this year. The DPRK and South Korea are expected to be separately admitted by the UN General Assembly when its annual session opens on September 17.
文摘Illustration All the data in this catalog are chosen from the ＂Preliminary Seismological Report of Chinese Seismic Stations＂ （Its abbreviation is ＂Monthly Report＂）. The catalog includes the events of M≥4.7 in and near China and M≥6 all over the world. The ＂Monthly Report＂ is monthly compiled by the Ninth Section of Institute of Geophysics, China Earthquake Administration.
