Artificial substrates preference for proliferation and immigration in Aurelia aurita(s. l.) polyps

The increasing amounts of artificial marine substrates, in many parts of the world have been proposed as a potential driver of Aurelia spp. blooms, on account of providing extra habitats for the settlement and the proliferation of the benthic stage(polyps). Previous experiments have mainly focused on the substrate choices of Aurelia spp. planulae. However, substrate preferences for the proliferation and immigration of polyps have not been reported. We monitored the propagation and immigration of Aurelia aurita(s. l.) polyps on two natural and nine artificial substrates at constant temperature(20±0.5°C) and salinity(30±0.5) in beakers and a glass aquarium in the laboratory, respectively. The results showed that, among artificial substrates, the highest number for polyp proliferation and immigration was found on nets, rigid polyvinyl chloride plates(RPVC), and wood. The lowest density of polyps was present on iron plates. Among natural substrates, the asexual reproduction rate of polyps on Patinopecten yessoensis(Jay, 1857) shells was significantly higher than Azumapecten farreri(Jones & Preston, 1904). On the account of the distinction in the roughness, chemical properties and biofilms of these material surfaces, bare artificial or natural substrates discriminatively affect the proliferation and the immigration of Aurelia spp. polyps at laboratory. These observations suggest that, even in the natural environment, different materials and texture may influence the composition and the abundance of the fouling communities and the assemblages of polyps and, indirectly, have effects on the amounts of released medusae.

几种动物蛋白源对海月水母(Aurelia aurita)生长性能的影响

研究旨在发掘可替代卤虫的海月水母人工饲料原料,解决海月水母养殖瓶颈问题。在水温25℃、盐度30‰,pH值8.2~8.4条件下,将240只伞径为(3.64±0.33) cm海月水母随机均分至4组12口水母缸中,每组3个重复。对照组投喂活体卤虫无节幼体,试验组分别投喂虾仁肉泥、猪里脊肉泥和鸡蛋黄。每天观察记录各组水母摄食、消化与发病状况,每周定期检测海月水母伞径、收缩频率和温度、盐度、pH值、亚硝酸盐、氨氮等水质指标。结果显示,各试验组的水质一直处于海月水母适宜范围内。海月水母对卤虫无节幼体与鸡蛋黄的摄食消化较里脊肉与虾仁更为迅速。3周后,4种饲料原料对海月水母促生长效应优劣顺序依次为卤虫无节幼体、猪里脊肉、鸡蛋黄和虾仁,前3组伞径增长量显著高于虾仁组(P<0.05)。基于各组饲料原料营养差异,可利用猪里脊肉蛋白质营养,虾仁必需脂肪酸营养和鸡蛋黄矿物元素营养特点,进行适度配合,以替代卤虫无节幼体作为海月水母配合饲料。

Starvation of the Respiratory Metabolism and Locomotion of Aurelia aurita s.l. Ephyrae

Blooms of the scyphozoan jellyfish Aurelia aurita are greatly regulated by the survival rate of planktonic ephyrae. The ecophysiology of ephyrae is poorly studied compared with polyps and medusae. As extremely strong starvation resistance and recovery capability of A. aurita ephyrae may due to its low metabolic rate as well as starvation may reduce the swimming ability of ephyrae which may lead to the higher predation loss, the effects of temperature and starvation on their respiration and pulsation rates were examined. In this study, ephyrae under different starvation conditions were measured by a fluorescence-based DO meter after 72 h incubation. And the pulsation rates were measured at every 10-d interval in 1-liter plastic bottle by a hand-held counter. The results showed that the mean respiration rates of newly released ephyrae were 0.24, 0.24 and 0.19 μl O2 ephyra-1 d-1 at 15°C, 12°C and 9°C, respectively, and the rates tended to decrease with increasing starvation duration. Carbon weight-specific respiration rates did not change significantly with starvation duration. The dry weight-specific respiration rates of newly released A. aurita ephyrae (i.e., 11.7-14.6 μl O2 mg DW-1 d-1) were nearly one order of magnitude lower than the rates for planktonic larvae of other taxa (e.g., molluscs, crustaceans and fish). The maximum pulsation rate taken by A. aurita ephyrae was 49.2 beats min-1, which represents the maximum swimming velocity to be 8.87 cm·min-1. The pulsation rates were not affected by temperature over the range between 9°C and 15°C. However, they were influenced by starvation duration. Starvation-derived decrease in pulsation together with associated body shrinkage may lead to lower encounter rate of prey and lower escaping ability from predators, which may lead to higher predation loss in the field.

海月水母(Aurelia aurita)精巢发育及精子的超微结构

采用组织切片、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术研究了海月水母(Aurelia aurita)精巢发育过程及精子显微结构。结果表明:(1)海月水母精巢发育分为四个阶段,即增殖期、生长期、成熟期和排放期;海月水母精巢位于马蹄形胃腔内部,由两层外膜包裹的大量长圆形滤泡组成,性成熟后,滤泡内部充满精子,之后成熟精子汇集于滤泡腔排出体外。(2)海月水母精子全长约33.62μm,为原生型精子;精子头部呈长尖辣椒状,具顶体,核膜与质膜空隙较大,充满细胞质;精子中部主要由中心粒复合体和线粒体组成,且具有袖套结构,袖套内膜与鞭毛质膜相互融合,近端中心粒与基体垂直排列,基体的长轴与精子长轴平行,向后延伸形成尾部轴丝,线粒体以4个居多,呈圆环状排列,线粒体脊较明显;精子尾部细长,由质膜和轴丝组成,轴丝横切面为典型的"9+2"结构。

胶州湾海月水母(Aurelia sp．1)丰度周年变化及对浮游动物群落的影响

2009年2—12月间在胶州湾大沽河口邻近海域的逐月现场调查中,利用垂直拖网研究了海月水母碟状体和水母体的时空分布情况以及对其它浮游动物类群的影响,并探讨了海月水母的生态适应性。结果表明:海月水母的碟状体4月份开始在胶州湾出现,并且丰度逐渐增加,到6月份达到最高峰。海月水母的水母体集中在7月份大量出现。碟状体和水母体高峰期的月平均丰度分别为2.9和1.3ind/m3。碟状体开始出现时的水温平均为11.5℃,数量高峰期的水温为20.6℃,而水母体高峰期的水温为25.2℃。该海域的浮游动物总丰度(不含夜光虫)在5—7月份有个高峰期,其中5月份最高值为486.9ind/m3。7月份海月水母高峰期,浮游动物的丰度没有明显下降,两者丰度的地理变化之间也没有显著的相关性。但是通过对2006—2010年间的浮游动物各类群丰度对比,2009年海月水母暴发时夜光虫和桡足类春季丰度高值显著低于其它年份。

2011年夏季胶州湾三种大型水母的种群动态研究

2011年8月1日-9月30日,对胶州湾三种大型水母沙海蛰(Nemopilema nomurai)、白色霞水母(Cyanea nozakii)、海月水母(Aurelia aurita)的种群数量变动及空间分布情况开展了目测调查,同步获得了气象、水温、盐度、叶绿素a、浮游动物丰度、种类组成等数据,调查频率为每周2次。调查期间,海月水母表现出逐渐降低的趋势,沙海蛰与白色霞水母种群均于8月11日达到数量高峰,8月底及9月中旬之后依次衰落,至9月底,三种水母基本消失。三种水母的种群平均丰度变化范围分别为:沙海蛰0-230.8ind/km2;霞水母0-150.2ind/km2;海月水母0-123.4ind/km2。从分布区域来看,海月水母主要位于近岸区,沙海蜇主要分布于湾口和中部深水区,而白色霞水母则在高峰期和次高峰期分别集中于深水区和近岸区。结合往年资料,作者认为,海月水母种群能够在胶州湾内进行自我补充并完成其生活史,而胶州湾沙海蛰与霞水母的种群补充则可能主要依赖于湾外种群。另外,目测方法的准确性可能受到气象条件的影响。

温度和食物水平对海月水母螅状体无性繁殖的影响

水母暴发给近岸人类的生活、渔业资源以及海洋生态系统带来影响。这些近岸海域暴发的水母可以通过有性繁殖和无性繁殖来维持或扩大水母种群数量。在水母生活史中,螅状体的无性繁殖是决定水母体数量的关键阶段,因此对此阶段进行研究。设置了4个温度水平(9、12、15、18℃)、3个食物水平(5个卤虫/螅状体、20个卤虫/螅状体、40个卤虫/螅状体),在12个组合条件下研究温度和食物水平对海月水母螅状体无性繁殖能力和方式的影响。研究结果表明,在海月水母螅状体繁殖子体的各种方式中,匍匐茎生殖是主要的繁殖方式,出芽生殖次之,纵向分裂以及足囊出现几率极低。食物对海月水母螅状体产生总子体数影响显著,温度的影响不显著,食物水平越高,海月水母螅状体繁殖子体的能力越强。食物和温度对螅状体发生横裂均有影响,但温度对螅状体横裂的影响更大。温度对螅状体的横裂率影响显著,食物影响不显著。碟状体的释放发生在12、15、18℃的条件下,温度是影响海月水母螅状体通过横裂生殖释放碟状体数量的最重要因素。可见在螅状体无性繁殖阶段,温度和食物对繁殖方式的影响各不相同。

海月水母的生物学特征及其爆发

介绍了海月水母的形态、生活习性、生活史、分布、生存条件、爆发及危害等基本情况,并分析了其爆发成因,最后提出了我国海月水母及其爆发研究的工作重点:确认在我国海域爆发的海月水母究竟是外来种还是本地种,了解其种群的生活史、食性及生活习性,掌握其种群数量动态变化规律并进行数量动态监测,分析其种群数量动态与海域环境的关系,开展其爆发的危害评价工作。

四种大型水母横裂生殖的差异与其种群数量变动的初探

在实验室培养了4种大型水母:海蜇、海月水母、白色霞水母及沙海蜇的螅状体。在相同的生态环境下,观察了这4种螅状体的横裂生殖,其横裂生殖率:海蜇100%、海月水母100%、白色霞水母0%、沙海蜇0%。经过横裂生殖螅状体的存活率:海蜇20%、海月水母100%。未横裂生殖螅状体的存活率为100%,同时探讨了这4种大型水母的种群数量变化原因。

饵料浮游动物种类和密度对海月水母摄食和生长的影响

研究了5种浮游动物（卤虫Artemia无节幼体、大尾猛水蚤Harpacticus uniremis、短角异剑水蚤Apo-cyclops royi、蒙古裸腹溞Moina mongolica和褶皱臂尾轮虫Brachionus plicatilis）饵料对海月水母Aurelia aurita摄食和碟状体生长的影响。结果表明：海月水母摄食卤虫无节幼体没有明显的节律性,对蒙古裸腹溞、大尾猛水蚤、短角异剑水蚤和褶皱臂尾轮虫都是在上午8：00摄食量最大;海月水母对卤虫无节幼体和轮虫的个体摄食率最大,分别为42.8、42.0个/（个.h）。摄食卤虫无节幼体的海月水母碟状体的生长率最大,达到8.8%~11.2%;摄食蒙古裸腹溞和大尾猛水蚤的次之,生长率分别为4.4%~6.1%和3.1%~5.2%;摄食褶皱臂尾轮虫的碟状体生长率极低,仅为0.3%~0.4%。研究表明,卤虫无节幼体、蒙古裸腹溞和大尾猛水蚤均可作为篢滤傅刺宓亩？合适投喂密度分别为550~700、150~300个/L和250~450个/L。

三种大型钵水母幼体对牙鲆和许氏平鲉仔稚鱼的捕食选择性

为探讨中国近海常见大型钵水母对鱼类资源补充的影响,本实验利用清除率法比较研究了伞径4 cm的3种大型水母幼体—海月水母(Aurelia aurita)、海蜇(Rhopilema esculentum)和沙海蜇(Nemopilema nomurai),对不同发育阶段的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)和许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegeli)仔稚鱼的捕食量。结果表明,3种水母均可捕食牙鲆和许氏平鲉仔稚鱼,其捕食率随仔稚鱼生长而降低,其中海月水母可捕食规格<15 mm牙鲆和<20 mm许氏平鲉,海蜇能够捕食规格<20 mm牙鲆和<30 mm许氏平鲉,沙海蜇可捕食<30 mm许氏平鲉;仔稚鱼密度对水母捕食率影响不显著,牙鲆的变态和底栖生活是其逃避被水母捕食的有效手段;不同水母物种对仔稚鱼的捕食效率主要与其活力相关,水母结构和毒性也是重要因素,相同规格3种水母对仔稚鱼捕食率由高到低为海蜇>沙海蜇>海月水母。本研究结果可为阐明水母与鱼类的动态关系,研究海洋鱼类的自然资源补充机制提供参考。

海月水母与海蜇不同幼体阶段的种间短期竞争研究

近年来海蜇池塘养殖业的兴起,补充了传统海蜇渔业捕捞生产的不足,推动了海蜇产业的迅猛发展。海月水母常常在海蜇养殖池塘中泛滥成灾,对海蜇养殖业常常造成很大损失,但关于海蜇与海月水母的种间竞争关系尚缺乏研究。本文对海月水母与海蜇的螅状体、碟状体及水母体幼体相互之间的短期生存竞争关系进行了初步观察研究。结果表明:除海月水母碟状体可以被海蜇螅状体所捕食外,各种类型的海蜇幼体基本不能对海月水母幼体造成危害。但海月水母螅状体及其水母体幼体对海蜇幼体均存在一定的危害性,尤其是对海蜇碟状体的危害性最为严重,在饵料缺乏的情况下海蜇碟状体可以100%地被捕食。随着海蜇幼体的生长,其对于海月水母危害的抵抗力逐渐增强。本研究显示海月水母相对于海蜇而言,在幼体种间竞争关系中处于绝对优势,这是海月水母时常暴发成灾的一个重要因素。在海蜇池塘养殖生产及苗种培育过程中,应当严禁混入海月水母幼体,以避免对海蜇养殖生产造成损害。

绿鳍马面鲀(Navodon septentrionalis)对4种大型水母的捕食行为

以绿鳍马面鲀为研究对象,通过室内受控实验,比较研究了其对我国沿海4种常见大型水母(海蜇、沙海蜇、海月水母和白色霞水母)的捕食差异。结果显示,体重为(215±20)g的绿鳍马面鲀对海月水母的捕食能力最强,日均最大摄食量为(150.7±18.6)g/fish,其次是海蜇和白色霞水母,日均摄食量分别为(129.7±11.6)和(120.0±19.3)g/fish,对沙海蜇的摄食量最少,为(92.5±11.3)g/fish;绿鳍马面鲀对海月水母与海蜇摄食量主要受投喂量影响,与规格无关,当投喂量小于其最大捕食量时,绿鳍马面鲀可捕食其周围所有水母,当投喂量超过其最大摄食量并继续增加时,绿鳍马面鲀摄食量保持不变,但残余水母的触手和伞部边缘均被啃食,继而导致水母摄食能力丧失,难以继续生存;在适口饵料冰鲜玉筋鱼充足的情况下,绿鳍马面鲀对水母具有明显的摄食偏向性,与仅投喂水母实验组相比,其对海月水母和海蜇的日均摄食量仅降低了20.2%和16.9%。研究结果表明,绿鳍马面鲀对上述4种水母皆能捕食。

不同微生态制剂对海月水母生存与生长的影响

采用对比试验法,研究不同微生态制剂对海月水母生存与生长的影响。生存试验分为5组:Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础水母配合饲料;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组和Ⅴ组依次添加屎肠球菌、胶红酵母、沼泽红假单胞菌和EM10,结果显示:屎肠球菌和胶红酵母能在24 h内使海月水母严重受损,其余3组至72 h完好无损。生长试验分为4组,A组为对照组,B组~D组分别添加沼泽红假单胞菌、EM10和沼泽红假单胞菌与EM10的混合微生态制剂。每周测量水母伞径、收缩频率和pH值,NH_3-N、NO_2-N水平等指标。试验结果表明,沼泽红假单胞菌能促进海月水母的生长(P<0.05);EM10会抑制海月水母的生长(P<0.05);其与沼泽红假单胞菌的混合组水母生长性能介于两者之间(P>0.05),光合细菌是水母适宜的微生态制剂。

温度对海月水母横裂生殖的影响研究

近年来灾害性海月水母种群数量在东亚海域内大幅度增加,对渔业资源及海洋生态系统造成严重灾害。横裂生殖可以使海月水母螅状体释放小水母(碟状幼体),而这一过程会扩增成体水母的种群数量。为探明温度对海月水母横裂生殖的影响,将源自日本濑户内海的海月水母螅状体由25℃分别转移至9、12、14、16、18℃5个较低的温度下,并在饥饿和黑暗状态下监测90 d。试验结果显示,横裂开始时间(或预横裂时间)、横裂率和横裂持续时间均受温度影响,平均预横裂时间在12、14℃下最短,横裂率在9、12℃下最高(约65%),横裂持续时间在较高的温度下比较短。每只螅状体所释放的平均碟状幼体数量在各温度下差异显著,14℃时最高。通过本试验验证,海月水母最适的横裂生殖温度为12~14℃,在此温度范围内海月水母横裂生殖开始的最快,并且发生横裂生殖的螅状体比例更大。据研究结果推断,暖冬可能会导致日本濑户内海下一年度海月水母的种群数量大幅度增加。

Medusa consumption and prey selection of silver pomfret Pampus argenteus juveniles

The current study explored Aurelia aurita and Rhopilema esculent um consumption by silver pomfret juveniles, as well as their prey selection between the two jellyfi sh species. Silver pomfret juveniles weighing 1±0.1 g actively preyed on both the species. Their daily A. aurita consumption was 11.6 times their own body weights regardless of the size of A. aurita medusae. Their daily R. esculent um consumption was 13, 9.1, 5, and 4.1 times their own body weights when the R. esculentum medusae were 10, 20, 30, and 40 mm in bell diameter, respectively. The survival rates of the R. esculent um were higher than those of the A. aurita. When the R. esculent um medusae were more than 30 mm in bell diameter, their survival rate exceeded 92%. Silver pomfrets serve as a type of potential predators on A. aurita in coastal waters, and they have little infl uence on R. esculent um with a size exceeding 30 mm. Besides, A. aurita may be able to be used as fi sh prey in silver pomfret artifi cial breeding.

饥饿和水温对海月水母碟状幼体游泳能力的影响

【目的】研究饥饿持续时间和水温对海月水母Aurelia aurita碟状幼体游泳能力的影响,探讨游泳能力对碟状幼体种群生存和生长的影响。【方法】将刚刚释放的海月水母碟状幼体分别置于9℃,12℃和15℃下,每个温度下放置20只,并使其保持饥饿。每隔10d测量1次碟状幼体的拍动速度。【结果】碟状幼体的最大平均拍动速度为49.3次·min^-1。在长达50d的饥饿时间内,饥饿持续时间对碟状幼体拍动速度的影响极显著（P〈0.01）,而温度及饥饿持续时间交互作用对拍动速度的影响不显著（P〉0.05）。在饥饿10-20d后,碟状幼体的拍动速度显著加快,然而当饥饿时间进一步延长时,拍动速度也随之下降。【结论】海月水母碟状幼体的最大游泳速度为8.9cm·min^-1。碟状幼体主要食物为藤壶Barnacle幼体、轮虫Rotifers及水螅水母Rathkea octopunctata等游泳速度缓慢的浮游动物。碟状幼体的拍动速度在饥饿30d后开始显著下降,因此严重饥饿的碟状幼体可能更容易被天敌捕食,从而造成自然水域中碟状幼体更高的死亡率。

Using LA-ICP-MS to analysis elemental composition of statoliths of Scyphozoan jellyfish

Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak events are drawing increasing attentions during the past decade.Elemental compositions of statoliths are helpful to understand jellyfish life history and blooming mechanisms,but very rare endeavor has been focused on the Scyphozoan class.In this work,we explored the feasibility of element analysis of Aurelia aurita(a representative Scyphozoan jellyfish outbreak species in China)which may be used as proxies of environment parameters during jellyfish living and moving.Statolith crystals of Aurelia aurita were found to be a gathering of hexahedron type trigonal needle with size of 10-50μm long,and 5-10μm in diameter.By using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS)downhole profiling method,elements such as Ca,Sr,Mg,Na and P were found to be above the limit of detection and limit of quantification.The epidermis of statocyst could significantly impact the element analyses,so the real statolith element signal section needs to be selected based on elements and Ca profiles together with care.By laser ablated a signal spot repeatedly,the analytical uncertainty was about 3%-4%for Sr/Ca content ratio and Mg/Ca content ratio,but above 10%for other element/Ca content ratios(n=3).Based on the analysis of statolith from temperature-control cultured jellyfish,Sr/Ca content ratios among different statoliths of the same jellyfish were about 6%(n=14),demonstrating biological processes/vital effects causing small variations compared with analytical uncertainties.Therefore,Sr/Ca content ratios may be used as a potential proxy to reveal the living environment variations the Scyphozoan jellyfish has experienced,such as temperature history,which is helpful to understand jellyfish bloom mechanisms.

Study on Jellyfish Outbreaks and Their Monitoring and Control Technology in the Yellow Sea and the Northern East China Sea

Jellyfish outbreaks have become a new type of marine ecological disasters,and have great influence on the structure and function balance of marine ecosystems,fishery resources,production safety of coastal power plants,marine landscape and tourism.In recent years,the Yellow Sea and the northern East China Sea are the high risk areas of jellyfish outbreaks.In this paper,the research results of jellyfish outbreaks in the Yellow Sea and the northern East China Sea are summarized,and the species composition,distribution,life-history characteristics and hazards of jellyfish outbreaks are described.Meanwhile,the possible causes of jellyfish outbreaks are analyzed,and the monitoring and control technology of jellyfish disasters are discussed.It will provide a scientific basis for the monitoring,management,and emergency disposal of jellyfish disasters.

海月水母无性生殖的影响因子

海月水母是我国黄渤海近岸海域的常见水母种类,近年来海月水母的暴发性增殖已经成为一种近海生态灾害。论文综述了海月水母无性生殖过程的主要类型,其中出芽生殖和横裂生殖是海月水母无性生殖的主要方式。并对影响海月水母无性生殖的主要因子进行了分析和总结,指出现有研究中存在的问题,为进一步开展海月水母无性生殖机制研究提供参考。