Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publicati...Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.展开更多
The complicated life cycle of A urelia spp., comprising benthic asexually-reproducing polyps and sexually-reproducing medusae, makes it hard for researchers to identify and track them, especially for early stage indiv...The complicated life cycle of A urelia spp., comprising benthic asexually-reproducing polyps and sexually-reproducing medusae, makes it hard for researchers to identify and track them, especially for early stage individuals, such as planulae. To solve this problem, we developed a real-time PCR assay(SYBR Green I) to identify planulae in both cultured and natural seawater samples. Species-specific primers targeting Aurelia sp.1 mitochondrial 16 SrDNA(mt 16 SrDNA) regions were designed. Using a calibration curve constructed with plasmids containing the A urelia sp.1 mt 16 SrDNA fragment and a standard curve for planulae, the absolute number of mt 16 SrDNA copies per planula was determined and from that the total number of planulae per sample was estimated. For the field samples, a 100-fold dilution of the sample DNA combined with a final concentration of 0.2 μg/μL BSA in the PCR reaction mixture was used to remove realtime PCR inhibitors. Samples collected in Jiaozhou Bay from July to September 2012 were subsequently analyzed using this assay. Peak A urelia sp.1 planula abundance occurred in July 2012 at stations near Hongdao Island and Qingdao offshore; abundances were very low in August and September. The real-time PCR assay(SYBR Green I) developed here negates the need for traditional microscopic identification, which is laborious and time-consuming, and can detect and quantify jellyfish planulae in field plankton samples rapidly and specifically.展开更多
文摘Healthcare security and privacy breaches are occurring in the United States (US), and increased substantially during the pandemic. This paper reviews the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) publication base as an effective solution. The NIST Special Publication 800-66 Revision 1 was an essential standard in US healthcare, which was withdrawn in February 2024 and superseded by SP 800-66 Revision 2. This review investigates the academic papers concerning the application of the NIST SP 800-66 Revision 1 standard in the US healthcare literature. A systematic review method was used in this study to determine current knowledge gaps of the SP 800-66 Revision 1. Some limitations were employed in the search to enforce validity. A total of eleven articles were found eligible for the study. Consequently, this study suggests the necessity for additional academic papers pertaining to SP 800-66 Revision 2 in the US healthcare literature. In turn, it will enhance awareness of safeguarding electronic protected health information (ePHI), help to mitigate potential future risks, and eventually reduce breaches.
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(No.2011CB403602)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41076085)the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Marine Sector(No.201205031)
文摘The complicated life cycle of A urelia spp., comprising benthic asexually-reproducing polyps and sexually-reproducing medusae, makes it hard for researchers to identify and track them, especially for early stage individuals, such as planulae. To solve this problem, we developed a real-time PCR assay(SYBR Green I) to identify planulae in both cultured and natural seawater samples. Species-specific primers targeting Aurelia sp.1 mitochondrial 16 SrDNA(mt 16 SrDNA) regions were designed. Using a calibration curve constructed with plasmids containing the A urelia sp.1 mt 16 SrDNA fragment and a standard curve for planulae, the absolute number of mt 16 SrDNA copies per planula was determined and from that the total number of planulae per sample was estimated. For the field samples, a 100-fold dilution of the sample DNA combined with a final concentration of 0.2 μg/μL BSA in the PCR reaction mixture was used to remove realtime PCR inhibitors. Samples collected in Jiaozhou Bay from July to September 2012 were subsequently analyzed using this assay. Peak A urelia sp.1 planula abundance occurred in July 2012 at stations near Hongdao Island and Qingdao offshore; abundances were very low in August and September. The real-time PCR assay(SYBR Green I) developed here negates the need for traditional microscopic identification, which is laborious and time-consuming, and can detect and quantify jellyfish planulae in field plankton samples rapidly and specifically.
