中国7个毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)菌株ITS序列比较

对毛木耳7个菌株rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS)进行了克隆测序,并将其与木耳属其它几种的相应序列进行了比较.在供试的7个毛木耳菌株中,除特大(209bp)外,其余6个菌株的ITS2区序列长度完全相同;毛木耳rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列有一定数量的碱基变异,整个ITS区共有11个变异位点.与下载的木耳属另外4个种相比较,均有较大程度的变异.根据遗传同源性分析,遗传距离分析和系统树上所显示的供试菌株及相关已知种的亲缘关系,ITS序列分析支持传统的依据形态学进行的木耳属分类.

毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)的研究进展

本文阐述了毛木耳的资源分布,一般形态特征;从分类依据和分子生物学技术在木耳蕈菌系统发育中的应用介绍了该蕈菌的系统发育研究和分类进展;通过对药用价值,凝血作用和降血脂功能,耐缺氧和抗血栓形成作用,多糖成分分析和止血机理研究,抗衰老作用,临床应用的描述,介绍了毛木耳的药用价值和药理作用研究;介绍了毛木耳的营养成分分析和栽培技术包括液体菌种和菌丝生理特性的研究及培养料C/N研究。提出了加强毛木耳研究的关键性问题。

毛木耳（Auricularia polytricha）种质资源的ISSR分析

山区开矿和城镇建设使毛木耳资源日益匮乏，为了合理保护利用毛木耳资源，为新品种选育提供理论依据。也为毛木耳DNA指纹图谱的构建奠定基础，从分子水平上探讨毛木耳种间、品种间遗传关系，用ISSR标记分析毛木耳种质资源。结果表明：从27条ISSR引物中筛选出适合毛木耳种质分析的17个ISSR引物。17个引物共扩增出155条带，多态性位点155；多态性位点比率100％。基于扩增条带数据库建立了Jaccared遗传相关系数矩阵。构建了相似的分子树状图，将55个供试菌株分为5类群：Ⅰ类群含12个菌株，Ⅱ类群含11个菌株，Ⅲ类群含2个菌株，Ⅳ类群含24个菌株，Ⅴ类群含6个菌株。55个菌株的平均遗传相似系数为0．4109。同时类群的划分与菌株来源的地理分布没有关系。菌株间的遗传多样性十分丰富。用ISSR标记技术能将以传统形态特征为分类依据定名的菌株全部分开。

Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha inhibit oxidative stress,NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Auricularia auricula(AA)and Auricularia polytricha(AP)are popular edible fungi.This study successfully produced hypoglycemic polysaccharides from un-smashed or smashing and sieving(through a 10-mesh sieve)AA and AP(termed as AAP/AAP-10 and APP/APP-10)via scalable processes(water extraction,ethanolic precipitation and deproteinization).This is the first report to compare the effectiveness of AAP and APP in combating streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and diabetes-related changes in mice(body weight,fasting blood glucose,serum insulin,proinflammatory mediator and cytokines,oxidative stress-related products,antioxidant enzymes).APP and AAP with different molecular weights and monosaccharide molar ratios could be therapeutic options for diabetes with a low dose(100 mg/kg/day)likely working better.At the same dose,APP generally performed more effective than AAP,and AAP-10/APP-10 seemed slightly more beneficial than AAP/APP.One mechanism underlying these antidiabetic functions might involve the NF-κB and associated signalling pathways.AP is cheaper than AA,thereby representing a favorable source of functional polysaccharides.

Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) by Auricularia polytricha

For searching biological material for heavy metal removal of waste-water, using macrofungus Auricularia polytricha as biosorbent for Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ removal was investigated. After shaking and biosorbing Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in solution by biosorbents, the filtrates were tested by AAS and the adsorbed quantity of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ was calculated. The biosorbents were effective in removal of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ on the biosorbents that showed a high- est value around pH 5-6. The biosorption rate of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ on A. polytricha biomass decreased with increasing the initial concentration of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in the medium. The biosorption of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ on the biomasses follows pseudo-second order kinetics. The determined maximum biosorption capacities presented by the fungus biomass were 3.34 and 13.03 mg·g^-1 dry weight for Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋, respectively by the biosorption equilibrium with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. According to the whole data analysis in each experiment of studying Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ biosorption including condition factors and adsorption isotherm, the adsorbed capacity of Pb^2＋ by A. polytricha biomass was bigger than Cu^2＋. The biosorption by A. polytricha was most effective when pH 5-6. The biosorbents are suitable for low Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ concentration waste-water, especially for Pb^2＋ removal.

Auricularia polytricha noodles prevent hyperlipemia and modulate gut microbiota in high-fat diet fed mice

Auricularia polytricha possesses hypolipidemic effects and decreases lipid accumulation,leading to potential food additives for functional food processing.In this research,we explored the potential effects of A.polytricha noodles on hyperlipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis,and elucidated their possible regulatory mechanisms on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet(HFD)mice.A.polytricha n oodles treatment signifi cantly(P<0.05)reduced body weight gain,hyperlipidemia and liver fat accumulation.Meanwhile,A.polytricha noodles decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),total triglyceride(TG)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)compared with the HFD group.Furthermore,A.polytricha noodles could enrich the diversity of gut microbiota by decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes as well as the relative abundance of Deferribacteres and increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia,which might contribute to the prevention of hyperlipidemia.This study indicated that A.polytricha noodles could modulate the gut microbiota and prevent hyperlipidemia and liver fat accumulation induced by HFD.

Auricularia polytricha and Flammulina velutipes ameliorate inflammation and modulate the gut microbiota via regulation of NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathways on DSS-induced inflammatory bowel disease

Flammulina velutipes and Auricularia polytricha are two popular dietary mushrooms,especially in the Northeast of China.They have revealed many pharmacological effects due to their bioactive compounds,but their possible mechanism of action involved in inflammation remains poorly known.Therefore,Inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)which is a chronic disease and progressive inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract were used to evaluate their anti-inflammatory and modulatory properties on the intestinal microbiota via the signaling pathways involved by oral administration of F.velutipes(FVE)and A.polytricha(APE).Mice were daily received 3%DSS in the drinking water followed by the daily administration of FVE and APE.The food consumption,weight variation and DAI score were assessed during the experiment and inflammatory parameters,mRNA and protein expressions to determine the possible signaling pathways involved,and the gut microbiota from the cecum by high-throughput sequencing.Data showed that APE and FVE improved clinical symptoms,inflammatory cytokines and oxidative markers.They also attenuated the mRNA and proteins expressions in colon tissue.Moreover,APE and FVE regulated DSS-induced intestinal dysbiosis and stimulated the SCFAs production.Overall,APE and FVE could improve DSS-induced IBD in mice suggesting that they represent novels therapeutic drugs and could be used as prebiotic to modulate the gut microbiota and preserve intestinal integrity.

毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)对水中铬的去除特性研究

以毛木耳子实体(Auricularia polytricha)为生物吸附材料,通过批量实验研究起始pH值、反应时间、生物量、Cr浓度等因素对毛木耳子实体吸附去除水中铬的影响及吸附特性。结果表明:铬的生物吸附过程明显受溶液pH影响,其中总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的最佳去除pH分别为2.0和1.0;48 h后生物吸附达到平衡,生物吸附剂的最佳浓度为4 g/L;A.polytricha对Cr的最大吸附容量为113.8 mg/g;在整个吸附过程中伴随着Cr(Ⅵ)转化为Cr(Ⅲ)。生物吸附剂的X射线光电能谱显示:吸附在生物吸附剂表层的Cr大都呈+3价。在等温实验中Freundlich模型能较好地模拟毛木耳子实体对Cr的等温吸附过程,同时准二级模型很好地拟合了生物吸附Cr的过程。毛木耳(A.polytricha)子实体在去除水体中的Cr方面具有很强的潜力。

培养料中添加硒肥对毛木耳硒含量及产量的影响

为研究在培养料中施加外源硒肥对毛木耳子实体的富硒能力、产量、菌丝长势和子实体经济性状的影响,通过添加硒肥使培养料中硒的含量分别为0、30、60、90和120μg·g^(-1),进行毛木耳栽培试验。结果显示,使用30、60和90μg·g^(-1)含硒培养料时,毛木耳产量较对照组分别增产2.25%、5.68%和8.72%;毛木耳硒含量分别为2.29、4.40和8.33 mg·kg^(-1)。使用120μg·g^(-1)含硒培养料时产量减少3.16%;毛木耳硒含量为8.86 mg·kg^(-1)。表明添加适宜的硒肥可以促进毛木耳菌丝生长,缩短菌丝满袋时间,并增加产量;而添加过量硒肥则会抑制其菌丝生长,延长菌丝满袋时间,并减少产量。综合考虑产量及国家富硒食用菌标准,推荐毛木耳栽培中添加硒肥的培养料中最佳硒含量为60μg·g^(-1)。

毛木耳栽培基质替代原料初步筛选研究

针对近年毛木耳栽培主要原料棉籽壳和木屑玉米芯价格大幅度上涨的现实问题,在主产区现有栽培料配方(对照配方CK1和CK2)基础上,设计了16个毛木耳栽培料配方,以稻秆、玉米秆、油菜秆、棉花秆、桑枝屑和菌渣部分或全部替代棉籽壳和杂木屑,进行毛木耳(黄耳10号)栽培试验。结果表明,配方1的生长速度(1.08 mm/d)快于CK1(0.92 mm/d)、菌丝生长势表现一般,菌丝长满菌袋较快(82 d)、子实体原基形成较早(96 d)、鲜耳百片重较高(4576.5 g/百片)、鲜耳片厚度较厚(2.00 mm/片)、子实体泡发率高(961.54%);鲜耳产量最高(0.918 kg/袋),高于CK1(0.807 kg/袋)13.75%但差异不显著、高出CK2(0.608 kg/袋)50.99%,且差异显著。笔者认为毛木耳生产中可以因地制宜地逐步推广使用栽培料配方1(30%棉籽壳、30%玉米芯、30%桑枝屑和10%固定辅料)。

利用AFLP和SRAP标记分析19株毛木耳的遗传多样性

利用AFLP和SRAP标记对19株毛木耳进行遗传多样性分析。12对AFLP引物扩增得到624条片段,14对SRAP引物扩增得到459条片段,采用聚类分析都供试材料被分为4个群。结果表明,AFLP和SRAP标记均适合毛木耳遗传多样性分析,而SRAP标记较AFLP标记简便,更适于大规模的遗传多样性分析。

22个毛木耳菌株ITS序列分析

以22个不同来源的毛木耳菌株为材料,采用MEGA4.0软件对ITS序列进行分析,构建系统发育树。试验结果显示22个菌株的ITS序列长度为620 bp左右,GC含在50.6%~51.1%,被聚为5个分支,其中黄耳10号和781系统发育关系较近,共同聚在第一个分支,而琥珀聚在第二分支。ITS序列分析试验结果从系统发育角度反映出了研究菌株的遗传关系,是进行毛木耳菌株遗传分析及科学鉴定的重要工具。

葡萄枝屑栽培毛木耳配方筛选试验

【目的】以葡萄枝屑为主料,筛选出适合毛木耳栽培的培养基配方,为葡萄种植业废弃物资源化利用及开拓食用菌栽培原料应用范围提供科学依据。【方法】以不同比例的葡萄枝屑为主要原料,甘蔗渣、米糠等为辅料配制成3个培养基配方,以常规配方为对照,通过袋栽方式栽培毛木耳,比较不同葡萄枝屑添加比例对毛木耳菌丝生长和生物学效率的影响。【结果】不同葡萄枝屑添加比例培养基对毛木耳菌丝生长及生物学效率的影响不同,其中毛木耳平均产量以配方1(葡萄枝粉72%、甘蔗渣18%、米糠7%、石灰2%、石膏1%)最高,生物学效率达60.9%,其次为配方2(葡萄枝粉54%、甘蔗渣36%、米糠7%、石灰2%、石膏1%),生物学效率为53.3%,且菌丝生长旺盛、前端整齐、洁白浓密、粗壮有力。【结论】经主辅料合理搭配,以葡萄枝屑作为主料栽培毛木耳完全可行。生产中毛木耳栽培的培养基配方以葡萄枝粉54%～72%、甘蔗渣18%～36%、米糠7%、石灰2%、石膏1%较好,毛木耳菌丝长势旺、洁白、粗壮,生物转化率较高。

毛木耳菌丝体的营养生长条件

研究了不同营养条件对毛木耳菌丝生长的影响.结果表明,毛木耳菌丝生长的最适碳源为葡萄糖;麸皮、豆饼粉作为氮源均适合毛木耳菌丝生长;最适无机盐为磷酸二氢钾,硫酸铜、硫酸锌均抑制菌丝的生长.

毛木耳低盐腌渍食品加工工艺研究

以干毛木耳丝为原料,感官评分作为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验,研究毛木耳低盐腌渍食品的加工工艺。对毛木耳复水条件、调味料配方、调味腌渍时间等进行优化。结果表明毛木耳低盐腌渍食品的最佳制作工艺为:40℃温水泡发毛木耳75min;在主料25g、白糖0.5g、香油0.1~0.15g固定的前提下,添加辣椒油2.5g、酱油1.2g、花椒油1.0g、盐0.5g,腌渍60min调味效果最佳;-0.1 MPa条件下真空包装,最后巴氏灭菌80℃,30min。该工艺条件下制作的毛木耳食品色泽均匀,口感较好,风味独特。含盐量为6.1%,属于低盐范畴,可为毛木耳食品加工提供参考依据。

超声波协同果胶酶提取黑木耳粗多糖

采用超声波协同果胶酶提取黑木耳粗多糖,先加入底物质量分数1%的果胶酶,在pH=5.0,50℃酶解2 h,对黑木耳进行预处理。再通过正交试验,得到超声波辅助提取黑木耳粗多糖的最佳工艺条件为:超声波功率400 W,超声波时间7 min,料液比1∶80(g/mL),浸提温度90℃,浸提时间2 h,在此条件下得到黑木耳粗多糖提取率为19.84%。在相同条件下,该提取率高于热水直接浸提法和超声波辅助热水提取法得到黑木耳粗多糖的提取率。实验表明,采用超声波协同果胶酶提取黑木耳粗多糖是可行的。

利用桑枝基料栽培毛木耳的试验

为了充分利用蚕桑生产中废弃的桑枝资源以及扩充食用菌产业的原材料来源,进行了以桑枝基料栽培毛木耳的实用技术研究。栽培基质配方中桑枝基料的质量分数为75%-80%,且桑枝基料中桑枝段的比率为1/3时有利于毛木耳的生长,生长速度可达1.96-2.69 mm/d。菌种瓶或菌袋装满培养基质后121℃高压灭菌2 h以上,或者100℃常压灭菌12 h,或100℃2次间歇灭菌（8 h/次）,均可有效避免污染。在广东地区从5月开始出耳第1潮,至11月份可连续出耳多达15潮次,其中夏季是主要的出耳期,生物学效率可达80%以上;采用吊袋叉状口出耳、吊袋V型口出耳和站立出耳的出耳方式,毛木耳长势好,产量较高,不宜采用卧式一端或者两端开口的出耳方式。毛木耳生产期的产量呈现出前期和后期产量低,中期产量高的态势,后期产量低与受腐烂病、蚂蚁等病虫害的危害有关。试验结果表明,蚕区利用桑枝基料栽培毛木耳,特别是在夏季采用合适的出耳方式可以获得较好的收益。

毛木耳粉对小麦面团、馒头质构特性及馒头品质的影响

为研究毛木耳粉对面团及馒头特性的影响,按照0、2.5%、5.0%、7.5%、10.0%的毛木耳粉添加比例制作毛木耳馒头,测定分析毛木耳粉的添加量对面团和馒头质构以及馒头感官品质的影响。结果表明:毛木耳粉的添加使面团发酵性能降低,面团和馒头的质构特性都发生了明显的变化,并且在一定程度上具有剂量依赖性。面团和馒头的硬度、咀嚼性和胶着度呈增大趋势,弹性、黏聚力和回复性呈下降趋势。馒头的比容和感官评分显著降低(p<0.05),馒头的硬化速度显著加快(p<0.05),pH值变化不显著。毛木耳粉添加量为5.0%时具有最大接受度,因此,在制作馒头时,毛木耳粉的添加量以不超过5.0%为宜。

毛木耳对铜的生物吸附影响因子研究

报道了高等真菌毛木耳Auricularia polytricha生物吸附Cu2+的试验研究,以摸清毛木耳菌丝体吸附Cu2+的理想条件。试验评价了影响吸附的溶液pH值,温度,振荡吸附时间,初始金属质量浓度和菌丝体生物质量分数。结果表明:pH值影响毛木耳的吸附能力随溶液中初始Cu2+质量浓度的不同而不同,在低Cu2+质量浓度(10mg·L-1),pH=6时,每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2+的吸附值达到最大(1.4608mg);温度的影响没有规律,在20℃时吸附能力最强;吸收15min时,毛木耳每克干质量的菌丝体对Cu2+的吸附值为最高(1.379mg);随着溶液初始Cu2+质量浓度的增加,吸附率增加,但随菌丝体生物质量分数的增加吸附能力下降,当溶液Cu2+的质量浓度为60mg·L-1,下降最明显。毛木耳作为重金属的生物吸附剂有待进一步的深入研究。

蕈菌菌丝体死细胞对水溶液中微量铅离子的吸附

采用毛木耳(Auriculariapolytricha)菌丝体的死细胞作为生物吸附剂做吸附Pb2+的试验,以研究毛木耳吸附Pb2+的理想条件。试验评价了影响吸附的4个因子:溶液pH值,振荡吸附时间,金属初始浓度和菌丝体投加量。结果表明pH值是影响毛木耳的吸附能力的关键因子,pH值为6时达到最大吸附率(86.8%);吸收30min时,毛木耳对Pb2+的吸附值最高;随着溶液初始Pb2+浓度的增加,吸附率增加,但随菌丝体生物量的增加吸附能力下降。当溶液Pb2+的质量浓度为60mg/L时,最大吸附量达到11.698mg/g。毛木耳菌丝体死细胞作为未受过任何物理化学处理的自然生物体,具有提高吸附能力的潜力和空间,通过今后进一步深入地研究应用在污染废水的重金属处理领域是可能的。