Austenite grain growth behavior of Q1030 high strength welded steel

The austenite grain growth behavior of Q1030 steel was studied under different heating conditions. The austenite grain size increases with the heating temperature and holding time increasing. Austenite grains grow in an exponential manner with rising heating tem- perature and in a parabolic manner with prolonging holding time. A mathematical model for describing the austenite grain growth behavior of Q 1030 steel was obtained on the basis of experimental results using regression analysis. When the heating temperatures lie between 1000 and 1100℃ at a certain holding time, abnormal grain growth appears, which causes mixed grains in Q1030 steel.

Effect of Precipitate Phases and Grain Size on Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Superalloy After Various Heat Treatments

Various heat treatments were conducted on Inconel 718 superalloy,and the resultant microstructures and properties were investigated to analyze the mechanisms of heat treatments.Results show that the type and quantity of precipitate phases and the grain size have different effects on the properties of Inconel 718 superalloy after various heat treatments.Theγ"andγ'phases as well as grain size mainly influence the strength,and theδphase mainly influences the plasticity.Besides,the precipitation ofγ"andγ'strengthening phases can improve the yield strength.The alloy strength is inversely proportional to mean grain size when theγ"andγ'phases have similar contents.The plasticity is susceptible to the content and shape ofδphase.A proper amount ofδphase is beneficial to the plasticity,but excessiveδphase degrades plasticity.

Effect of heat treatment on corrosion behaviors of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy

The microstructures and corrosion behaviors of as-cast,T4-treated,and T6-treated Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys were systematically investigated by SEM,TEM,immersion test,and electrochemical corrosion test.The results show that the microstructure of the as-cast alloy is composed ofα-Mg and Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) eutectic phase,and in T4-treated alloy,Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dissolves into theα-Mg matrix,leading to an increase in the(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase.After T6 treatment,nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase dispersedly precipitates from theα-Mg matrix,and exhibits a specific orientation relationship with the α-Mg:(332)Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//(1011)_(α-Mg),[136]Mg_((24)(Gd,Y)_(5))//[1210]_(α-Mg).The corrosion resistance of the Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloys can be ranked in the following order:T6-treated alloy exhibits the highest corrosion resistance,followed by the T4-treated alloy,and finally,the as-cast alloy.The corrosion products of the alloys are all composed of MgO,Mg(OH)_(2),Gd_(2)O_(3),Y_(2)O_(3),and MgCl_(2).The corrosion behavior of Mg-6Gd-3Y-0.5Zr alloy is closely related to the precipitated phase.By establishing the relationship between corrosion rate,hydrogen evolution rate,and corrosion potential,it is further demonstrated that during the micro galvanic corrosion process,the coarse Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5)phase in the as-cast alloy undergoes extensive dissolution,and(Y,Gd)H_(2) phase promotes the dissolution of theα-Mg matrix in the T4-treated alloy,intensifying the hydrogen evolution reaction.The T6-treated alloy,with dispersive precipitation of nanoscale Mg_(24)(Gd,Y)_(5) phase,exhibits better corrosion resistance performance.

Effect of Heating Temperature on the Grain Size and Titanium Solid-Solution of Titanium Microalloyed Steels

Through studying on the heating process of titanium microalloyed steels, the influence of heating temperature on the austenite grain size and the solid dissolution, precipitation law of Ti microalloying element were analyzed, and the results showed that, the austenite grain size increased with the increase of heating temperature, When the heating temperature reached 1050°C and 1250°C, the austenite grains appeared the obvious coarsening process twice. TiC particles dissolved gradually as the heating temperature increased. When the heating temperature rose to 1100°C, TiC particles disappeared basically, When the heating temperature rose to 1250°C, TiN particles began to be dissolved and grow up.

Quantitative characterization of lamellarαprecipitation behavior of IMI834 Ti-alloy in isothermal and non-isothermal heat treatments

To reveal the affecting mechanism of cooling rate on lamellarαprecipitation,the precipitation behaviors of lamellarαphase in IMI834 titanium alloy during isothermal and non-isothermal heat treatments were quantitatively characterized using experimental analysis.Critical precipitation temperatures at various cooling rates were obtained using thermal dilatation testing.Using metallographic microscopy,electron microprobe analysis,and data fitting methods,the quantitative evolution models of average width,volume fraction,and solute concentration in theαandβphases were built for different temperatures or cooling rates.A comparison between the two precipitation behaviors showed that the average width and volume fraction of lamellarαphase under non-isothermal conditions were smaller than those under isothermal conditions.With increasing cooling rate,the average width and volume fraction were decreased significantly,and the critical precipitation temperatures were reduced.This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the decreased diffusion velocity of solutes Al,Mo,and Nb with increasing cooling rate.

Strength-toughness improvement of 13Cr4NiMo martensitic stainless steel with thermal cyclic heat treatment

To improve the strength-toughness of 13Cr4NiMo martensitic stainless steel(13-4MSS),a thermal cyclic heat treatment(TCHT)combined with the advantage of tempering was proposed.The microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction,and the mechanical behaviors in terms of tensile properties and impact toughness were analyzed in correlation with microstructural evolution.It was found that grains and the martensitic matrix were refined by TCHT through the cyclic quenching transformation and austenite recrystallization,which was conducive to more nucleation quantity of reversed austenite during tempering.Two-sphericalcap nucleation model was used to explain the effect of refined grains of TCHT on the nucleation of reversed austenite.Grain refinement by TCHT improved the brittle fracture stress to reduce the ductile-brittle transition temperature and thus improved the cryogenic impact toughness of 13-4MSS.Reversed austenite distributed at the martensitic lath boundary enhances the crack arrest performance and increases the britle fracture stress.It is concluded that reasonable TCHT plus tempering process significantly improves the strength-toughness of 13-4MSS,reflecting the comprehensive effect of grain refinement and reversed austenite.

Influence of Heat Treatment on Cr18Mn18 High Nitrogen Steel Precipitating Behavior and Microstructure

The grain size and precipitate amount which are affected by heat treatment have significant impact on the properties of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel. In this study, Cr18Mn18 high nitrogen steel sheet is employed to investigate the effects of precipitate on austenitic grain size. It can be seen that the lamella precipitates which are rich in nitrogen and chromium nucleate in the austenite grain boundary and grow inward into grain when aged at 800 ℃ through electron probe micro-analyzer. The transmission electron microscopy results demonstrate that the precipitate is Cr2N and its morphology are detected as ellipsoid-like with major axis of 100-300 nm and minor axis of 50-100 nm roughly. The experiment show that coarsen of the austenite grain is quite critical at 1000-1100 ℃. However, the samples which pre-precipitated at 800 ℃ for 240 min to obtain the most nitride precipitate exhibits much smaller grain size than the as-rolled samples after solid solution treated at 1000, 1050 and 1100 ℃ for 240 min. The results show that the nitride precipitates in the grain boundary can effectively pin the austenite grain boundary and inhibit the grain growth.

Effect of Grain Size on the Precipitation Behaviour in Super-Ferritic Stainless Steels During a Long-Term Ageing

A 27.6Cr-3.6Mo-2Ni alloy was solution treated and then aged for a long time to study the effect of grain size on precipitation behaviour by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results demonstrated that the average grain size increased from 46.3 ± 6.2 to 101.8 ± 13.5 μm and the grain boundary length per unit area decreased from 3.3 × 10^(4) to 1.7 × 10^(4) m/m^(2) with an increasing annealing temperature from 1100 to 1200 ℃. After ageing at 800 ℃, the σ-phase,χ-phase and Laves phase were observed. As the ageing time increased, the σ-phase notably increased, while the χ-phase and Laves phase gradually decreased before finally vanishing after ageing for 400 h. The σ-phase precipitation kinetics curves consisted of two parts, and the grain size had a significant effect on the first stage of the precipitation curves due to the abundance of nucleation sites in the specimens with finer grains. The Laves phase was transformed from Nb(C,N) particles by Nb diffusion. As the ageing time increased, the ferrite phase decreased due to the transformation of the ferrite phase to the σ-phase, and then C was expelled into the untransformed ferrite grains. Moreover, new Nb(C,N) particles were formed by Nb diffusion from the Laves phase, resulting in the absence of the Laves phase.

Grain refinement technique of refractory low alloy steel

Grain refinement by cyclic heat treatment and deformation induced transformation technique of the refractory low-alloy steel and 12Cr1MoV was studied. Three cyclic heat treatments and a single-pass hot rolling process by a Gleeble-1500 system were performed. The results show that the austenite grain sizes are affected by the cyclic quenching number, quencher, heating temperature before rolling, deforming tem- perature, strain and strain rate. The ferrite grain sizes are affected by the austenite grain refinement, deforming temperature, strain and the quenching cooling rate. The ferrite with grain size of around 3μm may be produced by the technique.

热处理对选区激光熔化Co-Cr合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

热处理不仅可以消除激光增材制造材过程中的热应力,还可以调控材料组织结构和力学性能。本文研究了选区激光熔化Co-Cr合金微观组织在不同热处理条件下的变化及其相应的力学性能。研究发现,打印态下合金组织为γ奥氏体,基体中存在大量层错和亚晶界组织,以及少量四方σ-CoCr沉淀相;在1150℃下保温1 h,发生γ-ε转变,ε马氏体含量为10.4%(V/V),同时沉淀相由四方σ相转变为六方Co_(3)W(Mo)_(2)Si相;再经过800℃处理2 h后,马氏体含量进一步增加至15.5%(V/V),同时沉淀相数量增加且尺寸增大。热处理后的沉淀相对力学性能影响显著,材料的硬度从31 HRC提高至38 HRC,屈服强度从848 MPa提高至1119 MPa。本研究可以为研究激光选区熔化Co基合金组织与性能调控提供参考。

高温长时时效对HT700R合金组织与性能的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM),结合万能拉伸实验机,研究了HT700R合金在高温短时时效和长时时效过程中的微观组织演变和力学性能变化。结果表明:经过短时时效后,HT700R合金晶内弥散均匀分布着细小的γ′相,晶界零星分布着粒状σ相和短棒状γ′相,其抗拉强度、屈服强度和断后伸长率分别为638 MPa、1042 MPa和24.5%,断裂方式是韧性和准解理混合断裂。经长时时效后,晶内γ′相逐渐粗化、体积密度增大;晶界富Cr相转变为M_(23)C_(6)相;TiC相则是先沿晶界析出、粗化,之后部分退化,形成M_(23)C_(6)相;晶界处不连续的γ′相、M_(23)C_(6)相、TiC相逐渐粗化相连,导致局部析出相贫化区(PFZs)的形成。长期服役后的HT700R合金抗拉强度和屈服强度分别提升了7.2%和16.6%,但塑性和冲击吸收功出现大幅下降,分别下降了24.1%和48.4%。晶界处较大尺寸的链状析出相(M_(23)C_(6)、TiC等)呈条带状相连、宽化,容易发生脆性解理断裂。

热处理工艺对中碳中合金钢显微组织的影响

以国内某厂锻后退火态40CrNiMoV钢为研究对象,在实验室箱式热处理炉进行910℃正火+880℃淬火热处理,探究不同正火及淬火奥氏体化时间的中合金元素固溶与析出对40CrNiMoV钢显微组织的影响。结果表明:在910℃×1 h正火+880℃×1 h淬火工艺下,存在较多细小的VC钉扎在原奥氏体晶界,使奥氏体晶粒尺寸约为8μm。随正火及淬火奥氏体化时间的延长,VC逐渐长大,当大于80 nmVC约占15%时失去钉扎效应。当910℃×4 h正火+880℃×4 h淬火时,原奥氏体局部晶粒尺寸可达40μm,因此,奥氏体化时间不宜过长,910℃×2 h正火+880℃×2 h淬火为最佳热处理工艺,可保证合金元素充分回溶,同时利用细小第二相达到细化组织的目的。

时效处理对Fe-Ni基奥氏体合金耐点蚀性能的影响

针对Fe-Ni基奥氏体合金在740℃时效处理后的析出相随时效时间的演变进行探究;并通过电化学腐蚀试验以及Mott-Schottky分析,研究了时效处理对合金耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:740℃时效处理可以促进γ′沉淀强化相[Ni_(3)(Al,Ti)]在合金中的析出;随时效时间的增加,γ′析出相的密度和尺寸增加;同时,时效处理会增加合金表面点缺陷数量,降低合金钝化膜致密性,从而导致合金耐点蚀性降低;通过恒电位阳极极化处理能够有效降低合金表面点缺陷数量,提高合金耐点蚀性。

热轧加热对无取向硅钢中AlN和MnS析出相的影响

AlN和MnS等析出相对无取向硅钢的磁性能有重要影响,受热轧加热工艺影响,无取向硅钢中的析出相与免常化工艺实现的效果紧密相关。以1.5%Si-0.3%Al无取向硅钢锻造坯为研究对象,利用热力学软件计算钢中可能的析出相,使用箱式电阻炉在不同温度和保温时间下对实验钢进行热轧加热实验,利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征分析析出相的形貌、尺寸及样品晶粒尺寸,研究热轧加热温度和保温时间对实验钢中AlN和MnS析出相的影响。结果表明:实验钢中夹杂物主要为AlN和MnS,当加热温度为1050℃时,保温时间由1h延长至3 h,细小的AlN和MnS析出相(直径小于1μm)占比由33%降至19%,平均晶粒尺寸从100.0μm增加到149.7μm;保温时间为1h时,加热温度由1050℃提高至1150℃,细小的AlN和MnS析出相占比由33%降至7%,平均晶粒尺寸从100.0μm增加到124.3μm。不改变其他实验条件,热轧加热温度的提高与保温时间的延长都会使实验钢中AlN和MnS析出相与晶粒尺寸变大,有利于绿色低碳的无取向硅钢免常化生产工艺的实现。

热处理对2195铝锂合金微观组织与力学性能的影响

对T8态2195铝锂合金板材实施不同条件下的固溶处理(430、 450、 470、 490和510℃)以及时效处理(18、 24和36 h),通过室温拉伸试验对固溶和时效处理后合金的抗拉强度与伸长率进行测量,采用SEM、 XRD、 EBSD和TEM对拉伸断口及微观组织进行观察。结果表明:固溶处理后的应力-应变曲线存在锯齿流变现象,但时效处理后消失,推测其产生的原因是波特文-勒夏特利埃效应。固溶处理可以有效提升合金的塑性,而时效处理则提高了合金的强度。进一步分析固溶与时效过程中的微观组织变化发现, β′相不参与固溶与时效析出,时效处理后强度的增加源于θ′相和δ′相析出产生的沉淀强化及弥散强化作用。

高温时效粗、细晶TP347HFG耐热钢管的显微组织与力学性能对比研究

目的揭示奥氏体晶粒粗化对该钢管服役可靠性的影响。方法采用预变形加固溶处理工艺制备粗晶试样,以模拟长期高温服役TP347HFG钢管中奥氏体晶粒异常长大状态。开展650℃直至3600 h时效后的粗、细晶TP347HFG钢试样显微组织及力学性能的对比研究。结果高温时效过程中,粗、细晶试样奥氏体晶粒大小基本保持不变,孪晶密度降低。第二相颗粒析出行为没有明显差异,M_(23)C_(6)相颗粒优先在奥氏体晶界析出、粗化,但粗晶试样中的M_(23)C_(6)相析出更快,粗化更明显。随时效时间延长,粗、细晶试样的室温、高温拉伸力学性能变化趋势基本一致,室温、高温强度变化不明显,但塑性相差较大。经650℃时效3600 h后,粗晶试样600℃拉伸时的断后伸长率较细晶试样显著下降了30.4%。结论粗晶TP347HFG钢管的高温塑性应受到重点关注。

热处理对Cu-Ni-Cr-Si合金性能提升的机理研究

为了深入了解Cu-Ni-Cr-Si系列合金的综合性能,对比分析了Cu-Ni-Cr-Si合金热处理前后合金的显微硬度、拉伸性能以及显微组织等的变化规律。研究发现,热处理后的Cu-Ni-Cr-Si合金的拉伸性能明显提升,显微硬度也呈现出相同的变化趋势。Cu-Ni-Cr-Si合金是典型的沉淀时效强化合金,热处理过程中溶质原子扩散,从而形成析出相,细小、弥散的析出相分布在合金的晶界中会阻碍位错运动,从而提高了合金的力学性能。显微组织研究发现,热处理后晶粒的尺寸显著变大,与此同时热驱动力促使析出相生成,一般为Ni/Si相和Cr/Si相,析出相具有较高的硬度,合金的显微硬度在热处理之后也会有显著提升。电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析发现,热处理之后小角度晶界转变为大角度晶界,局域取向差降低,推断位错密度降低。除此之外,溶质原子Cr、Ni、Si从基体中析出,对基体具有一定的净化作用,导电率由29.665%IACS提高到35.124%IACS。

奥氏体化温度对改良型T23铁素体耐热钢微观组织与力学性能的影响

对改良型T23铁素体耐热钢试样进行不同奥氏体化温度的热处理试验,通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜对经不同奥氏体化温度处理试样的微观结构进行表征,且对其进行常温力学性能进行测试分析;结合采用Thermo–Calc热力学软件计算的T23铁素体耐热钢平衡相图,探讨C,N,V等元素在钢中基体和第二相间的分配关系,揭示奥氏体化温度对改良型T23铁素体耐热钢显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:在1080~1140℃奥氏体化温度范围,随温度的升高,钢中的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大,贝氏体板条不断粗化,碳化物尺寸逐渐减小。当奥氏体化温度为1080℃时,细化的贝氏体板条可为碳化物聚集长大提供条件,钢中碳化物呈现团簇聚集倾向;当奥氏体化温度升至1120℃时,晶粒内部的贝氏体板条明显粗化,合金元素在基体中的固溶度提高,碳化物的形核位点减少且弥散化程度大大提升。同时,随奥氏体化温度的升高,改良型T23铁素体耐的屈服强度和抗拉强度呈现先降低后增加的趋势,延伸率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,这主要是由于晶粒尺寸、碳化物的尺寸与分布、合金的固溶强化随奥氏体化温度变化而产生的耦合作用所致。

热处理工艺对GH4169高温合金组织与力学性能的影响

采用两种典型热处理工艺研究了GH4169高温合金的显微组织演变和力学性能。结果表明:相比于热轧态力学性能,热处理工艺显著提高了GH4169高温合金的屈服强度,这主要归因于热处理过程中析出相的强化作用。标准热处理不仅能够获得更高的室温强度且维持了高温强度;但高强热处理却有效改善了冲击韧性。固溶温度的提高,导致δ相溶解以及奥氏体晶粒尺寸的粗化,削弱了细晶强化效果,这是高强热处理态试样强度下降的主要原因。尽管从冲击断口形貌来看,两种热处理态试样均呈微孔聚集型断裂方式,但高强热处理的韧窝尺寸更深,有利于提高冲击韧性。

不同Si含量对免热处理强化压铸铝硅合金组织和性能影响的研究

研究了不同Si含量对免热处理强化压铸铝硅合金组织性能影响。结果表明:Al-6%Si合金中的析出相主要沿晶界析出,分布不均匀。其形貌类似杆状,具有尖锐的棱角。随着Si含量提升,析出相所占比重显著上升,并且粒子尺寸增大,同时存有少量未充分溶解的粗大块状初晶硅。在铝硅合金中主要存在两种不同类型的析出相,一种是长针状AlSiFe相,另一种是明亮粗大块状AlSiMnFe相。长针状AlSiFe相具有较高的表面能,能够有足够的空位吸纳Mn原子,从而随着凝固过程进行自发转变为更稳定的块状AlSiMnFe相。在该过程中Mn元素被大量消耗,析出相粒子中的Mn/Fe值下降。随着Si含量的增加,试样的抗拉强度得到了显著提高,但是塑性和抗冲击性能并未协同提升。