Autoimmune epilepsy(AE)is a general term to describe recurrent seizures that have an immune-mediated origin.It is increasingly being recognized as a cause of epilepsy due to accumulating evidence supporting an immune-...Autoimmune epilepsy(AE)is a general term to describe recurrent seizures that have an immune-mediated origin.It is increasingly being recognized as a cause of epilepsy due to accumulating evidence supporting an immune-mediated pathogenesis in patients who have shown resistance to traditional antiepileptic drugs(AEDs).The diagnosis of AE is one of the exclusions.Currently,there are no strict diagnostic guidelines for AE,and it is similarly under-recognized.The importance of early diagnosis of AE cannot be overstated,as prompt immunotherapy is important for seizure reduction.Further investigations into potential biomarkers are needed for early detection of AE and include targeted immunotherapies in combination with AEDs.The goal of this review was to provide an overview of the following biomarkers that have been associated with AE:AMPAR,LGl1,CASPR2,DPPX,GABAAR,GABABR,GFAP,GlyR,mGluR5,NMDAR,VGCC(P/Q types),amphiphysin,ANNA-1,CRMP-5,GAD65,and Ma1/Ma2 antibodies.展开更多
Recent,discoveries of neural antibodies have facilitated the diagnosis of immune-mediated,immunotherapy-responsive neurologic disorders.Antibodies that target inhibitory central nervous system receptors,such asγ-amin...Recent,discoveries of neural antibodies have facilitated the diagnosis of immune-mediated,immunotherapy-responsive neurologic disorders.Antibodies that target inhibitory central nervous system receptors,such asγ-aminobutyric acid-B,γ-aminobutyric acid-A,and glycine receptors,disrupt inhibitory regulatory synaptic functions,and lead to neuronal hyperexcitability.The myriad of neurologic,manifestations associated with these antibodies includes seizures,encephalopathy,muscle rigidity and stiffness.This article provides a review of the immunopathogenic mechanisms and the clinical and therapeutic implications of autoimmune encephalitis associated with these antibodies that target inhibitory receptors.展开更多
文摘Autoimmune epilepsy(AE)is a general term to describe recurrent seizures that have an immune-mediated origin.It is increasingly being recognized as a cause of epilepsy due to accumulating evidence supporting an immune-mediated pathogenesis in patients who have shown resistance to traditional antiepileptic drugs(AEDs).The diagnosis of AE is one of the exclusions.Currently,there are no strict diagnostic guidelines for AE,and it is similarly under-recognized.The importance of early diagnosis of AE cannot be overstated,as prompt immunotherapy is important for seizure reduction.Further investigations into potential biomarkers are needed for early detection of AE and include targeted immunotherapies in combination with AEDs.The goal of this review was to provide an overview of the following biomarkers that have been associated with AE:AMPAR,LGl1,CASPR2,DPPX,GABAAR,GABABR,GFAP,GlyR,mGluR5,NMDAR,VGCC(P/Q types),amphiphysin,ANNA-1,CRMP-5,GAD65,and Ma1/Ma2 antibodies.
文摘Recent,discoveries of neural antibodies have facilitated the diagnosis of immune-mediated,immunotherapy-responsive neurologic disorders.Antibodies that target inhibitory central nervous system receptors,such asγ-aminobutyric acid-B,γ-aminobutyric acid-A,and glycine receptors,disrupt inhibitory regulatory synaptic functions,and lead to neuronal hyperexcitability.The myriad of neurologic,manifestations associated with these antibodies includes seizures,encephalopathy,muscle rigidity and stiffness.This article provides a review of the immunopathogenic mechanisms and the clinical and therapeutic implications of autoimmune encephalitis associated with these antibodies that target inhibitory receptors.
