Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of hepatitis C virus,hepatitis B virus,and human immunodeficiency virus 1

BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus(HCV),hepatitis B virus(HBV),and human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV-1)are the most epidemic blood-borne viruses,posing threats to human health and causing economic losses to nations for combating the infection transmission.The diagnostic methodologies that depend on the detection of viral nucleic acids are much more expensive,but they are more accurate than sero-logical testing.AIM To develop a rapid,cost-effective,and accurate diagnostic multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)assay for simultaneous detection of HCV,HBV,and HIV-1.METHODS The design of the proposed PCR assay targets the amplification of a short conserved region featured with a distinguishable melting profile and electro-phoretic molecular weight inside each viral genome.Therefore,this diagnostic method will be appropriate for application in both conventional(combined with electrophoresis)and real-time PCR facilities.Confirmatory in silico investigations were conducted to prove the capability of the approached PCR assay to detect variants of each virus.Then,Egyptian isolates of each virus were subjected to the wet lab examination using the given diagnostic assay.RESULTS The in silico investigations confirmed that the PCR primers can match many viral variants in a multiplex PCR assay.The wet lab experiment proved the efficiency of the assay in distinguishing each viral type through high-resolution melting analysis.Compared to related published assays,the proposed assay in the current study is more sensitive and competitive with many expensive PCR assays.CONCLUSION This study provides a simple,cost-effective,and sensitive diagnostic PCR assay facilitating the detection of the most epidemic blood-borne viruses;this makes the proposed assay promising to be substitutive for the mistakable and cheap serological-based assays.

Human papillomavirus 16 physical status detection in preinvasive and invasive cervical carcinoma by multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction

Objective： To explore an ideal approach for detecting the physical status of HPV-16 in clinic use and to investigate the integrated HPV-16 in CINs and cervical cancer. Methods： Multiplex real-time PCR method was established to quantify the copy numbers of E2 and E6 genes （E2/E6） for analysis of the physical status of HPV-16 DNA and this assay was compared to Southern blot analysis. HPV-16-containing paraffin-embedded tissues including 49 CINs and 51 cervical squamous cancers were detected using the method. Results： （1） The cutoff ratio of E2/E6 to distinguish pure episomal from mixed HPV-16, was 0.81 in the multiplex real-time PCR; （2） The agreement rate between multiplex real-time PCR and Southern blot was 81.5% （the Kappa statistic was 0.844, P〈0.001）; （3） HPV-16 DNA existed in an episomal form in 57.1% and mixed form in 42.9% of CIN I lesions; The concomitant form of HPV-16 （〉70%） constituted the majodty in CIN Ⅱ and CIN Ⅲ; HPV-16 DNA mostly integrated into the host chromosome （s） in squamous cervical cancers （68.6%）; （4） The incidence of HPV-16 integration was increased with the degree of cervical lesions; （5） The frequency of pure integrated HPV-16 in stage Ⅱ＋Ⅲ （88%） was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅰ （33.3%）. Conclusion： （1） Mutiplex real-time PCR provides a rapid, sensitive and reliable method for clinic detection of the physical state of HPV-16 DNA; （2） The integration of the HPV-16 DNA is a very eady and important event in the progression from preinvasive to invasive cervical cancer; （3） The pure integrated status of HPV-16 in cervical cancer may be associated with poor prognosis of cervical cancer, but further study will be needed to prove its prognostic significance.

DETECTION OF PATHOGENS CAUSING GENITAL ULCER DISEASE BY MULTIPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Objective To establish a multiplex polymerase chain reaction （M-PCR） assay for simultaneous detection of pathogens causing genital ulcer disease （GUD）. Mothods Based on the gene-specific region of the following pathogens： Chlamydia trachomatis omp l/ompb, herpes simplex virus （HSV） DNA polymerase, Treponema pollidum tpp47, Haemophilus ducreyi 16s rRNA, four sets of primers were designed and an M-PCR assay was developed to detect four pathogens in one test. The assay was evaluated with diagnostic result of golden standard for each pathogen.Results Of the 51 clinical samples, M-PCR showed slightly higher positive rate （47.1%） of HSV than cell culture （23.6%）. Meanwhile, the positive rate of T. pallidum detected by M-PCR and dark-field microscopy was 19.6% （10/51） and 15.7% （8/51）, respectively. Only one sample was positive for H. ducreyi and no sample was positive for C. trachomatis detected by both M-PCR assay and culture. Conclusion This primary study indicated that M-PCR assay can simultaneously and rapidly detect the four etiologic pathogens causing GUD.

Efficacy of stool multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay in adult patients with acute infectious diarrhea

BACKGROUND Recently,stool multiplex polymerase chain reaction(PCR)tests have been developed for identifying diarrhea-causing bacterial pathogens.Furthermore,fecal calprotectin is a well-known effective marker for intestinal mucosal inflammation.AIM To evaluate the efficacy of stool multiplex PCR and fecal calprotectin in acute infectious diarrhea.METHODS Overall,400 patients with acute infectious diarrhea were enrolled from Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital(January 2016 to December 2018).Multiplex PCR detected 7 enteropathogenic bacteria including Salmonella,Campylobacter,Shigella,Escherichia coli O157:H7,Aeromonas,Vibrio,and Clostridium difficile.We reviewed clinical and laboratory findings using stool multiplex PCR.RESULTS Stool multiplex PCR test detected considerably more bacterial pathogens than stool culture(49.2%vs 5.2%),with Campylobacter as the most common pathogen(54%).Patients with positive stool PCR showed elevated fecal calprotectin expression compared to patients with negative stool PCR(1124.5±816.9 mg/kg vs 609±713.2 mg/kg,P=0.001).C-reactive protein(OR=1.01,95%CI:1.001-1.027,P=0.034)and sigmoidoscopy-detected colitis(OR=4.76,95%CI:1.101-20.551,P=0.037)were independent factors in stool PCR-based detection of bacterial pathogens.Sensitivity and specificity of calprotectin were evaluated to be 70.5%and 60.9%,respectively(adjusted cut-off value=388 mg/kg).CONCLUSION Stool multiplex PCR test has increased sensitivity in detecting pathogens than conventional culture,and it is correlated with calprotectin expression.Stool multiplex PCR and calprotectin may be effective in predicting clinical severity of infectious diarrhea.

Detection of Human Parvovirus B19 Nonstrutural Protein DNA by Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction in Gravida Serum and Pregnant Tissues

A new nested-polymerase chain reaction （nested-PCR） assay was developed to detect human parvovirus B19 DNA corresponding to the nonstructural protein in clinical specimens in a routine diagnostic laboratory. The sensitivity of this highly specific assay was up to 0. 005 fg of B19 DNA. Parvovirus B19 was identified in sera of 20 pregnant women with abnormal pregnant outcome. Among these 20 cases, intrauterine parvovirus infection did exist in 7 pregnant women because parvovirus B19 DNA was detected in the pregnant tissues of them such as placenta tissues, chorionic villi, amniotic fluid, fetal spleen, liver and abdominal fluids.

Detection and amplification of Helicobacter pylori urease gene A in gastric biopsies by using nested polymerase (?)hain reaction

A nested polymerase chain reaction(N-PCR)for the spegific detection of Helicobacterpylori(H.pylori)was developed with two primer pairs(nested primers)derived from ureasegene A of H.pylori.The N-PCR was used to detect 21 different samples of H.pylori including20 clinical isolates and 1 reference strain NCTC 14126,but it was negative for other bacterialspecies,showing the N-PCR assay to be 100% specific.Tenfold serial dilution experiments re-vealed the detection of as little as 0.1 fg of H.pylori DNA by N-PCR.To evaluate the PCR as-say for clinical samples,gastric biopsies were tested with N-PCR,and the results were comparedwith those of culture,urease test and histologic examination(reference standard,RS).In 30biopsy specimens,H.pylori DNA sequences were detected by PCR in all of 20(100%)positivetissue and none of the 10 negative tissues.PCR is a specific and sensitive method that can detectthe presence of H.pylori without the need for culture and would have significant importance di-agnostically and epidemiologically.

Development and Clinical Application of a Single-tube Nested PCR Method to Amplify the DNA Polymerase Ⅰ Gene of Treponema Pallidum

Objective: To develop a sensitive, specific and simple method for detection of extremely low numbers of T. pallidum in clinical specimens, as a significant addition to the serologic tests for syphilis diagnosis. Methods: Double-tube nested PCR(DN-PCR) and single-tube nested PCR(SN-PCR) assays were performed to amplify specific fragments of the DNA poly-merase I gene(polA) of T. pallidum. Sensitivity and specificity of the two PCR assays were tested. Eighty-six whole blood specimens from persons with suspected syphilis were detected by the two nested PCR methods. The TPPA test was used as a comparison for detecting syphilis in sera from corresponding patients. Results: Only specific amplicons could be obtained during amplification of the T. pallidum polA gene and the detection limit was approximately 1 organism when analyzed on gel by the two PCR methods. Of 86 clinical specimens, 62 were positive by TPPA. Of these, 54 and 51 were positive by the DN-PCR and SN-PCR, respectively, which does not represent a statistically significant difference between the two PCR tests. Of 24 TPPA-negative specimens, 5 were positive by both DN-PCR assay and SN-PCR assay. Conclusion: The SN- polA PCR method is extremely sensitive, specific and easy to perform for detecting low numbers of T. pallidum in clinical blood specimens as a complementary to serology for syphilis diagnosis.

4种植物源性成分多重real-time PCR检测方法的建立及其在食用淀粉中的应用

建立一种可同时快速检测红薯、木薯、马铃薯、玉米源性成分的多重实时聚合酶链式反应(real-time polymerase chain reaction,real-time PCR)方法。分别以红薯g3pdh基因、木薯g3pdh基因、马铃薯UGPase基因、玉米zSSIIb基因为靶基因设计特异性引物和TaqMan探针,以18S rRNA基因为内参基因,建立多重real-time PCR方法,开展方法学验证,并对不同掺入比例模拟样品和实际淀粉样品进行检测。结果显示,该方法具有高通量、特异性强、灵敏度高等优点。与15种非目标源性均无交叉反应;对目标DNA的检测灵敏度可达到3×10^(-3) ng/μL,且具有良好的线性关系和扩增效率;对淀粉样品的检出限可达0.1%,对50份实际样品进行检测,结果与参比方法一致,说明建立的多重real-time PCR法可用于食用淀粉种类掺假鉴别检测。

多重PCR毛细管电泳细菌快速鉴定方法的建立和临床应用研究

目的针对引起人类感染的常见病原菌建立一种基于多重PCR毛细管电泳技术的快速细菌鉴定方法,评估其临床应用价值。方法建立23种常见病原菌的多重PCR毛细管电泳检测体系。收集150例临床微生物检测标本,分别用多重PCR毛细管电泳法(以下简称多重PCR法)、培养法进行检测。对两种方法的检测结果进行比较,评价多重PCR法的检测效能。结果150例标本中多重PCR法检出15种病原菌、培养法检出14种病原菌。多重PCR法检测阳性率为73.3%,培养法为70.0%,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。多重PCR法对肺炎链球菌的检出率为16.0%,培养法为6.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多重PCR法对混合菌标本的检出率为15.3%,培养法未检出混合菌标本。多重PCR法与培养法检测结果的符合率为79.3%。多重PCR法检测时间为3~6 h,培养法为2~4 d。结论与培养法比较,多重PCR法具有较高的时效性,对肺炎链球菌及混合菌标本具有较高的检出率,可满足临床标本病原微生物快速初筛的需求。

Diagnosis of the accurate genotype of HKαα carriers in patients with thalassemia using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification combined with nested polymerase chain reaction

Background:Patients carrying the HongKongαα(HKαα)allele and-α3.7/αααanti-4.2 could be misdiagnosed as-α3.7/ααby the current conventional thalassemia detection methods,leading to inaccurate genetic counseling and an incorrect prenatal diagnosis.This study was aimed to accurately analyze the genotypes of HKααcarriers and-α3.7/αααanti-4.2.Methods::Samples were collected in our hospital from July 2017 to October 2019.Twenty-four common types of Chinese thalassemia were screened by gap-polymerase chain reaction(Gap-PCR)and reverse dot blot(RDB).Anti-4.2 multiplex-PCR was used to confirm carriers of theαααanti-4.2 duplication with-α3.7 deletion.Two-round nested PCR and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification(MLPA)were applied to accurately identify and confirm their genotypes.For data analysis,we used descriptive statistics and Fisher’s exact tests.Results::Two thousand five hundred and forty-four cases were identified as thalassemia in 5488 peripheral blood samples.The results showed thatα,β,andαβcompound thalassemia were identified in 1190(46.78%),1286(50.55%),and 68(2.67%)cases,respectively.A total of 227 samples from thalassemia patients were identified as-α3.7/ααby Gap-PCR,and the genotypes of two samples were uncertain.There was a difference between Gap-PCR and combined groups(Gap-PCR combined with nested PCR and MLPA)in detecting HKαα(P<0.05).Among the 229 patients,20 patients were identified as HKααcarriers and one was identified as-α3.7/ααα anti-4.2 by two-round nested PCR and MLPA,including 15 patients with HKαα/αα,three with HKαα/αα and β-thalassemia coinheritance,one with HKαα/-SEA,one with HKαα/-α4.2 andβ-thalassemia coinheritance,and one with-α3.7/αααanti-4.2 and β-thalassemia coinheritance.Conclusions::αααanti-4.2 and HKααgenotypes of patients carrying-α3.7 need to be detected to reduce the misdiagnosis rate of patients carrying HKααand-α3.7/αααanti-4.2 alleles.More accurate genetic counseling can be provided in the clinic using nested PCR combined with MLPA.

进口锦鲤暴发病病原的nested-PCR鉴定

为了查明锦鲤暴发性疾病的病因 ,将患病锦鲤的脑、肝、脾和肾等组织悬液接种到CO、CK和EPC等鱼类细胞系中培养 ,均未发现细胞病变 ;从病灶中取样进行病原菌的分离和培养 ,证明锦鲤有副溶血弧菌和嗜水气单胞菌的感染。制备锦鲤疱疹病毒 (KHV)的 2对引物KHV9/ 5F和KHV9/ 5R ,KHV1和KHV2 ,用嵌套式聚合酶链式反应 (nested -PCR)在脑和脾脏组织的抽提物中扩增出长度为 4 12bp的特异性的DNA片段。将该片段的nested -PCR扩增产物纯化后 ,克隆、测序。用NCBI -Blast软件将测序结果在Genebank中进行搜寻、比较 ,结果发现与注册号为AF4 1180 3的KHV基因序列的一部分片段有 99%的同源性。因此初步判断这次锦鲤暴发性疾病是由KHV引起的 。

Nested PCR检测微量隐孢子虫卵囊

根据隐孢子虫 18S r DNA序列 ,设计出隐孢子虫属和鼠隐孢子虫种的特异性引物 ,进行 PCR和 Nested PCR反应 ,先后分别扩增出 1条 5 4 0 bp和 1条 2 5 0 bp的条带。研究表明 ,Nested PCR具有高度的特异性和敏感性。应用Nested PCR可检测 1～ 10个鼠隐孢子虫卵囊 ,其敏感性是饱和蔗糖漂浮法的 10 5倍以上。

Nested polymerase chain reaction in detection of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes

Objective To detect malaria DNA in mosquitoes.Methods A nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) procedure which amplifies a 121 bp DNA of a SSUrRNA gene specific to Plasmodium vivax was used.Results In laboratory-infected mosquitoes, nested PCR could detect as few as 3 sporozoites or 1 infected mosquito mixed in a group of 99 normal ones. Furthermore, no specific 121?bp band was seen with DNA templates from other malaria parasites or negative mosquitoes.Conclusion Sensitivity and specificity obtained indicated an advantage of the nested PCR over DNA probes or direct PCR for the detection of Plasmodium vivax sporozoites in mosquitoes with low-grade parasitic infections.

普宁地区13项呼吸道病原体感染情况及临床指标分析

目的探讨普宁地区13项呼吸道病原体感染状况及其与临床指标的关系。方法选择2023年1—12月普宁市人民医院收治的具有呼吸道感染症状的患者411例,采用国产13项呼吸道病原体多重检测试剂盒,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)毛细管电泳片段分析法进行病原体检测。结果57.91%的患者至少检出一种病原体,其中鼻病毒检出率最高。腺病毒易与其他病毒发生混合感染。7种病毒的感染率在不同年龄组中比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。甲型流感病毒、季节性H3N2病毒和乙型流感病毒在秋冬阳性率较高,甲型流感病毒H1N1和呼吸道合胞病毒在春季高发,鼻病毒在夏季阳性率最高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有8种病原体与临床指标存在显著关联,各阳性组的部分实验室指标与对应的阴性组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论普宁地区呼吸道病原体感染以鼻病毒、甲型流感病毒最为常见。呼吸道病原体感染率可能因年龄和季节而异,与性别无关。了解呼吸道病原体的流行情况和与临床指标的关系有助于更有效地预防和治疗呼吸道感染。

解脲脲原体套式（Nested）PCR检测研究

本文报告解脲脲原体（ＵＵ）的套式（ＮＥＳＴＥＤ）ＰＣＲ检测方法。经方法学考核表明，本法的特异性、灵敏度以及试剂的稳定性和对临检标本的顺应性均较好。９３份各种生殖道炎症患者之宫颈拭子标本套式ＰＣＲ检出２１份阳性（阳性率２２．６％），而市售ＰＣＲ试剂盒仅检出１份阳性（阳性率１．１％）。前者阳性检出率明显高于后者（Ｐ＜０．０１）。

多重实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应在芝麻酱掺假鉴别中的应用

目的研究基于分子生物学技术,建立多重实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术检测芝麻酱中的植物源性成分,实现芝麻酱的快速掺假鉴别,突破单标准单物种检测的局限性。方法该研究以芝麻2S albumim mRNA基因、花生Ara b2基因、大豆Lectin基因、玉米adh1基因设计特异性引物和探针,优化反应体系,建立多重实时荧光定量PCR技术检测芝麻酱中的芝麻源性成分、花生源性成分、大豆源性成分、玉米源性成分,并应用于市售的芝麻酱样本检测分析。结果该方法高效低成本,特异性好,对小米、绿豆等10种非目标源性成分无特异性扩增;对芝麻源性成分、花生源性成分、大豆源性成分、玉米源性成分的最低检出限为100 pg/μL,具有较高的灵敏度;应用建立的方法,对市售21份芝麻酱样本进行检测分析,检测结果与标签标注不符合的有4份,标签标注符合率为80.95%,与参比方法检测结果一致。结论建立的多重实时荧光定量PCR技术对加工成品的检测具有较好的适用性,为芝麻酱的掺假鉴别提供了一种新的分子生物学方法。

多重实时聚合酶链式反应法快速检测食品中的产志贺毒素大肠埃希氏菌

目的建立多重实时聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)法快速检测食品中的产志贺毒素大肠埃希氏菌(Shiga toxin-producing Escherichiacoli,STEC)的方法。方法以产志贺毒素大肠埃希氏菌携带的毒力基因stx1、stx2和黏附基因eae靶基因引物探针建立多重实时PCR体系,并采用原位冻干技术将PCR反应体系和阳性质控品进行了预先分装冻干,制成稳定、便捷的即用型反应体系,随后对方法的灵敏性、特异性和稳定性进行评价。结果所建立的多重实时PCR法检测eae、stx1、stx2基因的灵敏性为102 CFU/mL。与32种非STEC菌均无交叉反应。整体检测时长可控制在1 h以内,冻干体系可在常温条件下保存1年以上。结论本方法快速、简便,适用于测定食品中的STEC。

市售食品21种动植物过敏原成分的检测分析

为进一步明确市售食品动植物过敏原标注情况,该研究建立一种可同时检测21种动植物过敏原成分的多重连接依赖性探针扩增(MLPA)技术,并对其进行灵敏度实验,并结合实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(RT-fqPCR)检测技术对38种市售预包装食品中动植物过敏原成分进行比较分析。结果表明,采用MLPA检测技术可同时对21种动植物过敏原成分进行检测,扩增峰之间不存在交叉干扰,扩增峰实际大小和理论大小相差≤3 bp,检出最低脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)质量浓度为1 ng/μL;RT-fqPCR、MLPA技术检测标注过敏原成分食品的检出率分别为51.5%、44.1%,此外,MLPA检测法检出了6个标注可能含有过敏原成分样品中的过敏原成分,10个样品中未标记的过敏原成分。因此,采用MLPA技术检测21种动植物过敏原成分的灵敏度更高。

乌梢蛇配方颗粒与常见三种伪品的多重PCR鉴别研究

目的:建立乌梢蛇、王锦蛇、百花锦蛇、灰鼠蛇药材及水提物四重位点特异性聚合酶链反应(PCR)鉴别方法,为配方颗粒的掺伪鉴别提供依据。方法:以线粒体细胞色素C氧化酶1号(CO1)基因为靶基因,设计特异性引物,优化引物最适退火温度、循环次数、聚合酶种类,并用该方法进行混合样品的检测。结果:乌梢蛇、王锦蛇、百花锦蛇、灰鼠蛇聚合酶为Multiplex PCR 5×Master Mix,退火温度为60℃,循环次数为35次时分别扩增出133、180、247、197 bp的特异性条带,空白对照无条带。该方法能同时、准确地鉴定出混合样品的蛇源成分。结论:本方法可同时、准确、快速地鉴定乌梢蛇、王锦蛇、百花锦蛇、灰鼠蛇样品,并适合标准汤剂和配方颗粒样品鉴别。