The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, aswell as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long per...The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, aswell as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse,and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs isproposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designingnew batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced.These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgicalprocessing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developedtechnologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.展开更多
To predict the failure loads of adhesive joints under different stress states over the service temperature range of automobiles,adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic( CFRP)/aluminum alloy joints under shea...To predict the failure loads of adhesive joints under different stress states over the service temperature range of automobiles,adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic( CFRP)/aluminum alloy joints under shear stress state( thickadherend shear joints,TSJ),normal stress state( butt joints,BJ) and combined shear and normal stress states( scarf joints with scarf angle 45°,SJ45°) were manufactured and tested at-40,-20,0,20,40,60 and 80 ℃,respectively. The glass transition temperature Tgof the adhesive and CFRP,failure loads and fracture surfaces were used to analyze the failure mechanism of CFRP/aluminum alloy joints at different temperatures. A response surface,describing the variations of quadratic stress criteria with temperature,was established and introduced into the cohesive zone model( CZM) to carry out a simulation analysis. Results show that the failure of CFRP/aluminum alloy joints was determined collectively by the mechanical performances of adhesive and CFRP. Besides,reducing temperature or increasing the proportion of normal stress of adhesive layer was more likely to cause fibre tear or delamination of CFRP,resulting in a more obvious effect of CFRP. The validity of the prediction method was verified by the test of scarf joints with the scarf angle of 30°( SJ30°) and 60°( SJ60°) at-10 and 50 ℃.展开更多
We studied the information search behaviors of Chinese consumers of miniature automobiles. First, we identified the main sources where consumers acquire or seek information about miniature automobiles and discussed th...We studied the information search behaviors of Chinese consumers of miniature automobiles. First, we identified the main sources where consumers acquire or seek information about miniature automobiles and discussed their extent of information search. Then, based on logistic regression and optimal scaling regression of statistics, we studied the influences of characteristics of consumers of miniature automobiles on the extent of information search and on Internet usage. The results indicate that consumers often utilize four sources to obtain information about miniature automobiles. The dominant information source for consumers is their friends/family, followed by dealers, newspapers, and TV. Age, occupation, education and income significantly affect the extent of information search, but gender and city of residence do not have significant impacts. Age, city of residence, occupation, education and income produce significant influences on Internet usage. Gender has an insignificant influence on whether a consumer uses the Internet to search for information.展开更多
China’s demand for automobiles fallsinto three types:trucks,buses andcars.According to statistics fromdepartment concerned,China’s demand andquantity in the next 15 years is as follows: 1. The demand for trucks will...China’s demand for automobiles fallsinto three types:trucks,buses andcars.According to statistics fromdepartment concerned,China’s demand andquantity in the next 15 years is as follows: 1. The demand for trucks will growsteadily,in line with the growth of the nationaleconomy.The development of展开更多
In automobiles, the CFRP （carbon fiber reinforced plastics） has a possibility of weight reduction in automotive structures which can contribute to improve mileage and then reduce carbon dioxide. On the other hand, t...In automobiles, the CFRP （carbon fiber reinforced plastics） has a possibility of weight reduction in automotive structures which can contribute to improve mileage and then reduce carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the safety of collision should be also made clear in the case of employing the CFRP to automotive structures. In this paper, the CFRP guarder belt equipped in the automotive door is developed and examined by an experiment and a numerical analysis for replacing the conventional steel door guarder beam. As the experimental relation of impact load to displacement for CFRP guarder belt agreed well with that of numerical result, the numerical method developed here is quite useful for estimating impact behaviors of CFRP guarder belt.展开更多
Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and environmental problems.This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the l...Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and environmental problems.This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine(ICE)and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime.The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated.The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed.Based on the current results,the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48 E+07 kg CO2-e which is320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles.The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process,respectively.Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54 E+17 and 2.20 E+17 sej,respectively.Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI.To the authors’knowledge,it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering.It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering.展开更多
At the 10th Beijing International Automotive Exhibition with the theme of"Dream,Harmony,New Vision,"domestic automobile enterprises put more focus on ener- gy conservation and environmental protection.
ANCHORWOMAN Chang Jiang of China Central Television (CCTV) enjoys popularity for her Automobiles and China program, which she writes and hosts. The program which started in 1994 aroused a comparatively strong response...ANCHORWOMAN Chang Jiang of China Central Television (CCTV) enjoys popularity for her Automobiles and China program, which she writes and hosts. The program which started in 1994 aroused a comparatively strong response in the society because of its serious and deep thought about this absorbing topic. It took her twenty months to finish this program. Hundreds of people were interviewed and five notebooks were filled with reference materials. The script was revised seven times.展开更多
Afinancial crisis hits the world,adding more chill to the winter in 2008. Among the sufferers are the trembling steel industry and the auto industry which begins detecting the cold.In these days,these two industries a...Afinancial crisis hits the world,adding more chill to the winter in 2008. Among the sufferers are the trembling steel industry and the auto industry which begins detecting the cold.In these days,these two industries are worrying about their future in 2009 and wondering when the spring will come.The point is,will the steel industry embrace a better time in 2009?And to what extent it will affect the auto industry?展开更多
With total area of 2020 km^2 peopled by 3.35 million, Shenzhen is situated in the south of Guangdong Province of China, bordering on New Territories of Hong Kong in the south, overlooking the Daya Bay in the east, and...With total area of 2020 km^2 peopled by 3.35 million, Shenzhen is situated in the south of Guangdong Province of China, bordering on New Territories of Hong Kong in the south, overlooking the Daya Bay in the east, and meeting the Pearl River Estuary in the west. Designated as the first Chinese special economic展开更多
The average relative simulation and prediction percentage errors of the new model are only 0.092%and 3.023%,respectively.The simulation and prediction errors obtained from the classical GM(1,1)and the DGM(1,1)models a...The average relative simulation and prediction percentage errors of the new model are only 0.092%and 3.023%,respectively.The simulation and prediction errors obtained from the classical GM(1,1)and the DGM(1,1)models are,respectively,2.064%and 6.980%in the first case,and 1.942%and 7.360%in the second.The findings show that the GM(1,1,4)model has the best performance,which confirms the effectiveness of the structure improvement.The new model can enhance the smoothness of the background value and weaken the effects of extreme values in the raw sequence in the model’s performance.Therefore,the simulation and prediction performances of the GM(1,1,4)model are better than those of the traditional grey prediction models.The prediction show that the ownership for automobiles in China will grow rapidly in future.Findings could help the government in formulating adjustments to the industrial structures,and facilitate making rational yield plans for automobile firms.展开更多
In 2007,there were 117 automobile manufac- turers in China achieving a capacity of 10 mil- lion units and an output of 8.887 million units ranking the third position in the world follow- ing the United States and Japa...In 2007,there were 117 automobile manufac- turers in China achieving a capacity of 10 mil- lion units and an output of 8.887 million units ranking the third position in the world follow- ing the United States and Japan.The automo- bile industry realized 350 billion yuan in added value,accounting for 1.4% of GDP,thus be- coming one of the pillar industries of the na- tional economy.展开更多
To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game mod...To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises.展开更多
This work involves an experimental study on the performance of automobile air-conditioning systems by adding Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles to oil compressors to investigate their impacts on the enhancement of the speed coo...This work involves an experimental study on the performance of automobile air-conditioning systems by adding Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles to oil compressors to investigate their impacts on the enhancement of the speed cooling of refrigeration systems and to compare it with the system operated using only oil.The Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles have been added to the oil compressor for different ranges ofmass concentration(Ф=0.1%,Ф=0.15%andФ=0.2%).The stability of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles has been tested by direct observation for different time periods.The results indicated that the air conditioning systemthat operated by using Al_(2)O_(3)-oil was better than the system that operated with pure oil.ForФ=0.2%,the results indicated that the cooling speed and the efficiency of the system operated with Al_(2)O_(3)-oil are increased by 13%and 18%,respectively,as compared to the pure oil system.This study shows that the thermos-physical properties of refrigerant oil are enhanced by 15%whenФis increased.展开更多
During the annual meeting of the National People’s Congress(NPC),China’s top legislature,in March,President Xi Jinping stressed focusing on high-quality development as the top priority and developing new quality pro...During the annual meeting of the National People’s Congress(NPC),China’s top legislature,in March,President Xi Jinping stressed focusing on high-quality development as the top priority and developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions while deliberating with lawmakers from Jiangsu Province.Following the path that President Xi emphasized,SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co.,Ltd.has been committed to modernizing research and development(R&D),introducing intelligent manufacturing,upgrading the automobile industry.展开更多
文摘The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, aswell as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse,and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs isproposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designingnew batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced.These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgicalprocessing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developedtechnologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775230)
文摘To predict the failure loads of adhesive joints under different stress states over the service temperature range of automobiles,adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic( CFRP)/aluminum alloy joints under shear stress state( thickadherend shear joints,TSJ),normal stress state( butt joints,BJ) and combined shear and normal stress states( scarf joints with scarf angle 45°,SJ45°) were manufactured and tested at-40,-20,0,20,40,60 and 80 ℃,respectively. The glass transition temperature Tgof the adhesive and CFRP,failure loads and fracture surfaces were used to analyze the failure mechanism of CFRP/aluminum alloy joints at different temperatures. A response surface,describing the variations of quadratic stress criteria with temperature,was established and introduced into the cohesive zone model( CZM) to carry out a simulation analysis. Results show that the failure of CFRP/aluminum alloy joints was determined collectively by the mechanical performances of adhesive and CFRP. Besides,reducing temperature or increasing the proportion of normal stress of adhesive layer was more likely to cause fibre tear or delamination of CFRP,resulting in a more obvious effect of CFRP. The validity of the prediction method was verified by the test of scarf joints with the scarf angle of 30°( SJ30°) and 60°( SJ60°) at-10 and 50 ℃.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China ( No. 70472016).
文摘We studied the information search behaviors of Chinese consumers of miniature automobiles. First, we identified the main sources where consumers acquire or seek information about miniature automobiles and discussed their extent of information search. Then, based on logistic regression and optimal scaling regression of statistics, we studied the influences of characteristics of consumers of miniature automobiles on the extent of information search and on Internet usage. The results indicate that consumers often utilize four sources to obtain information about miniature automobiles. The dominant information source for consumers is their friends/family, followed by dealers, newspapers, and TV. Age, occupation, education and income significantly affect the extent of information search, but gender and city of residence do not have significant impacts. Age, city of residence, occupation, education and income produce significant influences on Internet usage. Gender has an insignificant influence on whether a consumer uses the Internet to search for information.
文摘China’s demand for automobiles fallsinto three types:trucks,buses andcars.According to statistics fromdepartment concerned,China’s demand andquantity in the next 15 years is as follows: 1. The demand for trucks will growsteadily,in line with the growth of the nationaleconomy.The development of
文摘In automobiles, the CFRP （carbon fiber reinforced plastics） has a possibility of weight reduction in automotive structures which can contribute to improve mileage and then reduce carbon dioxide. On the other hand, the safety of collision should be also made clear in the case of employing the CFRP to automotive structures. In this paper, the CFRP guarder belt equipped in the automotive door is developed and examined by an experiment and a numerical analysis for replacing the conventional steel door guarder beam. As the experimental relation of impact load to displacement for CFRP guarder belt agreed well with that of numerical result, the numerical method developed here is quite useful for estimating impact behaviors of CFRP guarder belt.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.51608531)
文摘Increasing energy consumption in the transportation sector results in challenging greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and environmental problems.This paper involved integrated assessments on GHG emissions and emergy of the life cycle for the internal combustion engine(ICE)and electric automobiles in the USA over the entire assumed fifteen-year lifetime.The hotspots of GHG emissions as well as emergy indices for the major processes of automobile life cycle within the defined system boundaries have been investigated.The potential strategies for reducing GHG emissions and emergy in the life cycle of both ICE and electric automobiles were further proposed.Based on the current results,the total GHG emissions from the life cycle of ICE automobiles are 4.48 E+07 kg CO2-e which is320 times higher than that of the electric automobiles.The hotspot area of the GHG emissions from ICE and electric automobiles are operation phase and manufacturing process,respectively.Interesting results were observed that comparable total emergy of the ICE automobiles and electric automobiles have been calculated which were 1.54 E+17 and 2.20 E+17 sej,respectively.Analysis on emergy index evidenced a better environmental sustainability of electric automobiles than ICE automobiles over the life cycle due to its higher ESI.To the authors’knowledge,it is the first time to integrate the analysis of GHG emissions together with emergy in industrial area of automobile engineering.It is expected that the integration of emergy and GHG emissions analysis may provide a comprehensive perspective on eco-industrial sustainability of automobile engineering.
文摘At the 10th Beijing International Automotive Exhibition with the theme of"Dream,Harmony,New Vision,"domestic automobile enterprises put more focus on ener- gy conservation and environmental protection.
文摘ANCHORWOMAN Chang Jiang of China Central Television (CCTV) enjoys popularity for her Automobiles and China program, which she writes and hosts. The program which started in 1994 aroused a comparatively strong response in the society because of its serious and deep thought about this absorbing topic. It took her twenty months to finish this program. Hundreds of people were interviewed and five notebooks were filled with reference materials. The script was revised seven times.
文摘Afinancial crisis hits the world,adding more chill to the winter in 2008. Among the sufferers are the trembling steel industry and the auto industry which begins detecting the cold.In these days,these two industries are worrying about their future in 2009 and wondering when the spring will come.The point is,will the steel industry embrace a better time in 2009?And to what extent it will affect the auto industry?
文摘With total area of 2020 km^2 peopled by 3.35 million, Shenzhen is situated in the south of Guangdong Province of China, bordering on New Territories of Hong Kong in the south, overlooking the Daya Bay in the east, and meeting the Pearl River Estuary in the west. Designated as the first Chinese special economic
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(71771033)Foundation Research and Frontier Exploration in Chongqing of China(cstc2019jcyjmsxm1385)+2 种基金the Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Planning Project of China(18XJC630003)Chongqing Municipal Educational Science for the 13th-Five Year Planning Project of China(2017-GX-304)Science and technology research project of Chongqing Education Commission(KJQN201800805).
文摘The average relative simulation and prediction percentage errors of the new model are only 0.092%and 3.023%,respectively.The simulation and prediction errors obtained from the classical GM(1,1)and the DGM(1,1)models are,respectively,2.064%and 6.980%in the first case,and 1.942%and 7.360%in the second.The findings show that the GM(1,1,4)model has the best performance,which confirms the effectiveness of the structure improvement.The new model can enhance the smoothness of the background value and weaken the effects of extreme values in the raw sequence in the model’s performance.Therefore,the simulation and prediction performances of the GM(1,1,4)model are better than those of the traditional grey prediction models.The prediction show that the ownership for automobiles in China will grow rapidly in future.Findings could help the government in formulating adjustments to the industrial structures,and facilitate making rational yield plans for automobile firms.
文摘In 2007,there were 117 automobile manufac- turers in China achieving a capacity of 10 mil- lion units and an output of 8.887 million units ranking the third position in the world follow- ing the United States and Japan.The automo- bile industry realized 350 billion yuan in added value,accounting for 1.4% of GDP,thus be- coming one of the pillar industries of the na- tional economy.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71973001).
文摘To explore the green development of automobile enterprises and promote the achievement of the“dual carbon”target,based on the bounded rationality assumptions,this study constructed a tripartite evolutionary game model of gov-ernment,commercial banks,and automobile enterprises;introduced a dynamic reward and punishment mechanism;and analyzed the development process of the three parties’strategic behavior under the static and dynamic reward and punish-ment mechanism.Vensim PLE was used for numerical simulation analysis.Our results indicate that the system could not reach a stable state under the static reward and punishment mechanism.A dynamic reward and punishment mechanism can effectively improve the system stability and better fit real situations.Under the dynamic reward and punishment mechan-ism,an increase in the initial probabilities of the three parties can promote the system stability,and the government can im-plement effective supervision by adjusting the upper limit of the reward and punishment intensity.Finally,the implementa-tion of green credit by commercial banks plays a significant role in promoting the green development of automobile enter-prises.
文摘This work involves an experimental study on the performance of automobile air-conditioning systems by adding Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles to oil compressors to investigate their impacts on the enhancement of the speed cooling of refrigeration systems and to compare it with the system operated using only oil.The Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles have been added to the oil compressor for different ranges ofmass concentration(Ф=0.1%,Ф=0.15%andФ=0.2%).The stability of Al_(2)O_(3)nanoparticles has been tested by direct observation for different time periods.The results indicated that the air conditioning systemthat operated by using Al_(2)O_(3)-oil was better than the system that operated with pure oil.ForФ=0.2%,the results indicated that the cooling speed and the efficiency of the system operated with Al_(2)O_(3)-oil are increased by 13%and 18%,respectively,as compared to the pure oil system.This study shows that the thermos-physical properties of refrigerant oil are enhanced by 15%whenФis increased.
文摘During the annual meeting of the National People’s Congress(NPC),China’s top legislature,in March,President Xi Jinping stressed focusing on high-quality development as the top priority and developing new quality productive forces according to local conditions while deliberating with lawmakers from Jiangsu Province.Following the path that President Xi emphasized,SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile Co.,Ltd.has been committed to modernizing research and development(R&D),introducing intelligent manufacturing,upgrading the automobile industry.
