Research on Feature Matching Optimization Algorithm for Automotive Panoramic Surround View System

In response to the challenges posed by insufficient real-time performance and suboptimal matching accuracy of traditional feature matching algorithms within automotive panoramic surround view systems,this paper has proposed a high-performance dimension reduction parallel matching algorithm that integrates Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Dual-Heap Filtering(DHF).The algorithm employs PCA to map the feature points into the lower-dimensional space and employs the square of Euclidean distance for feature matching,which significantly reduces computational complexity.To ensure the accuracy of feature matching,the algorithm utilizes Dual-Heap Filtering to filter and refine matched point pairs.To further enhance matching speed and make optimal use of computational resources,the algorithm introduces a multi-core parallel matching strategy,greatly elevating the efficiency of feature matching.Compared to Scale-Invariant Feature Transform(SIFT)and Speeded Up Robust Features(SURF),the proposed algorithm reduces matching time by 77%to 80%and concurrently enhances matching accuracy by 5%to 15%.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithmexhibits outstanding real-time matching performance and accuracy,effectivelymeeting the feature-matching requirements of automotive panoramic surround view systems.

ProTSA: A Testing Process for Automotive Software Domain

This study evaluates the development of a testing process for the automotive software domain, highlighting challenges stemming from the absence of adequate processes. The research demonstrates the application of Design Science Research methodology in developing, an automotive software testing process—ProTSA, using six functional testing modules. Additionally, the study evaluates the benefits of implementing ProTSA in a specific Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) using an experimental single-case approach with industry professionals’ participation through a survey. The study concludes that combining testing techniques with effective communication and alignment is crucial for enhancing software quality. Furthermore, survey data indicates that implementing ProTSA leads to productivity gains by initiating tests early, resulting in time savings in the testing program and increased productivity for the testing team. Future work will explore implementing ProTSA in cybersecurity, over-the-air software updates, and autonomous vehicle testing processes. .

Discussion on the Free Quenching Heat Treatment Process of Automotive Leaf Springs

Free quenching of automotive leaf springs is a new technology that has gradually started to be applied in the industry in China in recent years.Only a few manufacturers are applying it in the industry.Through more than half a year of on-site practice,the changes in the hot forming of spring plates before free quenching have been explored,and finally a heat treatment process that meets the production requirements of our company has been developed,achieving normal production.

Development and application of magnesium alloy parts for automotive OEMs:A review

China is currently vigorously implementing the“energy conservation and emission reduction”and“dual carbon”strategies.As the most resource-advantaged light metal material in China,Magnesium(Mg)alloy is progressively expanding its application in automobile,rail transportation,aerospace,medical,and electronic products.Chongqing University,Shanghai Jiaotong University,and Australian National University have conducted extensive research on the preparation,properties,and processes of Mg alloys.In the past 20 years,the proportion of Mg alloy in the automotive industry has gradually expanded,whereas currently the design and development of Mg alloy parts for automobiles has rarely been reported.Thus,the application models and typical parts cases of Mg alloy are summarized mainly from the four systems of the whole vehicle(body system,chassis system,powertrain system,interior,and exterior system).Subsequently,two actual original equipment manufacturers(OEM)cases are used to introduce the development logic of reliable die-cast Mg alloy,including forward design,formability analysis,process design analysis,structural redesign,manufacturing,and testing,aiming to share the methods,processes,and focus of attention of automotive OEMs for developing Mg alloy parts to enhance the confidence and motivation of applying Mg alloy in automotive field.Eventually,the multiple challenges faced by Mg alloy materials are sorted out and how to face these challenges are discussed.National policies and regulations,environmental protection and energy saving,and consumer demand will continue to promote the application of Mg.

Metallurgical properties of CaO–SiO_(2)–Al_(2)O_(3)–4.6wt%MgO–Fe_(2)O_(3)slag system pertaining to spent automotive catalyst smelting

The metallurgical properties of the CaO–SiO_(2)–Al_(2)O_(3)–4.6wt%Mg O–Fe_(2)O_(3)slag system,formed by the co-treatment process of spent automotive catalyst(SAC)and copper-bearing electroplating sludge(CBES),were studied systematically in this paper.The slag structure,melting temperature,and viscous characteristics were investigated by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,Fact Sage calculation,and viscosity measurements.Experimental results show that the increase of Fe_(2)O_(3)content(3.8wt%–16.6wt%),the mass ratio of CaO/SiO_(2)(m(CaO)/m(SiO_(2)),0.5–1.3),and the mass ratio of SiO_(2)/Al_(2)O_(3)(m(SiO_(2))/m(Al_(2)O_(3)),1.0–5.0)can promote the depolymerization of silicate network,and the presence of a large amount of Fe_(2)O_(3)in form of tetrahedral and octahedral units ensures the charge compensation of Al^(3+)ions and makes Al_(2)O_(3)only behave as an acid oxide.Thermodynamic calculation and viscosity measurements show that with the increase of Fe_(2)O_(3)content,m(Ca O)/m(SiO_(2)),and m(SiO_(2))/m(Al_(2)O_(3)),the depolymerization of silicate network structure and low-melting-point phase transformation first occur within the slag,leading to the decrease in melting point and viscosity of the slag,while further increase causes the formation of high-melting-point phase and a resultant re-increase in viscosity and melting point.Based on experimental analysis,the preferred slag composition with low polymerization degree,viscosity,and melting point is as follows:Fe_(2)O_(3)content of 10.2wt%–13.4wt%,m(CaO)/m(SiO_(2))of 0.7–0.9 and m(SiO_(2))/m(Al_(2)O_(3))of 3.0–4.0.This work provides a theoretical support for slag design in co-smelting process of SAC and CBES.

Experimental investigation on degradation mechanism of membrane electrode assembly at different humidity under automotive protocol

Humidity can affect the attenuation of MEA(membrane electrode assembly), however, the relationship between humidity and MEA decays is complex and ambiguous in realistic application. Herein, we design a simulating automotive protocol, performed on five single fuel cells under RH(relative humidity) 100%,RH 80%, RH 64%, and RH 40%, RH 10%, respectively, to study the relationship of MEA decays and humidity and suggest optimized humidity range to extend the durability. With the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the four degradation mechanisms about catalyst layer, including Pt dissolution, Pt coarsening, carbon corrosion and ionomer degradation, are observed. Pt coarsening and carbon corrosion are accelerated by higher water content at high humidity. Ionomer degradation and Pt dissolution are enhanced in low humidity. With the linear sweep voltammetry, ion chromatography,nuclear magnetic resonance, tensile test and scan electron microscope, chemical and mechanical degradation in proton exchange membrane are all observed in these five fuels. Chemical degradation, characterized by membrane thinning and more fluoride loss, occurred markedly in RH 10%. Mechanical degradation, characterized by the non-uniformity thickness and bad mechanical properties, is more pronounced in RH 100%, RH 80%, RH 64%. These two degradations are in a moderate level in RH 40%. The research suggests that the RH range from 64% to 40% is conductive to mitigate the degradation of MEAs operated in automotive applications.

Panel Acoustic Contribution Analysis in Automotive Acoustics Using Discontinuous Isogeometric Boundary Element Method

In automotive industries,panel acoustic contribution analysis(PACA)is used to investigate the contributions of the body panels to the acoustic pressure at a certain point of interest.Currently,PACA is implementedmostly by either experiment-based methods or traditional numerical methods.However,these schemes are effort-consuming and inefficient in solving engineering problems,thereby restraining the further development of PACA in automotive acoustics.In this work,we propose a PACA scheme using discontinuous isogeometric boundary element method(IGABEM)to build an easily implementable and efficient method to identify the relative acoustic contributions of each automotive body panel.Discontinuous IGABEMis more accurate and converges faster than continuous BEM and IGABEM in the interior sound pressure evaluation of automotive compartments.In this work,a contribution ratio is defined to estimate the relative acoustic contribution of the structure panels;it can be calculated by reusing the coefficient matrix that has already been generated in the sound pressure evaluation process.The utilization of the parallel technique enables the proposed method to be more efficient than conventional methods;it is validated in two numerical examples,including a car passenger compartment subjected to realistic boundary conditions.A sound pressure response experiment based on a steel box is conducted to verify the accuracy of the interior sound pressure calculation using discontinuous IGABEM.This work is expected to promote the practical process of IGABEM for application in automotive acoustic problems.

A Comprehensive Analysis of Datasets for Automotive Intrusion Detection Systems

Recently,automotive intrusion detection systems(IDSs)have emerged as promising defense approaches to counter attacks on in-vehicle networks(IVNs).However,the effectiveness of IDSs relies heavily on the quality of the datasets used for training and evaluation.Despite the availability of several datasets for automotive IDSs,there has been a lack of comprehensive analysis focusing on assessing these datasets.This paper aims to address the need for dataset assessment in the context of automotive IDSs.It proposes qualitative and quantitative metrics that are independent of specific automotive IDSs,to evaluate the quality of datasets.These metrics take into consideration various aspects such as dataset description,collection environment,and attack complexity.This paper evaluates eight commonly used datasets for automotive IDSs using the proposed metrics.The evaluation reveals biases in the datasets,particularly in terms of limited contexts and lack of diversity.Additionally,it highlights that the attacks in the datasets were mostly injected without considering normal behaviors,which poses challenges for training and evaluating machine learning-based IDSs.This paper emphasizes the importance of addressing the identified limitations in existing datasets to improve the performance and adaptability of automotive IDSs.The proposed metrics can serve as valuable guidelines for researchers and practitioners in selecting and constructing high-quality datasets for automotive security applications.Finally,this paper presents the requirements for high-quality datasets,including the need for representativeness,diversity,and balance.

Non-LOS target localization via millimeter-wave automotive radar

This paper considers the non-line-of-sight(NLOS)vehicle localization problem by using millimeter-wave(MMW)automotive radar.Several preliminary attempts for NLOS vehicle detection are carried out and achieve good results.Firstly,an electromagnetic(EM)wave NLOS multipath propagation model for vehicle scene is established.Subsequently,with the help of available multipath echoes,a complete NLOS vehicle localiza-tion algorithm is proposed.Finally,simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the established EM wave propagation model and the proposed NLOS vehicle localization algorithm.

Thin-walled and large-sized magnesium alloy die castings for passenger car cockpit:Application,materials,and manufacture

In order to effectively reduce energy consumption and increase range mile,new energy vehicles represented by Tesla have greatly aroused the application of integrated magnesium(Mg)alloy die casting technology in automobiles.Previously,the application of Mg alloys in automobiles,especially in automotive cockpit components,is quite extensive,while it has almost disappeared for a period of time due to its relatively high cost,causing a certain degree of information loss in the application technology of Mg alloy parts in automobiles.The rapid development of automotive technology has led to a higher requirement for the automotive components compared with those traditional one.Therefore,whatever the components themselves,or the Mg alloy materials and die casting process have to face an increasing challenge,needing to be upgraded.In addition,owing to its high integration characteristics,the application of Mg alloy die casting technology in large-sized and thin-walled automotive parts has inherent advantages and needs to be expanded urgently.Indeed,it necessitates exploring advance Mg alloys and new product structures and optimizing die casting processes.This article summarizes and analyzes the development status of thin-walled and large-sized die casting Mg alloy parts in passenger car cockpit and corresponding material selection methods,die casting processes as well as mold design techniques.Furthermore,this work will aid researchers in establishing a comprehensive understanding of the manufacture of thin-walled and large-sized die casting Mg alloy parts in automobile cockpit.It will also assist them in developing new Mg alloys with improved comprehensive performance and new processes to meet the high requirements for die casting automotive components.

Co-pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge with Paint Sludge: Kinetics and Thermodynamic Analysis via Iso-conversional Methods

This study explored the synergistic interaction of sewage sludge(SS)and automotive paint sludge(PS)during co-pyrolysis for the optimized treatment of sewage sludge in cement kiln systems,utilizing thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry(TGA-MS).The result reveals the coexisting synergistic and antagonistic effects in the co-pyrolysis of SS/PS.The synergistic effect arises from hydrogen free radicals in SS and catalytic components in PS,while the main source of the antagonistic effect is that,during the mechanical mixing process,the SS/PS is converted from the particulate form into a dough-like rubbery which contributes to the film-forming effect,hindering the volatilization of volatile components.SS/PS co-pyrolysis reduces the yielding of tar production while increasing coke and gas.This study will provide some in-depth insights into the co-pyrolysis of SS/PS,and offer theoretical support for the subsequent research on the collaborative disposal processes in cement kilns.

基于Windows Automotive的导航系统设计

本文采用S3C2440A和Windows Automotive 5.0设计了一种汽车导航系统。在硬件方面,给出了S3C2440A和LCD、GPS芯片的接口电路。在软件方面,详细介绍了驱动程序和操作系统的开发方法,并在Visual Studio 2005中成功开发了该系统的GPS信号测试程序。实验结果表明,该系统导航功能良好、可以运行多种导航软件、具有一定的汽车运行状况监控功能。

The Effect of Lateral Offset Distance on the Aerodynamics and Fuel Economy of Vehicle Queues

The vehicle industry is always in search of breakthrough energy-saving and emission-reduction technologies.In recent years,vehicle intelligence has progressed considerably,and researchers are currently trying to take advantage of these developments.Here we consider the case of many vehicles forming a queue,i.e.,vehicles traveling at a predetermined speed and distance apart.While the majority of existing studies on this subject have focused on the influence of the longitudinal vehicle spacing,vehicle speed,and the number of vehicles on aerodynamic drag and fuel economy,this study considers the lateral offset distance of the vehicle queue.The group fuel consumption savings rate is calculated and analyzed.As also demonstrated by experimental results,some aerodynamic benefits exist.Moreover,the fuel consumption saving rate of the vehicle queue decreases as the lateral offset distance increases.

Sustainable Palm Oil Cooperation

Instant noodles contain 16 to18 percent fat,including 11 percent from palm oil.Most people have no idea where palm oil comes from or what it is used for,but they could not live without it because it is so widely used in personal hygiene products such as shampoo,tooth paste,facial cream,and soap.It is also an ingredient in automotive lubricants and food such as fried chicken,chocolate,and various pastries.

气象观测场在汽车试验场中的应用研究

汽车试验场作为汽车开展道路测试的重要场所,用于验证汽车产品的品质以及可靠性。除了场地道路外,气象条件作为汽车道路测试的重要一环,在《GB/T12534-1990汽车道路试验方法通则》中也有明确要求,如:试验时应是无雨无雾天气,相对湿度小于95%,气温0-40℃,风速不大于3m/s。同时气象条件也作为试验场道路管控的重要依据,实时风速、雨量、能见度等信息为场地管理者发布限速、限行、封场等通知提供必要参考依据,直接影响道路测试安全管控的及时性。因此,文章从气象观测场的建设、气象服务、异常天气道路管控等方面开展气象观测场在汽车试验场中的应用研究。

Evaluation of Technical Education by Using a Modern Structured MOODLE Laboratory Course, in Relation to Recent Data

E-learning platforms support education systems worldwide, transferring theoretical knowledge as well as soft skills. In the present study high-school pupils’, and adult students’ opinions were evaluated through a modern structured MOODLE interactive course, designed for the needs of the laboratory course “Automotive Systems”. The study concerns Greek secondary vocational education pupils aged 18 and vocational training adult students aged 20 to 50 years. The multistage, equal size simple random cluster sample was used as a sampling method. Pupils and adult students of each cluster completed structured 10-question questionnaires both before and after attending the course. A total of 120 questionnaires were collected. In general, our findings disclosed that the majority of pupils and adult students had significantly improved their knowledge and skills from using MOODLE. They reported strengthening conventional teaching, using the new MOODLE technology. The satisfaction indices improved quite, with the differences in their mean values being statistically significant.

App@Automotive

美国已经有了一种基于微软Windows 7和RObotics Develolaer Studio的软件开发平台可以访问车辆性能数据、网络服务、语音识别、语音合成、社交网络平台等互联网服务以及Windows Azure云计算环境，汽车已经有了作为智能终端的条件，而众多应用程序登陆这个新兴的平台也已可以预计。

Recycling of automotive aluminum

With the global warming of concern,the secondary aluminum stream is becoming an even more important component of aluminum production and is attractive because of its economic and environmental benefits.In this work,recycling of automotive aluminum is reviewed to highlight environmental benefits of aluminum recycling,use of aluminum alloys in automotive applications,automotive recycling process,and new technologies in aluminum scrap process.Literature survey shows that newly developed techniques such as laser induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS) and solid state recycling provide promising alternatives in aluminum scrap process.Compared with conventional remelting and subsequent refinement,solid state recycling utilizing compression and extrusion at room or moderate temperature can result in significant energy savings and higher metal yield.

Ignition Pattern Analysis for Automotive Engine Trouble Diagnosis Using Wavelet Packet Transform and Support Vector Machines

Engine spark ignition is an important source for diagnosis of engine faults.Based on the waveform of the ignition pattern,a mechanic can guess what may be the potential malfunctioning parts of an engine with his/her experience and handbooks.However,this manual diagnostic method is imprecise because many spark ignition patterns are very similar.Therefore,a diagnosis needs many trials to identify the malfunctioning parts.Meanwhile the mechanic needs to disassemble and assemble the engine parts for verification.To tackle this problem,an intelligent diagnosis system was established based on ignition patterns.First,the captured patterns were normalized and compressed.Then wavelet packet transform（WPT） was employed to extract the representative features of the ignition patterns.Finally,a classification system was constructed by using multi-class support vector machines（SVM） and the extracted features.The classification system can intelligently classify the most likely engine fault so as to reduce the number of diagnosis trials.Experimental results show that SVM produces higher diagnosis accuracy than the traditional multilayer feedforward neural network.This is the first trial on the combination of WPT and SVM to analyze ignition patterns and diagnose automotive engines.

New development of powder metallurgy in automotive industry

The driving force for using powder metallurgy(PM)mostly relies on its near net-shape ability and cost-performance ratio.The automotive application is a main market of PM industry,requiring parts with competitive mechanical or functional performance in a mass production scale.As the automobile technology transforms from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles to new energy vehicles,PM technology is undergoing significant changes in manufacturing and materials development.This review outlines the challenges and opportunities generated by the changes in the automotive technology for PM.Low-cost,high-performance and light-weight are critical aspects for future PM materials development.Therefore,the studies on PM lean-alloyed steel,aluminum alloys,and titanium alloy materials were reviewed.In addition,PM soft magnetic composite applied to new energy vehicles was discussed.Then new opportunities for advanced processing,such as metal injection molding(MIM)and additive manufacturing(AM),in automotive industry were stated.In general,the change in automotive industry raises sufficient development space for PM.While,emerging technologies require more preeminent PM materials.Iron-based parts are still the main PM products due to their mechanical performance and low cost.MIM will occupy the growing market of highly flexible and complex parts.AM opens a door for fast prototyping,great flexibility and customizing at low cost,driving weight and assembling reduction.