The autotetraploid Carassius auratus(4nRR,4n=200,RRRR)is derived from whole-genome duplication of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,2n=100,RR).In the current study,we demonstrated that chromatophores and pigment changes ...The autotetraploid Carassius auratus(4nRR,4n=200,RRRR)is derived from whole-genome duplication of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,2n=100,RR).In the current study,we demonstrated that chromatophores and pigment changes directly caused the coloration and variation of 4nRR skin(red in RCC,brownish-yellow in4nRR).To further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying coloration formation and variation in 4nRR,we performed transcriptome profiling and molecular functional verification in RCC and 4nRR.Results revealed that scarb1,associated with carotenoid metabolism,underwent significant down-regulation in 4nRR.Efficient editing of this candidate pigment gene provided clear evidence of its significant role in RCC coloration.Subsequently,we identified four divergent scarb1 homeologs in 4nRR:two original scarb1 homeologs from RCC and two duplicated ones.Notably,three of these homeologs possessed two highly conserved alleles,exhibiting biased and allelespecific expression in the skin.Remarkably,after precise editing of both the original and duplicated scarb1homeologs and/or alleles,4nRR individuals,whether singly or multiply mutated,displayed a transition from brownishyellow skin to a cyan-gray phenotype.Concurrently,the proportional areas of the cyan-gray regions displayed a gene-dose correlation.These findings illustrate the subfunctionalization of duplicated scarb1,with all scarb1genes synergistically and equally contributing to the pigmentation of 4nRR.This is the first report concerning the functional differentiation of duplicated homeologs in an autopolyploidfish,substantiallyenrichingour understanding of coloration formation and change within this group of organisms.展开更多
Polyploidization has been demonstrated as a very effective approach in fruit tree improvement.Sour jujube(Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu) is a promising diploid wild,traditional fruit species(2n = 2x = 24) that is ...Polyploidization has been demonstrated as a very effective approach in fruit tree improvement.Sour jujube(Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu) is a promising diploid wild,traditional fruit species(2n = 2x = 24) that is rich in vitamin C,which is the main rootstock of Chinese jujube(Z.jujuba Mill.).The novel method we developed for rapid in vivo induction of homogeneous autopolyploids(IVIHA) via callus in Chinese jujube was first applied and further optimized in sour jujube.Under optimized conditions,an average of one pure autotetraploid shoot could be regenerated from one treated branch,thereby indicating a relatively high efficiency rate.A total of 9 pure autotetraploid genotypes were created,and one of these was released as a new cultivar named ‘Zhuguang' in 2015.Moreover,unexpected octoploids and hexaploids were also simultaneously created and detected.The leaves of tetraploids were thicker,broader,and darker in color than those of the original diploids,whereas the leaf sizes of octoploids were much smaller compared to that of diploids.However,stoma size increased with the occurrence of ploidy,mainly from diploid to octoploid.The well grown ploidies of jujube included diploids,triploids,and tetraploids.Anatomical observation indicated that adventitious buds/shoots emerged from the callus that formed on the cut,which was then followed by the development of connective vascular tissues between the adventitious bud and the stock plant tissue.This study demonstrates the universality of the IVIHA method that was initially developed in Chinese jujube,as well as provides a foundation for high-efficiency pure polyploid induction in sour jujube.展开更多
Polyploidy is pursued in plant breeding programs due mainly to its ability to yield larger vegetative or reproductive organs. In controlled growth chamber experiments, a tetraploid turnip （cv. Aijiaohuang, 4n） and i...Polyploidy is pursued in plant breeding programs due mainly to its ability to yield larger vegetative or reproductive organs. In controlled growth chamber experiments, a tetraploid turnip （cv. Aijiaohuang, 4n） and its diploid progenitor （cv. Aijiaohuang, 2n） were evaluated for their tolerance to salinity stress via investigations on a group of physiological parameters. The results indicate that the tetraploid turnip exhibit better adaptation to a high concentration salt medium （200 mmol L-1）, as evidenced by a less-affected germination rate and a healthier morphological appearance at the seedling stage. Furthermore, an extension of salinity stress up to a certain period of time at the 5-7-leaf stage shows differences between the tetraploid turnip and its diploid progenitor. The former had a higher K＋/Na＋ ratio in the roots, higher glutathione concentration and antioxidant activities in the leaves, and smaller reductions in photosynthetic capacity in terms of leaf chlorophyll content. Studies on the differences between an autopolyploid and its respective relative, from which the autopolyploid originated, in terms of their tolerance to salinity and/or other abiotic stresses, have remained rather limited. The comparison is interesting due to a homogenous genetic background.展开更多
通过转录组测序筛选草棉同源多倍体与二倍体相比差异表达基因,为同源多倍体的表型变化及其染色体加倍过程中遗传物质的变化提供基因表达水平的依据。本研究以草棉二倍体(CK)和同源多倍体后代为材料,通过流式细胞仪鉴定出同源三倍体(T)...通过转录组测序筛选草棉同源多倍体与二倍体相比差异表达基因,为同源多倍体的表型变化及其染色体加倍过程中遗传物质的变化提供基因表达水平的依据。本研究以草棉二倍体(CK)和同源多倍体后代为材料,通过流式细胞仪鉴定出同源三倍体(T)和同源四倍体(M)植株,比较同源四倍体与二倍体的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量生理指标,并进行转录组测序分析。草棉同源四倍体叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于二倍体。DESeq差异分析结果表明, CK vs T、T vs M、CK vs M分别有4166 (2832个上调, 1334个下调)、4037 (1766个上调, 2271个下调)、4184 (2679个上调, 1505个下调)个DEGs,有205个DEGs是不同倍性植株两两比较的3组间共同表达的。GO功能分析表明, DEGs在膜的固有成分、膜的组成部分、催化活性等途径差异显著。KEGG富集分析表明, DEGs在类黄酮生物合成、苯丙烷生物合成、光合作用-天线蛋白等通路较为活跃。通过富集分析筛选CK vs T和CK vs M中与倍性相关的DEGs发现,多倍体在应激反应(62.46%和54.84%)、逆境反应(57.42%和53.85%)、细胞(70.16%和66.22%)、代谢(72.73%和66.14%)、生物活性物质和抗性(60.33%和63.37%)、光合(58.06%和63.16%)等方面的差异基因大都是上调表达,这可能是导致多倍体优势的关键因子。Nr注释信息CK vs M中共获得27个与抗性相关的基因(19个上调, 8个下调), 11个与光合相关的基因(9个上调,2个下调)。对不同倍性草棉与光合相关的27个DEGs进行聚类分析发现, 18个(66.67%)基因在四倍体中表达丰度最高。对3组间共同表达的205个DEGs进行Nr注释和表达情况分析发现,有30个基因都表现为上调表达,且在四倍体中表达量最高,7个基因都表现为下调表达,且在四倍体中表达量最低,这37个基因可能是受DNA剂量影响或是与植株倍性相关的基因。研究结果进一步表明多倍体植株在抗性、生长势、新陈代谢以及光合速率方面均优于二倍体。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32172972,U19A2040)Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2021RC4028)+4 种基金Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-45)Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Department (2019RS5001)Special Funds for Construction of Innovative Provinces in Hunan Province (2021NK1010)Special Science Found of Nansha-South China Agricultural University Fishery Research Institute,Guangzhou (NSYYKY202305,NSYYKY202306)Aid Program for Science and Technology Innovative Research Team in Higher Educational Institutions of Hunan Province。
文摘The autotetraploid Carassius auratus(4nRR,4n=200,RRRR)is derived from whole-genome duplication of Carassius auratus red var.(RCC,2n=100,RR).In the current study,we demonstrated that chromatophores and pigment changes directly caused the coloration and variation of 4nRR skin(red in RCC,brownish-yellow in4nRR).To further explore the molecular mechanisms underlying coloration formation and variation in 4nRR,we performed transcriptome profiling and molecular functional verification in RCC and 4nRR.Results revealed that scarb1,associated with carotenoid metabolism,underwent significant down-regulation in 4nRR.Efficient editing of this candidate pigment gene provided clear evidence of its significant role in RCC coloration.Subsequently,we identified four divergent scarb1 homeologs in 4nRR:two original scarb1 homeologs from RCC and two duplicated ones.Notably,three of these homeologs possessed two highly conserved alleles,exhibiting biased and allelespecific expression in the skin.Remarkably,after precise editing of both the original and duplicated scarb1homeologs and/or alleles,4nRR individuals,whether singly or multiply mutated,displayed a transition from brownishyellow skin to a cyan-gray phenotype.Concurrently,the proportional areas of the cyan-gray regions displayed a gene-dose correlation.These findings illustrate the subfunctionalization of duplicated scarb1,with all scarb1genes synergistically and equally contributing to the pigmentation of 4nRR.This is the first report concerning the functional differentiation of duplicated homeologs in an autopolyploidfish,substantiallyenrichingour understanding of coloration formation and change within this group of organisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31372029)the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2014204047)the Hundred Excellent Innovation Talents Support Program of Hebei Province(BR2-217)
文摘Polyploidization has been demonstrated as a very effective approach in fruit tree improvement.Sour jujube(Ziziphus acidojujuba Cheng et Liu) is a promising diploid wild,traditional fruit species(2n = 2x = 24) that is rich in vitamin C,which is the main rootstock of Chinese jujube(Z.jujuba Mill.).The novel method we developed for rapid in vivo induction of homogeneous autopolyploids(IVIHA) via callus in Chinese jujube was first applied and further optimized in sour jujube.Under optimized conditions,an average of one pure autotetraploid shoot could be regenerated from one treated branch,thereby indicating a relatively high efficiency rate.A total of 9 pure autotetraploid genotypes were created,and one of these was released as a new cultivar named ‘Zhuguang' in 2015.Moreover,unexpected octoploids and hexaploids were also simultaneously created and detected.The leaves of tetraploids were thicker,broader,and darker in color than those of the original diploids,whereas the leaf sizes of octoploids were much smaller compared to that of diploids.However,stoma size increased with the occurrence of ploidy,mainly from diploid to octoploid.The well grown ploidies of jujube included diploids,triploids,and tetraploids.Anatomical observation indicated that adventitious buds/shoots emerged from the callus that formed on the cut,which was then followed by the development of connective vascular tissues between the adventitious bud and the stock plant tissue.This study demonstrates the universality of the IVIHA method that was initially developed in Chinese jujube,as well as provides a foundation for high-efficiency pure polyploid induction in sour jujube.
基金supported by the Special Grand National Science and Technology Project, China(2009ZX08009-076B)the Natural Science Foundation of China (30971700)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Z3100130)
文摘Polyploidy is pursued in plant breeding programs due mainly to its ability to yield larger vegetative or reproductive organs. In controlled growth chamber experiments, a tetraploid turnip （cv. Aijiaohuang, 4n） and its diploid progenitor （cv. Aijiaohuang, 2n） were evaluated for their tolerance to salinity stress via investigations on a group of physiological parameters. The results indicate that the tetraploid turnip exhibit better adaptation to a high concentration salt medium （200 mmol L-1）, as evidenced by a less-affected germination rate and a healthier morphological appearance at the seedling stage. Furthermore, an extension of salinity stress up to a certain period of time at the 5-7-leaf stage shows differences between the tetraploid turnip and its diploid progenitor. The former had a higher K＋/Na＋ ratio in the roots, higher glutathione concentration and antioxidant activities in the leaves, and smaller reductions in photosynthetic capacity in terms of leaf chlorophyll content. Studies on the differences between an autopolyploid and its respective relative, from which the autopolyploid originated, in terms of their tolerance to salinity and/or other abiotic stresses, have remained rather limited. The comparison is interesting due to a homogenous genetic background.
文摘通过转录组测序筛选草棉同源多倍体与二倍体相比差异表达基因,为同源多倍体的表型变化及其染色体加倍过程中遗传物质的变化提供基因表达水平的依据。本研究以草棉二倍体(CK)和同源多倍体后代为材料,通过流式细胞仪鉴定出同源三倍体(T)和同源四倍体(M)植株,比较同源四倍体与二倍体的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量生理指标,并进行转录组测序分析。草棉同源四倍体叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量均显著高于二倍体。DESeq差异分析结果表明, CK vs T、T vs M、CK vs M分别有4166 (2832个上调, 1334个下调)、4037 (1766个上调, 2271个下调)、4184 (2679个上调, 1505个下调)个DEGs,有205个DEGs是不同倍性植株两两比较的3组间共同表达的。GO功能分析表明, DEGs在膜的固有成分、膜的组成部分、催化活性等途径差异显著。KEGG富集分析表明, DEGs在类黄酮生物合成、苯丙烷生物合成、光合作用-天线蛋白等通路较为活跃。通过富集分析筛选CK vs T和CK vs M中与倍性相关的DEGs发现,多倍体在应激反应(62.46%和54.84%)、逆境反应(57.42%和53.85%)、细胞(70.16%和66.22%)、代谢(72.73%和66.14%)、生物活性物质和抗性(60.33%和63.37%)、光合(58.06%和63.16%)等方面的差异基因大都是上调表达,这可能是导致多倍体优势的关键因子。Nr注释信息CK vs M中共获得27个与抗性相关的基因(19个上调, 8个下调), 11个与光合相关的基因(9个上调,2个下调)。对不同倍性草棉与光合相关的27个DEGs进行聚类分析发现, 18个(66.67%)基因在四倍体中表达丰度最高。对3组间共同表达的205个DEGs进行Nr注释和表达情况分析发现,有30个基因都表现为上调表达,且在四倍体中表达量最高,7个基因都表现为下调表达,且在四倍体中表达量最低,这37个基因可能是受DNA剂量影响或是与植株倍性相关的基因。研究结果进一步表明多倍体植株在抗性、生长势、新陈代谢以及光合速率方面均优于二倍体。
