Transcription factor CabHLH035 promotes cold resistance and homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in pepper

Plant basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factors(TFs)play central roles in various abiotic stresses.However,its role in plant cold resistance is largely unknown.Previously,we characterised CaNAC035 in pepper,which positively regulates tolerance to cold,salt and drought stresses tolerance.Here,we identified CabHLH035,a CaNAC035-interacting protein in pepper.To explore its functions in cold stress tolerance,we silenced the gene in pepper via virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS)and overexpressed the gene in Arabidopsis.The results showed that CabHLH035 expression was induced by cold treatment,and silencing of CabHLH035 decreased cold stress tolerance.Conversely,overexpression of CabHLH035 in Arabidopsis increased cold stress tolerance.To investigate homologs genes of C-repeat binding factor(CBF)pathway proteins and reactive oxygen species(ROS)marker gene expression blocking by CabHLH035,we performed yeast one-hybrid(Y1H),dual luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay experiments.The results showed that CabHLH035 bound to the region upstream of the CaCBF1A and CaAPX promoters.Additionally,CaCBF1A bound to the CaDHN4 promoter.Taken together,our results showed that CabHLH035 plays a crucial role in cold stress tolerance and its potential as a target for breeding cold-resistant crops.The findings provide a basis for studying the functions and regulatory network of cold stress tolerance in pepper.

Melatonin mitigates cold-induced damage to pepper seedlings by promoting redox homeostasis and regulating antioxidant profiling

This study assessed the influence of exogenous ME in the mitigation of cold damage in pepper seedlings. Melatonin(ME) is a dynamic molecule that helps plants cope with stress in several ways. Cold stress(CS) is one of the most important environmental factors that restrict plant growth and yield. Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) is a valuable commercial crop, highly sensitive to CS. Thus, identifying an efficient strategy to mitigate cold damage is critical for long-term pepper production. For this purpose, the roots of pepper seedlings were pretreated with ME(5 μmol · L^(-1)) and exposed to CS for 7 d. The results indicated that CS suppressed pepper growth, hampered photosynthetic capacity, and damaged root architecture in pepper plants. In contrast, the production of reactive oxygen species(ROS), malondialdehyde(MDA), electrolyte leakage(EL), proline, and soluble sugars were enhanced in plants under CS. ME(5 μmol · L^(-1)) pretreatment reduced the negative effects of CS by recovering plant growth, root traits, gas exchange elements, and pigment molecules compared to CS control treatment. Furthermore, ME application efficiently reduced oxidative stress markers [hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)), superoxide ion(O_(2)^(·-)), EL, and MDA] while increasing proline and soluble sugar content in pepper leaves. ME application combined with CS further increased antioxidant enzymes and related gene expression. Collectively, our results confirmed the mitigating potential of ME supplementation for CS by maintaining pepper seedling growth,improving the photosynthesis apparatus, regulating pigments, and osmolyte content.

Hydrolytic and Antimicrobial Activities of Bacteria Isolated from Fermented Peppers Sold in Markets at Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo

Microorganisms are omnipresent in all environments and play mainly the role of transformers, thanks to the multiple enzymes they are able to produce. In order to valorize fermented foods in the Republic of the Congo, this work aimed to characterize and study some properties of microorganisms isolated from samples of peppers sold in three markets of Brazzaville. A numeration of the total aerobic mesophilic flora (TAMF) was made in a solid medium, allowing the evaluation of each sample’s microbial concentration. The microbial mass varied from 2.8 × 105 CFU/g for the Ouénzé sample to 1.8 × 104 CFU/g for the Total sample and 2 × 104 CFU/g for the Moungali market sample. The evaluation of the enzymatic properties of the Bacillus isolates showed that 68.42% were capable of producing cellulases and 78.94% were capable of producing amylases and proteases. Antimicrobial activities revealed that 63.15% of the isolates were able to secrete inhibitory substances against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular analysis by PCR amplification, sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and BLAST bioinformatics analysis provides newly identified bacteria strains with new accession numbers in GenBank: Bacillus thuringiensis MBCBR322 (OP474008), Bacillus megaterium MBCBJ1822 (OP476493), Bacillus thuringiensis MBCBR222 (OP476494), Priestia megaterium MBCBJ2022 (OP476495) and Lactobacillus paraplantarum MBCBR1522 (OP476496). Multiple sequences alignment of identified sequences with their homologs of GenBank has shown high similarities. The phylogenetic inference assay has provided the two groups of strains observed in this study, and the two groups are very coherent with the phylogeny of the reference.

Analysis of Fourteen Mycotoxins in Chili Peppers in Guizhou Province Combining DES-DLLME and UHPLC-MS/MS and Their Risk Evaluation

Mycotoxins exist widely in food and have a serious impact on human health.At present,most detection methods of mycotoxins are costly and time-consuming.Most of these methods are aimed at detecting a single type of mycotoxin,and the efficiency is not high.On this basis,in this study,QuEChERS-deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction was applied to extract and enrich 14 mycotoxins in chili peppers from the concept of green chemistry.A simple,time-consuming and environment-friendly multi-flux pretreatment method was established,and 100 chili pepper samples were randomly sampled from farmers'markets and supermarkets in major urban areas of Guizhou Province for detection,and risk assessment was carried out according to the detection results.

Variety Selection and Green Cultivation Technology of Courtyard Ornamental and Edible Peppers

In order to comply with the development trend of the multifunctional use of peppers,we conducted an investigation into the characteristics and features of varieties,potting management techniques,and the methods of extending the fruit ornamental period and other aspects of courtyard ornamental and edible peppers.A set of cultivation techniques suitable for courtyard ornamental and edible peppers has been developed,including timely sowing and seedling,nutrient soil preparation,water and fertilizer management,trimming and pruning,preservation of flowers and fruits,green prevention and control of diseases and pests,harvesting,and so on.

Fine-mapping and transcriptome analysis of the photosensitive leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1 in pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Leaf color is directly related to altered photosynthesis.Hence,leaf yellowing mutants can be widely used for the researching plant physiology and functional genomes,for cultivating new varieties of popular horticultural plants,and for identifying hybrid purity(as markers).Here,we constructed a^(60)Co-γF_(2)population from the leaf-yellowing mutant R24 via radiation mutation with the inbred line WT21 of pepper.Genetic analysis showed that the leaf-yellowing of the mutant was controlled by a single recessive gene.By applying the Bulk Segregation Analysis and Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR markers,the leaf-yellowing gene CaLY1(Capsicum annuum Leaf yellow 1)was mapped on chromosome 9,SNP5791587-SNP6011215,with a size of 214.5 kb.One non-synonymous mutated gene Capana09g000166 was found in the interval.The gene encoded a Psb X,which is the core complex of PSⅡ.Transcriptome analysis further showed that 2301 differentially expressed genes were identified under shading treatment for 24 h in R24.The Gene Ontology enrichment pathways were related to photosynthesis light harvesting,cell wall,activity of quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase and flavonoid metabolic process,which likely regulate the response of pepper leaves to different light levels.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the most abundant pathways were photosynthesis antenna proteins and metabolic.

Red light induces salicylic acid accumulation by activating CaHY5 to enhance pepper resistance against Phytophthora capsici

Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)is frequently challenged by various pathogens,among which Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating to pepper production.Red light signal acts as a positive induction of plant resistance against multiple pathogens.However,little is known about how the red light signal affects pepper resistance to P.capsici infection(PCI).Here,we report that red light regulates salicylic acid(SA)accumulation by activating elongated hypocotyl5(CaHY5),a basic leucine zipper(bZIP)transcription factor,thereby decreasing pepper susceptibility to PCI.Exogenous SA treatment reduced pepper susceptibility to PCI,while silencing of CaPHYB(a red light photoreceptor)increased its susceptibility.PCI significantly induced CaHY5 expression,and silencing of CaHY5 reduced SA accumulation,accompanied by decreases in the expression levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 3(CaPAL3),CaPAL7,pathogenesis-related 1(CaPR1),and CaPR1L,which finally resulted in higher susceptibility of pepper to PCI.Moreover,CaHY5 was found to activate the expression of CaPAL3 and CaPAL7,which are essential for SA biosynthesis,by directly binding to their promoters.Further analysis revealed that exogenous SA treatment could restore the resistance of CaHY5-silenced pepper plants to PCI.Collectively,this study reveals a critical mechanism through which red light induces SA accumulation by regulating CaHY5-mediated CaPAL3 and CaPAL7 expression,leading to enhanced resistance to PCI.Moreover,red light-induced CaHY5 regulates pepper resistance to PCI,which may have implications for PCI control in protected vegetable production.

A novel single-base mutation in CaSGR1 confers the stay-green phenotype in pepper

The stay-green trait is of considerable importance in extending the shelf life of green pepper fruit(Capsicum annuum L.)and in enhancing the appearance of ornamental plants.The study revealed the genetic and regulatory mechanisms of the stay-green trait in pepper,which will aid in the selection of ornamental pepper varieties.In this study,a pepper mutant with stay-green fruit named TNX348 was identified from a germplasm resource bank.Two segregating populations were constructed using the stay-green mutant TNX348 and then used in bulked segregant analysis combined with RNA sequencing and linkage analyses.The causal gene of the stay-green trait was mapped to an approximately 131-kb region,and a senescence-induced chloroplast protein gene,CaSGR1(Capana01g000359),was identified as a candidate gene.Sequencing analysis revealed a G→A single-base mutation of CaSGR1 in TNX348 that led to early termination of translation.Based on the single-base mutation,a single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)marker co-segregating with the stay-green trait was developed.Furthermore,in transcriptome analysis,expression patterns of 11 hormone transduction-related transcription factors,such as abscisic acid-insensitive(ABI),abscisic acidresponsive element-binding factor(ABF),and NAC transcription factor,were similar or opposite to that of CaSGR1.The results indicated that the transcription factors might mediate chlorophyll degradation by regulating the expression of CaSGR1.

Microscopic and metabolic investigations disclose the factors that lead to skin cracking in chili-type pepper fruit varieties

The hydrophobic cuticle encasing the fruit skin surface plays critical roles during fruit development and post-harvest.Skin failure often results in the fruit surface cracking and forming a wound-periderm tissue made of suberin and lignin.The factors that make the fruit skin susceptible to cracking have yet to be fully understood.Herein,we investigated two varieties of chili peppers(Capsicum annuum L.),Numex Garnet,whose fruit has intact skin,and Vezena Slatka,whose fruit has cracked skin.Microscopical observations,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,biochemical and gene expression assays revealed that Vezena Slatka fruit form a thicker cuticle with greater levels of cutin monomers and hydroxycinnamic acids,and highly express key cutin-related genes.The skin of these fruit also had a lower epidermal cell density due to cells with very large perimeters,and highly express genes involved in epidermal cell differentiation.We demonstrate that skin cracking in the Vezena Slatka fruit is accompanied by a spatial accumulation of lignin-like polyphenolic compounds,without the formation of a typical wound-periderm tissues made of suberized cells.Lastly,we establish that skin cracking in chili-type pepper significantly affects fruit quality during post-harvest storage in a temperature-dependent manner.In conclusion,our data highlight cuticle thickness and epidermal cell density as two critical factors determining fruit skin susceptibility to cracking in chili-type pepper fruit.

Effect of Dandelion(Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.)Intercropping with Different Plant Spacing on Blight and Growth of Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.)

Intercropping of crops that can secrete bacteriostatic active substances can not only inhibit the occurrence of disease but also have an important effect on plant growth.However,the effects of dandelion intercropping on pepper blight control and pepper growth remain unclear.In this study,the control effect of dandelion on pepper blight was studied by inoculating the pepper leaves with Phytophthora infestans,and it also discusses the correlation of the occurrence of pepper epidemic disease with the pepper canopy environment,soil environment,pepper photo-synthesis,and yield index.The results showed that best plant distance for dandelion intercropping was 20 cm(P20),and the control effect reached 43.31%.As compared to the CK,SOD enzyme,POD enzyme,and PAL enzyme were significantly up-regulated during the growth of pepper;chlorophyll content in pepper leaves was significantly increased;photosynthetic characteristics were significantly increased;stem diameter and yield of crop pepper were effectively improved;and the quality of the pepper product was better,but intercropping dandelion resulted in a significant decrease of nutrients in the soil environment of pepper,so a reasonable intercropping distance was needed.The correlation analysis shows that the incidence of pepper blight(A)was significantly positively correlated with soil temperature(Q),intercellular carbon dioxide(L),and canopy air temperature(O).The incidence of capsicum blight(A)was significantly negatively correlated with chlorophyll content(F),net photo-synthetic rate(K),stomatal conductance(M),ww rate(N),soil sucrase activity(W),vitamin C(AB),and leaf PAL enzyme(J).Finally,it was deduced that intercropping dandelion could effectively control the occurrence of pepper blight while also demonstrating a complex interaction with the pepper growing environment.

Fabric Fashion Flash Autumn-Winter 2011-2012

Italian Trade Commission (I.C.E) joined Ornella Bignami releasing the FABRIC FASHION FLASH AUTUMN-WINTER 2011-2012, in Intertex Shanghai, October.Enriched by an uninterrupted dialogue within the profession for over 25 years, through a fine tuned skill in deciphering major trends and social changes, Ornella Bignami has earned a wide credibility in the field of textile industry, fashion and home textile products.

Fountain Set Limited Launched New Products of 2011 Autumn-Winter Collections:Eco-friendliness and Multi-category

Fountain Set Limited announced that its branch brand'Fountain Set' was producing 2011 autumn-winter collections on the 2010 Intertextile Shanghai Apparel Fabrics Trade Fair,displaying new products

Effects of Polygonatum odoratum Polysaccharides on the Quality of White Chili Peppers in Jars

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Polygonatum odoratum polysaccharides on the quality of white chili peppers in jars.[Methods]White chili peppers were pickled by adding different concentrations of P.odoratum polysaccharides with traditional pickling technology,and its nitrite content,pH and sensory quality were analyzed and detected.[Results]The results showed that,compared with the control group without adding P.odoratum polysaccharides,the nitrite content in white chili peppers in jars decreased after adding P.odoratum polysaccharides.When the addition amount of P.odoratum polysaccharides was 0.002%,the inhibition rate of nitrite reached the maximum.Under the same fermentation time,P.odoratum polysaccharides could significantly reduce the pH value of pickles.When the addition amount of P.odoratum polysaccharide was 0.002%and the pickling time was 3 months,the sensory quality of white chili peppers in jars was the best.At this point,white chili peppers in jars had rich aroma and tasted soft and sour,and the sour and salinity were suitable.As the fermentation time continued to increase,the chili aroma of white chili peppers in jars gradually decreased,and the sour taste became more pronounced.[Conclusions]This study can provide reference for the safety and quality control of white chili peppers in jars.

辣椒新品种云干椒7号的选育

云干椒7号是以自交系258-1-2-3-1X-1为母本,以丘北辣椒优异单株390-1-1为父本配制而成的干制辣椒一代杂种。植株生长势及分枝性强,中熟,定植至采收约100 d(天),坐果率高;果实线形,老熟果深红色,平均果长11.5 cm,横径1.1 cm,干制后果面光滑油亮,平均单果干质量1.3 g,香辣味浓,辣椒素含量0.12%,VC含量1570.13 mg·kg^(-1);抗疫病,每667 m^(2)鲜椒产量920~1080 kg,干椒产量230~270 kg,制干率约25%,适宜云南省文山、曲靖、昭通、楚雄等干椒主产区及海拔2200 m以下的小果干椒类型地区春季栽培。

化肥减施下不同生物质炭对大棚辣椒生长及产量品质的影响

通过田间试验,考察化肥减施条件下两种小麦秸秆生物质炭在辣椒生产上的应用效果。结果表明,在氮磷钾总养分量减少30%以上的条件下,生物质炭1号(T1)、生物质炭2号(T2)均可明显改善土壤理化性质,提高大棚辣椒的产量与品质。与不施生物质炭(CK)相比,T1和T2处理的土壤有机质含量分别提高了15.57%和30.54%,辣椒产量分别提高了16.28%和12.66%,差异均显著;T1处理辣椒果实干物质、VC含量均最高,T2处理的可溶性糖、蛋白质含量均最高。综合对比两种生物质炭施肥处理效果,T1处理促进辣椒增产的效果较好,T2处理提升辣椒品质的效果较好。

加工型辣椒种质资源遗传多样性分析

为了解加工型辣椒种质资源的遗传多样性,本研究对33份加工型辣椒种质的24个农艺性状、8个品质性状和炭疽病抗性进行遗传多样性、相关性和聚类分析。结果表明,24个农艺性状中株幅、果梗长度、果肉厚的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)较大,性状遗传较丰富;单株产量变异系数最大(73.55%),心室数变异系数最小(9.18%)。单株产量与果肉厚、果纵径、果横径极显著正相关。8个品质性状中,辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量的变异系数较大,分别为106.98%和112.44%。相关性分析表明,辣度与粗纤维和蛋白质含量显著正相关,与辣椒素和二氢辣椒素含量极显著正相关,与水分含量显著负相关。根据品质性状的隶属度将33份加工型辣椒种质聚为三大类群(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),平均隶属度分别为0.32、0.47、0.64。炭疽病抗性与农艺、品质性状相关性分析表明,辣椒炭疽病抗性与水分含量、果纵径、心室数极显著正相关,与蛋白质、粗纤维含量极显著负相关。本研究结果可为加工型辣椒品种的应用及选育提供一定的理论依据。

辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成的分子遗传学研究进展

辣椒(Capsicumspp.)属于茄科辣椒属,作为一种蔬菜和香料作物在世界各地得到广泛栽培。除作为烹饪食材和香料应用外,辣椒在制药和化妆品领域也有广泛的用途。类胡萝卜素是一类天然色素的总称,参与植物许多重要的代谢过程,如光合作用、光保护、光形态建成和生长发育等。类胡萝卜素具有多种生物活性,是辣椒果实主要的营养物质之一,培育类胡萝卜素含量更高的辣椒品种需要全面深入了解其生物合成及其调控的分子机制。分子生物学和生物技术的发展促进了类胡萝卜素生物合成基因的鉴定,为培育类胡萝卜素含量更高的辣椒新品种提供了机会。该文描述了类胡萝卜素的生理作用、类胡萝卜素与辣椒果实颜色、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成途径的结构基因及调控因子、辣椒果实颜色的分子遗传学及与辣椒果实颜色有关的QTL位点等方面的研究进展。牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶(GGPS)、八氢番茄红素合成酶(PSY)、八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)、ζ-胡萝卜素去饱和酶(ZDS)、番茄红素环化酶(LCY)、辣椒红素-辣椒玉红素合成酶(CCS)等是辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成通路的端口酶和限速酶,其表达丰度和活性高低直接调控辣椒体内类胡萝卜素的含量。MYB306、DIVARICATA1、BBX20等转录因子参与辣椒类胡萝卜素生物合成的调控。类胡萝卜素生物合成和调控基因的多样性决定类胡萝卜素单体的数量和含量,影响辣椒果实呈现的颜色。基于目前研究进展,该文对未来辣椒类胡萝卜素代谢研究进行了展望,以期为今后培育富含类胡萝卜素的生物强化型辣椒新品种提供新思路。

四川辣椒炭疽病菌鉴定及防治药剂筛选研究

为明确四川辣椒产区辣椒炭疽病致病菌株,筛选有效防治药剂,采集并分离鉴定了资阳、盐源等7个辣椒产区的辣椒炭疽病菌,采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病菌的室内毒力,采用离体果实法测定6种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病的防治效果。结果表明,7个辣椒产区分离到的辣椒炭疽病菌均为Colletotrichum scovillei;C.scovillei菌丝对咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、氟啶胺、腈菌唑敏感性较高;6种杀菌剂对辣椒炭疽病均有较好的防治效果,防效由高到低依次为咪鲜胺(95.66%)>戊唑醇(92.43%)>氟环唑(81.00%)>腈菌唑(75.29%)>氟啶胺(72.40%)>苯醚甲环唑(67.67%)。

基于改进YOLO v5的复杂环境下花椒簇识别与定位方法

花椒树产果量大,枝干纵横交错,树叶茂密,给花椒的自动化采摘带来了困难。因此,本文设计一种基于改进YOLO v5的复杂环境下花椒簇的快速识别与定位方法。通过在主干提取网络CSPDarknet的CSPLayer层和Neck的上采样之后增加高效通道注意力ECA(Efficient channel attention)来简化CSPLayer层的计算量,提升了特征提取能力。同时在下采样层增加协同注意力机制CA(Coordinate attention),减少下采样过程中信息的损失,强化特征空间信息,配合热力图(Grad-CAM)和点云深度图,来完成花椒簇的空间定位。测试结果表明,与原YOLO v5相比较,改进的网络将残差计算减少至1次,保证了模型轻量化,提升了效率。同帧数区间下,改进后的网络精度为96.27%,对比3个同类特征提取网络YOLO v5、YOLO v5-tiny、Faster R-CNN,改进后网络精确度P分别提升5.37、3.35、15.37个百分点,连株花椒簇的分离识别能力也有较大提升。实验结果表明,自然环境下系统平均识别率为81.60%、漏检率为18.39%,能够满足花椒簇识别要求,为移动端部署创造了条件。

基于主成分和聚类分析7个深绿线椒品种的商品品质和产量评价

【目的】探明深绿线椒品种的商品品质和产量差异,为贵州辣椒产业品种结构调整和优势区域布局提供科学依据。【方法】以7个深绿线椒品种(长辣七号、湘辣17号、卓椒七号、卓椒八号、香辣八号、红冠303、泰丰五号)为研究对象,采用SPSS 26.0进行变异系数分析和主成分分析,Origin 2022进行相关性和聚类分析,对其商品品质与产量进行综合评价。【结果】7个深绿线椒品种的商品品质及产量性状变异系数为6.91%~28.17%,其中,以果形指数变异系数最小,单果鲜重的变异系数最大;单果鲜重与果纵径、鲜椒产量与干物质含量分别呈极显著相关性,果纵径与果横径、单果鲜重与果横径、干椒产量与单株挂果数、单株挂果数与果纵径、单株挂果数与单果鲜重、单果鲜重与干物质含量分别呈显著相关性。基于深绿线椒品种的9个性状,通过主成分分析建立综合表现评价模型,得出品种卓椒七号的综合表现最佳,其产量最高,达2410 kg/667m^(2)。聚类分析将7个线椒品种分为适合鲜加工(长辣七号、红冠303、香辣八号和湘辣17号)、既适合鲜加工又适合干加工(泰丰五号和卓椒八号)及适合绿熟期采收上市(卓椒七号)3类。【结论】7个深绿线椒品种的多样性丰富,单果鲜重、果横径、果纵径、单株挂果数是构成鲜椒产量的主要因素,单株挂果数是构成干椒产量的主要因素;卓椒七号鲜椒产量最高,适合在绿熟期采收上市;卓椒八号果形和果肉厚适中,鲜椒和干椒产量中上,是理想的加工型辣椒品种。