The high-temperature performance of 4H-SiC ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes(APDs)in both linear and Geiger modes is extensively investigated.During the temperature-dependent measurements,a fixed bias voltage is adopt...The high-temperature performance of 4H-SiC ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes(APDs)in both linear and Geiger modes is extensively investigated.During the temperature-dependent measurements,a fixed bias voltage is adopted for the device samples,which is much more practical and important for high-temperature applications.The results show that the fabricated 4H-SiC APDs are very stable and reliable at high temperatures.As the temperature increases from room temperature to 425 K,the dark current at 95%of the breakdown voltage increases slightly and remains lower than40 pA.In Geiger mode,our 4H-SiC APDs can be self-quenched in a passive-quenching circuit,which is expected for highspeed detection systems.Moreover,an interesting phenomenon is observed for the first time:the single-photon detection efficiency shows a non-monotonic variation as a function of temperature.The physical mechanism of the variation in hightemperature performance is further analyzed.The results in this work can provide a fundamental reference for researchers in the field of 4H-SiC APD ultraviolet detectors.展开更多
This paper describes a guardring-free planar InAlAs/InGaAs avalanche photodiode(APD)by computational simulations and experimental results.The APD adopts the structure of separate absorption,charge,and multiplication(S...This paper describes a guardring-free planar InAlAs/InGaAs avalanche photodiode(APD)by computational simulations and experimental results.The APD adopts the structure of separate absorption,charge,and multiplication(SACM)with top-illuminated.Computational simulations demonstrate how edge breakdown effect is suppressed in the guardringfree structure.The fabricated APD experiment results show that it can obtain a very low dark current while achieving a high gain×bandwidth(GB)product.The dark current is 3 nA at 0.9Vb r,and the unit responsivity is 0.4 A/W.The maximum3 dB bandwidth of 24 GHz and a GB product of 360 GHz are achieved for the fabricated APD operating at 1.55μm.展开更多
A Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiode(SAM-APD)with mesa structure has been proposed and simulated.The simulation is based on an optimized Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond heterostructure...A Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiode(SAM-APD)with mesa structure has been proposed and simulated.The simulation is based on an optimized Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond heterostructure TCAD physical model,which is revised by repeated comparison with the experimental data from the literature.Since both Ga_(2)O_(3)and diamond are ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor materials,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond SAM-APD shows good solar-blind detection ability,and the corresponding cutoff wavelength is about 263 nm.The doping distribution and the electric field distribution of the SAM-APD are discussed,and the simulation results show that the gain of the designed device can reach 5×10^(4)and the peak responsivity can reach a value as high as 78 A/W.展开更多
4H-SiC single photon counting avalanche photodiodes(SPADs)are prior devices for weak ultraviolet(UV)signal detection with the advantages of small size,low leakage current,high avalanche multiplication gain,and high qu...4H-SiC single photon counting avalanche photodiodes(SPADs)are prior devices for weak ultraviolet(UV)signal detection with the advantages of small size,low leakage current,high avalanche multiplication gain,and high quantum efficiency,which benefit from the large bandgap energy,high carrier drift velocity and excellent physical stability of 4 H-SiC semiconductor material.UV detectors are widely used in many key applications,such as missile plume detection,corona discharge,UV astronomy,and biological and chemical agent detection.In this paper,we will describe basic concepts and review recent results on device design,process development,and basic characterizations of 4 H-SiC avalanche photodiodes.Several promising device structures and uniformity of avalanche multiplication are discussed,which are important for achieving high performance of 4 HSiC UV SPADs.展开更多
Silicon photonics technology has drawn significant interest due to its potential for compact and high-performance photonic integrated circuits.The Ge-or III-V material-based avalanche photodiodes integrated on silicon...Silicon photonics technology has drawn significant interest due to its potential for compact and high-performance photonic integrated circuits.The Ge-or III-V material-based avalanche photodiodes integrated on silicon photonics provide ideal high sensitivity optical receivers for telecommunication wavelengths.Herein,the last advances of monolithic and hetero-geneous avalanche photodiodes on silicon are reviewed,including different device structures and semiconductor systems.展开更多
We demonstrate two short-wavelength infrared avalanche photodiodes based on InAs/GaSb superlattice grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.The difference between the two devices,namely,p+n-n+and p+nn-n+,is th...We demonstrate two short-wavelength infrared avalanche photodiodes based on InAs/GaSb superlattice grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.The difference between the two devices,namely,p+n-n+and p+nn-n+,is that the p+nn-n+device possesses an additional middle-doped layer to separate the multiplication region from the absorption region.By properly controlling the electric field distribution in the p+nn-n+device,an electric field of 906 kV/cm has been achieved,which is 2.6 times higher than that in the p+n-n+device.At a reverse bias of-0.1 V at 77 K,both devices show a 100%cut-off wavelength of 2.25μm.The p+n-n+and p+nn-n+show a dark current density of 1.5×10^-7 A/cm^2 and 1.8×10^-8 A/cm^2,and a peak responsivity about 0.35 A/W and 0.40 A/W at 1.5μm,respectively.A maximum multiplication gain of 55 is achieved in the p+nn-n+device while the value is only less than 2 in the p+n-n+device.Exponential nature of the gain characteristic as a function of reverse bias confirms a single carrier hole dominated impact ionization.展开更多
We characterized the dependence of the timing jitter of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode on the excess bias voltage(V_(ex)) when operated in 1-GHz sinusoidally gated mode.The single-photon avalanche diode w...We characterized the dependence of the timing jitter of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode on the excess bias voltage(V_(ex)) when operated in 1-GHz sinusoidally gated mode.The single-photon avalanche diode was cooled to-30 degrees Celsius.When the V_(ex) is too low(0.2 V-0.8 V) or too high(3 V-4.2 V),the timing jitter is increased with the V_(ex),particularly at high V_(ex).While at middle V_(ex)(1 V-2.8 V),the timing jitter is reduced.Measurements of the timing jitter of the same avalanche diode with pulsed gating show that this effect is likely related to the increase of both the amplitude of the V_(ex) and the width of the gate-on time.For the 1-GHz sinusoidally gated detector,the best jitter of 93 ps is achieved with a photon detection efficiency of 21.4%and a dark count rate of ~2.08×10^(-5) per gate at the V_(ex) of 2.8 V.To evaluate the whole performance of the detector,we calculated the noise equivalent power(NEP) and the afterpulse probability(P_(ap)).It is found that both NEP and P_(ap) increase quickly when the V_(ex) is above 2.8 V.At ~2.8-V V_(ex),the NEP and P_(ap) are ~2.06×10^(16)W/Hz^(1/2) and 7.11%,respectively.Therefore,the detector should be operated with V_(ex) of 2.8 V to exploit the fast time response,low NEP and low P_(ap).展开更多
To suppress the electric field crowding at sidewall and improve the detection sensitivity of the AlGaN separate absorption and multiplication(SAM)avalanche photodiodes(APDs),we propose the new AlGaN APDs structure com...To suppress the electric field crowding at sidewall and improve the detection sensitivity of the AlGaN separate absorption and multiplication(SAM)avalanche photodiodes(APDs),we propose the new AlGaN APDs structure combining a large-area mesa with a field plate(FP).The simulated results show that the proposed AlGaN APDs exhibit a significant increase in avalanche gain,about two orders of magnitude,compared to their counterparts without FP structure,which is attributed to the suppression of electric field crowding at sidewall of multiplication layer and the reduction of the maximum electric field at the p-type GaN sidewall in p-n depletion region.Meanwhile,the APDs can produce an obviously enhanced photocurrent due to the increase in cross sectional area of multiplication region.展开更多
Avalanche photodiodes are widely utilized in research, military and commercial applications which make them attractive for further development. In this paper the results of numerical simulations of uncooled InGaAs/InA...Avalanche photodiodes are widely utilized in research, military and commercial applications which make them attractive for further development. In this paper the results of numerical simulations of uncooled InGaAs/InAlAs/InP based photodiodes are presented. The devices were optimized for 1.55 μm wavelength detection. For device modeling the APSYS Crosslight software was used. Simulated structure consists of separate absorption, charge and multiplication layers with undepleted absorption region and thin charge layer. Based on numerical calculations, the device characteristics like band diagram, dark current, photo current, gain, breakdown voltage and gain bandwidth product were evaluated. The simulation results highlight importance of Zener effect in avalanche photodiode operation.展开更多
In this paper,high-uniformity 2×64 silicon avalanche photodiode[APD]arrays are reported.Silicon multiple epitaxy technology was used,and the high performance APD arrays based on double-layer epiwafers are achieve...In this paper,high-uniformity 2×64 silicon avalanche photodiode[APD]arrays are reported.Silicon multiple epitaxy technology was used,and the high performance APD arrays based on double-layer epiwafers are achieved for the first time,to the best of our knowledge.A high-uniformity breakdown voltage with a fluctuation of smaller than 3.5 V is obtained for the fabricated APD arrays.The dark currents are below 90 pA for all 128 pixels at unity gain voltage.The pixels in the APD arrays show a gain factor of larger than 300 and a peak responsivity of 0.53 A/W@M=1 at 850 nm[corresponding to maximum external quantum efficiency of 81%]at room temperature.Quick optical pulse response time was measured,and a corresponding cutoff frequency up to 100 MHz was obtained.展开更多
Linearity is a very important parameter to measure the performance of avalanche photodiodes(APDs) under high input optical power. In this paper, the influence of the absorption layer on the linearity of APDs is carefu...Linearity is a very important parameter to measure the performance of avalanche photodiodes(APDs) under high input optical power. In this paper, the influence of the absorption layer on the linearity of APDs is carefully studied by using bandgap engineering with the structure model of separated absorption, grading, charge, multiplication, charge, and transit(SAGCMCT). The simulated results show that in the hybrid absorption layer device structure the 1 d B compression point can be improved from-9 d Bm to-2.1 d Bm by increasing the proportion of the p-type absorption layer. In the device structure with only one absorption layer, increasing the doping level of the absorption layer can also improve the 1 d B compression point from-8.6 d Bm to 1.43 d Bm at a gain of 10. Therefore, the absorption layer is very critical for the linearity of APDs.展开更多
Understanding detailed avalanche mechanisms is critical for design optimization of avalanche photodiodes(APDs).In this work,avalanche characteristics and single photon counting performance of 4H-SiC n-i-p and p-i-n AP...Understanding detailed avalanche mechanisms is critical for design optimization of avalanche photodiodes(APDs).In this work,avalanche characteristics and single photon counting performance of 4H-SiC n-i-p and p-i-n APDs are compared.By studying the evolution of breakdown voltage as a function of incident light wavelength,it is confirmed that at the deep ultraviolet(UV)wavelength region the avalanche events in 4H-SiC n-i-p APDs are mainly induced by hole-initiated ionization,while electron-initiated ionization is the main cause of avalanche breakdown in 4H-SiC p-i-n APDs.Meanwhile,at the same dark count rate,the single photon counting efficiency of n-i-p APDs is considerably higher than that of p-i-n APDs.The higher performance of n-i-p APDs can be explained by the larger impact ionization coefficient of holes in 4H-SiC.In addition,this is the first time,to the best of our knowledge,to report single photon detection performance of vertical 4H-SiC n-i-p-n APDs.展开更多
The introduction of a double-chopping scheme eliminates the background level in the optical sampling system, where a Si avalanche photodiode acts as a two-photon absorber. We successfully demonstrate background-free o...The introduction of a double-chopping scheme eliminates the background level in the optical sampling system, where a Si avalanche photodiode acts as a two-photon absorber. We successfully demonstrate background-free optical sampling of 40-GHz and 160-GHz pulse trains.展开更多
To optimize the dark current characteristic and detection efficiency of the 1550 nm weak light signal at room temperature,this work proposes a Ge-on-Si avalanche photodiode[APD]in Geiger mode,which could operate at 30...To optimize the dark current characteristic and detection efficiency of the 1550 nm weak light signal at room temperature,this work proposes a Ge-on-Si avalanche photodiode[APD]in Geiger mode,which could operate at 300 K.This lateral separate absorption charge multiplication APD shows a low breakdown voltage[V_(br)]in Geiger mode of-7.42 V and low dark current of 0.096 n A at unity gain voltage[V_(Gain)=1=-7.03 V].Combined with an RF amplifier module and counter,the detection system demonstrates a low dark count rate[DCR]of 1.1×10^(6) counts per second and high detection efficiencyηof 7.8%for 1550 nm weak coherent pulse detection at 300 K.The APD reported in this work weakens the dependence of the weak optical signal recognition on the low environment temperature and makes single-chip integration of the single-photon level detection system possible.展开更多
We report a method to reduce the detection delay temperature drift for a single-photon detector based on the avalanche photodiode(SPAD). Both the SPAD and the comparator were temperature stabilized, resulting in an ul...We report a method to reduce the detection delay temperature drift for a single-photon detector based on the avalanche photodiode(SPAD). Both the SPAD and the comparator were temperature stabilized, resulting in an ultra-low temperature drift at 0.01 ps/°C. A stable time deviation as 0.15 ps over 1000 s was realized, while the ambient temperature fluctuated rapidly from 24°C to 44°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the ultra-stable delay SPAD detector in the case of rapid increase or decrease of ambient temperature. It is helpful to improve the stability of onboard detectors for optical laser time transfer between ground and space.展开更多
Photon-counting LiDAR using a two-dimensional(2D)array detector has the advantages of high lateral resolution and fast acquisition speed.The non-uniform intensity profile of the illumination beam and non-uniform quant...Photon-counting LiDAR using a two-dimensional(2D)array detector has the advantages of high lateral resolution and fast acquisition speed.The non-uniform intensity profile of the illumination beam and non-uniform quantum efficiency of the detectors in the 2D array deteriorate the imaging quality.Herein,we propose a photon-counting LiDAR system that uses a spatial light modulator to control the spatial intensity to compensate for both the non-uniform intensity profile of the illumination beam,and the variation in the quantum efficiency of the detectors in the 2D array.By using a 635 nm peak wavelength and 4 mW average power semiconductor laser,lab-based experiments at a 4.27 m stand-off distance are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with the unmodulated method,the standard deviation of the intensity image of the proposed method is reduced from 0.109 to 0.089 for a whiteboard target,with an average signal photon number of 0.006 per pixel.展开更多
As is well known,the basic intrinsic properties of materials can be significant for their practical applications.In this work,the room-temperature absorption,transmittance,reflectance spectra,and relative photoelectri...As is well known,the basic intrinsic properties of materials can be significant for their practical applications.In this work,the room-temperature absorption,transmittance,reflectance spectra,and relative photoelectricities parameters of the Mg4Ta2O9 crystals are demonstrated.Meanwhile,the polarized Raman spectra of Mg4Ta2O9 crystals are also described.The room-temperature photoluminescence(PL)and the temperature-dependent PL for Mg4Ta2O9 crystals are obtained.Significantly,we observe a phonon-participated PL process in Mg4Ta2O9.展开更多
The combination of Radio Frequency and Optical Fiber has resulted high capacity transmission at lower costs components and makes Radio over Fiber as a current trend of large broadband communication. In Fiber optics fi...The combination of Radio Frequency and Optical Fiber has resulted high capacity transmission at lower costs components and makes Radio over Fiber as a current trend of large broadband communication. In Fiber optics field, the use of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) was been proposed in recent research with different purpose of uses. However, the compensation of dispersion method of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) can boost significantly the system performance. This paper investigates the performance capacity improvement of adaptive Radio over Fiber system. The system design was performed using OptiSystem 7.0 software, which 10 Gb/s Non Return to Zero (NRZ) signal was launched into 50 Km Universal Mode Fiber and Fiber Bragg Grating was used as a compensator of dispersion before frequency up conversion. Therefore, the system performances were investigated by comparing the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Q-factors of Positive Intrinsic Negative (PIN) and Ultrafast Avalanche Photodiode (APD) as optical receivers. The Eye diagram analyzer showed acceptable improvement due to use of Fiber Bragg Grating as a compensator of dispersion.展开更多
Avalanche-photodiode-based near-infrared single-photon detectors have seen rapid development in the last two decades because of their enormous internal gain,high sensitivity,fast response,small vol-ume,and ease of int...Avalanche-photodiode-based near-infrared single-photon detectors have seen rapid development in the last two decades because of their enormous internal gain,high sensitivity,fast response,small vol-ume,and ease of integration.The InGaAs/InP near-infrared single-photon detector is the most widely used avalanche diode at present.Its device performance is still being continuously improved through the optimization of device structure and external quenching circuits.This paper analyzes the latest development and application of these InGaAs/InP photodiodes,then briefly re views other near-infrared single-photon detection technologies based on new materials and new mechanisms.展开更多
The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in emerging photodetectors built from two-dimensional(2D)layered materials.A major driver of this trend is the growing demands for lightweight,uncooled,and...The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in emerging photodetectors built from two-dimensional(2D)layered materials.A major driver of this trend is the growing demands for lightweight,uncooled,and even flexible photodetection technology.However,2D layered materials always suffer from low light absorption coefficients due to their atomically thin nature.Impact ionization,which can achieve carrier multiplication,is a promising strategy to design 2D photodetectors with high detection efficiency.In this review,typical types of photodetection mechanisms in 2D photodetectors are first summarized.We then discuss the avalanche mechanism induced by impact ionization and avalanche photodetectors based on conventional silicon and III–V compound semiconductors.Finally,a host of emerging avalanche photodetectors based on 2D materials and their van der Waals heterostructures,and their potential applications in the field of photon-counting technologies are detailed.By reviewing the recent progress and discussing challenges faced by 2D avalanche photodetectors,this review aims to provide perspectives on future research directions of 2D material-based ultrasensitive photodetectors such as single-photon detectors.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61974134)Hebei Province Outstanding Youth Fund(Grant No.F2021516001).
文摘The high-temperature performance of 4H-SiC ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes(APDs)in both linear and Geiger modes is extensively investigated.During the temperature-dependent measurements,a fixed bias voltage is adopted for the device samples,which is much more practical and important for high-temperature applications.The results show that the fabricated 4H-SiC APDs are very stable and reliable at high temperatures.As the temperature increases from room temperature to 425 K,the dark current at 95%of the breakdown voltage increases slightly and remains lower than40 pA.In Geiger mode,our 4H-SiC APDs can be self-quenched in a passive-quenching circuit,which is expected for highspeed detection systems.Moreover,an interesting phenomenon is observed for the first time:the single-photon detection efficiency shows a non-monotonic variation as a function of temperature.The physical mechanism of the variation in hightemperature performance is further analyzed.The results in this work can provide a fundamental reference for researchers in the field of 4H-SiC APD ultraviolet detectors.
基金the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2020YFB1805701)the National Natural Foundation of China(Grant No.61934003)。
文摘This paper describes a guardring-free planar InAlAs/InGaAs avalanche photodiode(APD)by computational simulations and experimental results.The APD adopts the structure of separate absorption,charge,and multiplication(SACM)with top-illuminated.Computational simulations demonstrate how edge breakdown effect is suppressed in the guardringfree structure.The fabricated APD experiment results show that it can obtain a very low dark current while achieving a high gain×bandwidth(GB)product.The dark current is 3 nA at 0.9Vb r,and the unit responsivity is 0.4 A/W.The maximum3 dB bandwidth of 24 GHz and a GB product of 360 GHz are achieved for the fabricated APD operating at 1.55μm.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3608602)the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission(Grant No.Z181100004418009)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61927806)。
文摘A Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond separate absorption and multiplication avalanche photodiode(SAM-APD)with mesa structure has been proposed and simulated.The simulation is based on an optimized Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond heterostructure TCAD physical model,which is revised by repeated comparison with the experimental data from the literature.Since both Ga_(2)O_(3)and diamond are ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor materials,the Ga_(2)O_(3)/diamond SAM-APD shows good solar-blind detection ability,and the corresponding cutoff wavelength is about 263 nm.The doping distribution and the electric field distribution of the SAM-APD are discussed,and the simulation results show that the gain of the designed device can reach 5×10^(4)and the peak responsivity can reach a value as high as 78 A/W.
基金supported in part by National Key R&D Program of China under Grant No. 2016YFB0400902in part by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘4H-SiC single photon counting avalanche photodiodes(SPADs)are prior devices for weak ultraviolet(UV)signal detection with the advantages of small size,low leakage current,high avalanche multiplication gain,and high quantum efficiency,which benefit from the large bandgap energy,high carrier drift velocity and excellent physical stability of 4 H-SiC semiconductor material.UV detectors are widely used in many key applications,such as missile plume detection,corona discharge,UV astronomy,and biological and chemical agent detection.In this paper,we will describe basic concepts and review recent results on device design,process development,and basic characterizations of 4 H-SiC avalanche photodiodes.Several promising device structures and uniformity of avalanche multiplication are discussed,which are important for achieving high performance of 4 HSiC UV SPADs.
文摘Silicon photonics technology has drawn significant interest due to its potential for compact and high-performance photonic integrated circuits.The Ge-or III-V material-based avalanche photodiodes integrated on silicon photonics provide ideal high sensitivity optical receivers for telecommunication wavelengths.Herein,the last advances of monolithic and hetero-geneous avalanche photodiodes on silicon are reviewed,including different device structures and semiconductor systems.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61874179,61804161,and 61975121)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2019YFB2203400).
文摘We demonstrate two short-wavelength infrared avalanche photodiodes based on InAs/GaSb superlattice grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition.The difference between the two devices,namely,p+n-n+and p+nn-n+,is that the p+nn-n+device possesses an additional middle-doped layer to separate the multiplication region from the absorption region.By properly controlling the electric field distribution in the p+nn-n+device,an electric field of 906 kV/cm has been achieved,which is 2.6 times higher than that in the p+n-n+device.At a reverse bias of-0.1 V at 77 K,both devices show a 100%cut-off wavelength of 2.25μm.The p+n-n+and p+nn-n+show a dark current density of 1.5×10^-7 A/cm^2 and 1.8×10^-8 A/cm^2,and a peak responsivity about 0.35 A/W and 0.40 A/W at 1.5μm,respectively.A maximum multiplication gain of 55 is achieved in the p+nn-n+device while the value is only less than 2 in the p+n-n+device.Exponential nature of the gain characteristic as a function of reverse bias confirms a single carrier hole dominated impact ionization.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11275024,61274024,and 61474123)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,China(Grant No.2013105)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Grant Nos.2013YQ030595-3 and 2011AA120101)
文摘We characterized the dependence of the timing jitter of an InGaAs/InP single-photon avalanche diode on the excess bias voltage(V_(ex)) when operated in 1-GHz sinusoidally gated mode.The single-photon avalanche diode was cooled to-30 degrees Celsius.When the V_(ex) is too low(0.2 V-0.8 V) or too high(3 V-4.2 V),the timing jitter is increased with the V_(ex),particularly at high V_(ex).While at middle V_(ex)(1 V-2.8 V),the timing jitter is reduced.Measurements of the timing jitter of the same avalanche diode with pulsed gating show that this effect is likely related to the increase of both the amplitude of the V_(ex) and the width of the gate-on time.For the 1-GHz sinusoidally gated detector,the best jitter of 93 ps is achieved with a photon detection efficiency of 21.4%and a dark count rate of ~2.08×10^(-5) per gate at the V_(ex) of 2.8 V.To evaluate the whole performance of the detector,we calculated the noise equivalent power(NEP) and the afterpulse probability(P_(ap)).It is found that both NEP and P_(ap) increase quickly when the V_(ex) is above 2.8 V.At ~2.8-V V_(ex),the NEP and P_(ap) are ~2.06×10^(16)W/Hz^(1/2) and 7.11%,respectively.Therefore,the detector should be operated with V_(ex) of 2.8 V to exploit the fast time response,low NEP and low P_(ap).
基金the Natural Science Research Project of Anhui University,China(Grant No.KJ2019A0644)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61634002 and 61804089)+3 种基金the Natural Science Alliance Foundation,China(Grant No.U1830109)the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.1708085MF149)the Chuzhou University Research Project,China(Grant No.zrjz2019002)the Project of the Higher Educational and Technology Program of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.J16LN04).
文摘To suppress the electric field crowding at sidewall and improve the detection sensitivity of the AlGaN separate absorption and multiplication(SAM)avalanche photodiodes(APDs),we propose the new AlGaN APDs structure combining a large-area mesa with a field plate(FP).The simulated results show that the proposed AlGaN APDs exhibit a significant increase in avalanche gain,about two orders of magnitude,compared to their counterparts without FP structure,which is attributed to the suppression of electric field crowding at sidewall of multiplication layer and the reduction of the maximum electric field at the p-type GaN sidewall in p-n depletion region.Meanwhile,the APDs can produce an obviously enhanced photocurrent due to the increase in cross sectional area of multiplication region.
基金partially supported by The National Centre for Research and Development,Poland under project No N R02 0025 06support from MPNS COST ACTION MP1204-TERA-MIR Radiation:Materials,Generation,Detection and Applications.
文摘Avalanche photodiodes are widely utilized in research, military and commercial applications which make them attractive for further development. In this paper the results of numerical simulations of uncooled InGaAs/InAlAs/InP based photodiodes are presented. The devices were optimized for 1.55 μm wavelength detection. For device modeling the APSYS Crosslight software was used. Simulated structure consists of separate absorption, charge and multiplication layers with undepleted absorption region and thin charge layer. Based on numerical calculations, the device characteristics like band diagram, dark current, photo current, gain, breakdown voltage and gain bandwidth product were evaluated. The simulation results highlight importance of Zener effect in avalanche photodiode operation.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2018YFE0200900)。
文摘In this paper,high-uniformity 2×64 silicon avalanche photodiode[APD]arrays are reported.Silicon multiple epitaxy technology was used,and the high performance APD arrays based on double-layer epiwafers are achieved for the first time,to the best of our knowledge.A high-uniformity breakdown voltage with a fluctuation of smaller than 3.5 V is obtained for the fabricated APD arrays.The dark currents are below 90 pA for all 128 pixels at unity gain voltage.The pixels in the APD arrays show a gain factor of larger than 300 and a peak responsivity of 0.53 A/W@M=1 at 850 nm[corresponding to maximum external quantum efficiency of 81%]at room temperature.Quick optical pulse response time was measured,and a corresponding cutoff frequency up to 100 MHz was obtained.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFB2200803)。
文摘Linearity is a very important parameter to measure the performance of avalanche photodiodes(APDs) under high input optical power. In this paper, the influence of the absorption layer on the linearity of APDs is carefully studied by using bandgap engineering with the structure model of separated absorption, grading, charge, multiplication, charge, and transit(SAGCMCT). The simulated results show that in the hybrid absorption layer device structure the 1 d B compression point can be improved from-9 d Bm to-2.1 d Bm by increasing the proportion of the p-type absorption layer. In the device structure with only one absorption layer, increasing the doping level of the absorption layer can also improve the 1 d B compression point from-8.6 d Bm to 1.43 d Bm at a gain of 10. Therefore, the absorption layer is very critical for the linearity of APDs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2016YFB0400902)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.61921005 and 62004098)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20190302)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
文摘Understanding detailed avalanche mechanisms is critical for design optimization of avalanche photodiodes(APDs).In this work,avalanche characteristics and single photon counting performance of 4H-SiC n-i-p and p-i-n APDs are compared.By studying the evolution of breakdown voltage as a function of incident light wavelength,it is confirmed that at the deep ultraviolet(UV)wavelength region the avalanche events in 4H-SiC n-i-p APDs are mainly induced by hole-initiated ionization,while electron-initiated ionization is the main cause of avalanche breakdown in 4H-SiC p-i-n APDs.Meanwhile,at the same dark count rate,the single photon counting efficiency of n-i-p APDs is considerably higher than that of p-i-n APDs.The higher performance of n-i-p APDs can be explained by the larger impact ionization coefficient of holes in 4H-SiC.In addition,this is the first time,to the best of our knowledge,to report single photon detection performance of vertical 4H-SiC n-i-p-n APDs.
文摘The introduction of a double-chopping scheme eliminates the background level in the optical sampling system, where a Si avalanche photodiode acts as a two-photon absorber. We successfully demonstrate background-free optical sampling of 40-GHz and 160-GHz pulse trains.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61627820,61934003,and62090054)Jilin Scientific and Technological Development Program(No.20200501007GX)Program for Jilin University Science and Technology Innovative Research Team(Nos.JLUSTIRT and 2021TD-39)。
文摘To optimize the dark current characteristic and detection efficiency of the 1550 nm weak light signal at room temperature,this work proposes a Ge-on-Si avalanche photodiode[APD]in Geiger mode,which could operate at 300 K.This lateral separate absorption charge multiplication APD shows a low breakdown voltage[V_(br)]in Geiger mode of-7.42 V and low dark current of 0.096 n A at unity gain voltage[V_(Gain)=1=-7.03 V].Combined with an RF amplifier module and counter,the detection system demonstrates a low dark count rate[DCR]of 1.1×10^(6) counts per second and high detection efficiencyηof 7.8%for 1550 nm weak coherent pulse detection at 300 K.The APD reported in this work weakens the dependence of the weak optical signal recognition on the low environment temperature and makes single-chip integration of the single-photon level detection system possible.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2016YFB0400904)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11774095,11804099,and 11621404)+1 种基金Shanghai Basic Research Project (No.18JC1412200)Program of Introducing Talents of Discipline to Universities (No.B12024)。
文摘We report a method to reduce the detection delay temperature drift for a single-photon detector based on the avalanche photodiode(SPAD). Both the SPAD and the comparator were temperature stabilized, resulting in an ultra-low temperature drift at 0.01 ps/°C. A stable time deviation as 0.15 ps over 1000 s was realized, while the ambient temperature fluctuated rapidly from 24°C to 44°C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the ultra-stable delay SPAD detector in the case of rapid increase or decrease of ambient temperature. It is helpful to improve the stability of onboard detectors for optical laser time transfer between ground and space.
文摘Photon-counting LiDAR using a two-dimensional(2D)array detector has the advantages of high lateral resolution and fast acquisition speed.The non-uniform intensity profile of the illumination beam and non-uniform quantum efficiency of the detectors in the 2D array deteriorate the imaging quality.Herein,we propose a photon-counting LiDAR system that uses a spatial light modulator to control the spatial intensity to compensate for both the non-uniform intensity profile of the illumination beam,and the variation in the quantum efficiency of the detectors in the 2D array.By using a 635 nm peak wavelength and 4 mW average power semiconductor laser,lab-based experiments at a 4.27 m stand-off distance are performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.Compared with the unmodulated method,the standard deviation of the intensity image of the proposed method is reduced from 0.109 to 0.089 for a whiteboard target,with an average signal photon number of 0.006 per pixel.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program,China(Grant No.2017YFA0403704)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11304113,11474127,and 11574112)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China.
文摘As is well known,the basic intrinsic properties of materials can be significant for their practical applications.In this work,the room-temperature absorption,transmittance,reflectance spectra,and relative photoelectricities parameters of the Mg4Ta2O9 crystals are demonstrated.Meanwhile,the polarized Raman spectra of Mg4Ta2O9 crystals are also described.The room-temperature photoluminescence(PL)and the temperature-dependent PL for Mg4Ta2O9 crystals are obtained.Significantly,we observe a phonon-participated PL process in Mg4Ta2O9.
文摘The combination of Radio Frequency and Optical Fiber has resulted high capacity transmission at lower costs components and makes Radio over Fiber as a current trend of large broadband communication. In Fiber optics field, the use of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) was been proposed in recent research with different purpose of uses. However, the compensation of dispersion method of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) can boost significantly the system performance. This paper investigates the performance capacity improvement of adaptive Radio over Fiber system. The system design was performed using OptiSystem 7.0 software, which 10 Gb/s Non Return to Zero (NRZ) signal was launched into 50 Km Universal Mode Fiber and Fiber Bragg Grating was used as a compensator of dispersion before frequency up conversion. Therefore, the system performances were investigated by comparing the Bit Error Rate (BER) and Q-factors of Positive Intrinsic Negative (PIN) and Ultrafast Avalanche Photodiode (APD) as optical receivers. The Eye diagram analyzer showed acceptable improvement due to use of Fiber Bragg Grating as a compensator of dispersion.
基金supported by the Major Science and Technology Project of Yunnan province(Grant No.2018ZI002)。
文摘Avalanche-photodiode-based near-infrared single-photon detectors have seen rapid development in the last two decades because of their enormous internal gain,high sensitivity,fast response,small vol-ume,and ease of integration.The InGaAs/InP near-infrared single-photon detector is the most widely used avalanche diode at present.Its device performance is still being continuously improved through the optimization of device structure and external quenching circuits.This paper analyzes the latest development and application of these InGaAs/InP photodiodes,then briefly re views other near-infrared single-photon detection technologies based on new materials and new mechanisms.
文摘The past decade has witnessed a dramatic increase in interest in emerging photodetectors built from two-dimensional(2D)layered materials.A major driver of this trend is the growing demands for lightweight,uncooled,and even flexible photodetection technology.However,2D layered materials always suffer from low light absorption coefficients due to their atomically thin nature.Impact ionization,which can achieve carrier multiplication,is a promising strategy to design 2D photodetectors with high detection efficiency.In this review,typical types of photodetection mechanisms in 2D photodetectors are first summarized.We then discuss the avalanche mechanism induced by impact ionization and avalanche photodetectors based on conventional silicon and III–V compound semiconductors.Finally,a host of emerging avalanche photodetectors based on 2D materials and their van der Waals heterostructures,and their potential applications in the field of photon-counting technologies are detailed.By reviewing the recent progress and discussing challenges faced by 2D avalanche photodetectors,this review aims to provide perspectives on future research directions of 2D material-based ultrasensitive photodetectors such as single-photon detectors.