The Method of Thermoelectric Energy Generations Based on the Axial and Radial Flux Electromagnetic Inductions*

The traditional thermoelectric energy conversion techniques are explained in detail in terms of the axial flux electromagnetic (AFE) and the radial flux electromagnetic (RFE) inductions, and applications to heat engines for the energy-harvesting technologies are discussed. The idea is induced by the analysis of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) for a nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamic system of heat engines (a drinking bird, a low temperature Stirling engine), resulting in thermoelectric energy generation different from conventional heat engines. The mechanism of thermoelectric energy conversion can be categorized as the axial flux generator (AFG) and the radial flux generator (RFG). The axial flux generator is helpful for low mechanoelectric energy conversion and activations of waste heat from macroscopic energy generators, such as wind, geothermal, thermal, nuclear power plants and heat-dissipation lines, and the device contributes to solving environmental problems to maintain clean and sustainable energy as one of the energy harvesting technologies.

Enhancement of Wind Energy Conversion Using Axial Flux Generator

This paper investigates the application of the axial flux machine (AFM) to the wind energy conversion systems (WECS) to obtain high power and torque at reduced cost. By developing mathematical equations using the phase and active transformations, the three-phase model is transformed to two-phase equations by making both the stator and rotor as reference frames, finally converting to arbitrary reference frame, which is useful for the modelling of the axial flux machine. The torque, current, and voltage equations are expressed to improve the simulation reliability. Based on the developed equations, the mathematical model for the axial flux machine is developed using the MATLAB/Simulink. Starting with the axial flux motor model, when the load on the motor increases, how the parameters like torque, current, and speed of the motor vary are explored in this paper. Then for the axial flux generator model, when the wind speed exceeds the rated speed how the torque, line voltages, currents, power and speed of the generator behave are investigated and presented in this paper. The developed model in this paper could be extended to a twin-rotor axial flux synchronous machine, which will lead to the development of more efficient WECS.

Design Optimization of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Synchronous Machine Using 3D FEM Analysis

This paper deals with the investigation of the behavior of a low speed, dual rotor-single coreless stator, axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for small power applications. Firstly, with the use of nonlinear 3D FEM electromagnetic analysis, four models with different magnet topologies are designed, simulated and compared. With criteria such as output power, power factor and torque ripple, the best performing model is selected and a further investigation, regarding the effect of the disk rotor material on the behavior of the machine, is conducted. The simulation results show how the different types of commercially available steel types affect the magnetic field and the performance of the machine.

Optimization of Power Density for Axial-Flux Machinethrough Generalized Sizing Equations

With the cvolution of various high powerr-density machines, it beeomes important to optimize the power potential of machines of vastly different topologies with a variety of waveforms of back emf and current. The approach of tins paper is based oil the gencral-purpose sizing equations. which permit the optinlization method of machine power density to be applied to the axial-flux toroidal permanent-magnet (AFTPM) machine, and,furthermore, the power-production capabilities of the AFTPM machinc and the wen-known squirrel-cage indution machine are compared.

高效非晶合金电机关键技术研究综述

非晶合金以其优异的低损耗特性在电机领域受到越来越多的关注。对非晶合金电机的研究进展进行梳理,介绍了非晶合金电机相对传统电机的优势,阐述了现阶段非晶合金电机铁心常用的加工工艺以及非晶合金电机的研发应用情况。对非晶合金电机关键技术的研究现状进行总结,包括考虑加工工艺、装配工艺下非晶合金电机铁心损耗与温升的精确计算,径向磁通与轴向磁通非晶合金电机振动噪声的精确计算,非晶合金电机设计优化与前沿应用,并对非晶合金电机未来发展趋势与研究方向进行了展望。

新型三段Halbach永磁阵列无铁芯AFPMG设计与分析

为解决传统Halbach永磁阵列无铁芯轴向磁通永磁发电机(AFPMG)由于磁极永磁体用量增加而导致功率密度降低的问题,提出了一种变辅助磁极参数(极角和充磁夹角)的新型三段Halbach永磁阵列无铁芯AFPMG.采用三维有限元法,对新型三段Halbach永磁阵列辅助磁极极角和充磁夹角进行了多目标优化设计,从而确定了最佳辅助磁极参数.最后对比了无铁芯AFPMG中采用不同磁极结构对发电机电压波形质量和功率密度的影响.结果表明:新型永磁发电机可以使发电机电压正弦波畸变率由2.40%下降为0.44%;相较传统两段Halbach和传统三段Halbach永磁阵列的无铁芯AFPMG,新型永磁发电机功率密度得到显著提高;新型永磁发电机的永磁体用量减少了16.68%,进而减轻了转子盘质量,使发电机更加适于低风速下稳定发电.

径轴向聚磁型永磁推进电机优化设计与分析

为了进一步实现永磁电机磁负荷和转矩密度的提升,提出了一种径轴向聚磁型永磁推进电机结构,转子永磁体在Halbach径向聚磁结构基础上进一步结合轴向延伸永磁体,实现了永磁磁场的径轴向聚磁。针对该种新型电机,本文详细研究了其结构特点,利用有限元分析了所提电机结构的电磁性能。首先对比分析了定转子等长结构、定转子不等长(overhang)结构输出性能,并对对称型overhang结构进行了参数化优化,有效提升了电机转矩密度。最后,利用三维有限元模型对比分析了径向overhang和径轴向overhang电机的电磁性能,结果发现径轴向overhang电机空载磁密提升了6%、输出转矩增大了1.3%、转矩脉动减少了0.4%,进一步验证了电机性能的优越性。

Thermoelectric Stirling Engine (TEG-Stirling Engine) Based on the Analysis of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD)

The thermoelectric energy conversion technique by employing the Disk-Magnet Electromagnetic Induction (DM-EMI) is examined in detail, and possible applications to heat engines as one of the energy-harvesting technologies are discussed. The idea is induced by the analysis of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) for a nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamic system of heat engines, such as a drinking bird and a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in thermoelectric energy generation different from conventional heat engines. The current thermoelectric energy conversion with DM-EMI can be applied to wide ranges of machines and temperature differences. The mechanism of DM-EMI energy converter is categorized as the axial flux generator (AFG), which is the reason why the technology is applicable to sensitive thermoelectric conversions. On the other hand, almost all the conventional turbines use the radius flux generator to extract huge electric power, which uses the radial flux generator (RFG). The axial flux generator is helpful for a low mechanoelectric energy conversion and activations of waste heat from macroscopic energy generators such as wind, geothermal, thermal, nuclear power plants and heat-dissipation lines. The technique of DM-EMI will contribute to solving environmental problems to maintain clean and sustainable energy as one of the energy harvesting technologies.

The Multi-Objective Optimization of AFPM Generators with Double-Sided Internal Stator Structures for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

The axial flux permanent magnet(AFPM)generator with double-sided internal stator structure is highly suitable for vertical axis wind turbines due to its high power density.The performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure can be improved by the reasonable design of electromagnetic parameters.To further improve the overall performance of the AFPM generator with double-sided internal stator structure,multivariable(coil widthω_(c),permanent magnet thickness h,pole arc coefficient α_(p) and working air gap l_(g))and multi-objective(generator efficiencyη,total harmonic distortion of the voltage THD and induced electromotive force amplitude EMF)functional relationships are innovatively established.Orthogonal analysis,mean analysis and variance analysis are performed on the influence parameters by combining the Taguchi method and response surface methodology to study the influence degrees of each influence parameter on the optimization objectives to determine the most appropriate electromagnetic parameters.The optimization results are verified by 3D finite element analysis.The optimized APFM generator with double-sided internal stator structure exhibits superior economy,stronger magnetic density,higher efficiency and improved power quality.

无磁轭轴向磁通风力发电机多目标偏好优化设计

为了实现小型风力发电机的高性能及微风启动,将3D打印赛钢塑料与混合Halbach阵列、模块化弹性定子铁心结合,提出一种无磁轭模块化轴向磁通风力发电机。根据设计要求,分析不同材料的重量,确定了电机的初步方案。在目标约束的基础上,以感应电动势波形畸变率为主要偏好,感应电动势、齿槽转矩为次要偏好进行优化设计。采用了改进的多目标遗传优化算法及响应面法对电机进行了多目标偏好优化,并与无偏好的优化结果对比,体现了偏好优化的优势。最后,通过有限元仿真及样机实验验证该电机性能。

轴–径向磁通全超导同步电动机的磁场分析

为了简化传统超导电机的低温冷却系统,提出一种新型轴–径向磁通全超导同步电动机,分析该电机的结构特点和工作原理。利用三维有限元法计算了电机的空载磁场分布,对不同轴向超导励磁绕组下的磁场以及轴向磁路对径向磁路的影响进行分析,分析结果通过空载反电动势实验得到了验证。在样机结构基础上,提出一种新型转子结构方案,分析了2种转子结构下的气隙磁场,并对气隙磁密的谐波含量进行了比较,得出一些有益的结论,为该新型大容量电动机的优化设计和性能分析提供参考。

软磁复合材料在轴向磁场永磁风力发电机中的应用

讨论了SMC在直驱风能转换系统中的轴向磁场永磁(AFPM)同步风力发电机设计中的应用。首先介绍了轴向磁场永磁电机的结构特点;然后介绍了SMC材料的特性,讨论了SMC材料在永磁风力发电机设计中的应用;最后使用有限元法将基于SMC的AFPM风力发电机与采用硅钢片定子铁心的AFPM风力发电机进行了比较,证明了所提方案是可行的。

双定子轴向磁场永磁同步风力发电机的设计

研究表明:如果电机的极数足够多,轴向长度与外径的比率足够小的话,轴向磁场电机比传统径向磁场电机的转矩和功率密度大.轴向磁场电机的缺点是电枢铁心制造比较困难.为此本文提出一种新的结构方案,用软磁复合材料形成定子的齿部,再与带冲叠片形成的铁心轭部结合起来形成定子铁心,并且使用集中绕组.然后对这种新型轴向磁场电机进行了电磁设计,并用Ansoft有限元法对电机的磁场进行了仿真.结果表明:通过合理地选择主要尺寸和极数/槽数比,可以获得正弦波的电动势波形和较小的齿槽转矩.

基于正交试验法的盘式无铁心永磁同步发电机优化设计

阐述了正交试验法的基本原理,建立了盘式无铁心永磁同步发电机优化设计的数学模型,并在优选磁极形状的基础上采用正交试验法配置磁极外径、极弧系数和磁极厚度与气隙长度的比值等,以提高平均气隙磁通密度、降低漏磁系数。电磁场有限元仿真结果表明优化后电机的平均气隙磁通密度增加28.3%,漏磁系数减小5.42%,验证了正交试验法用于盘式无铁心永磁同步发电机优化设计的可行性。

轴线起爆螺旋型爆磁压缩发生器2维简化模型

应用Maxwell方程,建立了轴线起爆螺旋型爆磁压缩发生器(AMFCG)的2维简化理论计算模型。利用此模型,得出了AMFCG中简易磁通表达式,并将等效电路方程与磁通表示结合起来。选用3组不同的几何参数,模拟计算了金属爆炸管在爆轰驱动下的径向膨胀过程,给出AMFCG初始电感、输出电流随时间的变化过程,AMFCG内部磁压、爆轰压及磁场随时间的变化情况。

轴向磁通永磁电机气隙磁场端部效应研究

轴向磁通电机永磁体尺寸沿径向变化较大,且定子绕组有效长度较短,因此气隙磁场径向端部磁密值的削弱不可忽略。以一台7 k W、4000 r/min表贴式双转子轴向磁通永磁电机为例,采用三维有限元法分析气隙磁场端部效应,并得出结论:气隙长度δ增大至2 mm时对内、外端部磁场影响程度相同;极弧系数αp增大,内端部气隙磁密变化速度先减小后增大,外端部恰相反,αp=0.75时分别达到速度最小值与最大值;外端部气隙磁场随斜极角度呈明显的周期性变化,气隙圆环外径至平均半径之间气隙磁密周期变化范围为[θz,2θz)。

轴向磁通的低成本盘式永磁发电机

提出了一种新型盘式电机结构,解决了轴向磁通永磁发电机的一些难题。该新结构中,采用非铁磁材料支架,能克服作用于磁钢上的离心力,故可以提高转速并增大发电机的输出功率。新型设计的成本低,制造容易。由于这一新型结构的研制,推出了一种高速、低成本的轴向磁通永磁发电机。

轴向磁通永磁发电机定子绕组结构改进及特性分析

针对成型永磁风力发电机气隙磁场调节困难、难以提高发电机性能的问题,文章通过推导轴向磁通定子无铁芯永磁发电机在基波与谐波磁场下的绕组系数和电动势方程,采用改变线圈边宽和厚度2种方法来提高发电机性能。实验分析结果表明:绕组空间布局对发电机性能有显著的影响,改进后的发电机电压波形正弦性畸变率THD为2.4%,比改进前减少54%,效率达到90%,比改进前提高了3.3%。采用该方法设计出的风力发电机性能较好,具有一定的使用价值。

永磁发电机单相双凸极结构设计仿真

传统的单相双凸极结构的永磁发电机产生的磁路走向仅仅只有径向部分,然而只有单向的磁路走向的电机对磁场的利用率还有待于进一步提高。为了解决上述问题,设计了一种新型结构的单相双凸极永磁发电机。所设计的新型结构的电机的磁路走向既包含有径向部分又包含有轴向部分。在永磁材料和体积相同的情况下,新型结构发电机的功率密度要明显大于传统发电机。通过有限元仿真软件对所设计的电机的静态特性参数进行了仿真验证从而初步证实了所设计电机理论上的合理性。

轴向磁通空气心永磁同步发电机的谐波抑制

通过改善永磁体形状为正弦形,优化轴向磁通空气心永磁同步发电机的电动势波形。利用解析法计算正弦形永磁体的轴向磁密分布。通过有限元软件分析、比较了不同极弧系数情况下正弦形永磁体结构电机的磁密分布和电动势波形。最终得出结论:对于正弦形永磁体,随着极弧系数的增大,电机气隙磁密波形以及电动势波形的总谐波失真度逐渐减小,波形更加趋近正弦波形。