Fungi of the genus Fusarium are well known plant pathogens, cause several vascular diseases and are producers of toxins. In vitro assays evaluated the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on the diameter of coloni...Fungi of the genus Fusarium are well known plant pathogens, cause several vascular diseases and are producers of toxins. In vitro assays evaluated the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on the diameter of colonies, dry weight, spore production, spore viability and production of Fusaric Acid toxin on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicagenis and Fusarium subglutinans isolates. Effects of Neem oil were analyzed at concentrations 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% in Czapek Yeast Agar medium. The production of Fu- saric acid was determined by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantified by UV spectrophotometry. Neem oil showed inhibitory effects on the isolates tested, although they varied according to type of isolate and oil concentration. Neem oil was efficient in reducing the colonies’ diameter and dry weight in concentration-dependent manner. Neem oil was efficacious at higher concentration in the decrease of sporulation. Spore germination was affected by Neem oil when the spore was grown in Neem-contained medium as when the spore emerged from a culture in a Neem medium. Neem oil decreased and even inhibited the production of Fusaric acid by the assayed isolates. Since these isolates are plant pathogens and producers of Fusaric acid, Neem oil may be introduced as an integral item in the management of host plants.展开更多
The effectiveness of neem (Azadiracta indica) oil on the growth, morphology, sporulation, viability of spores, aflatoxin B1 and B2 production by A. flavus on Yeast Extract-Sucrose medium was determined. Neem oil inhib...The effectiveness of neem (Azadiracta indica) oil on the growth, morphology, sporulation, viability of spores, aflatoxin B1 and B2 production by A. flavus on Yeast Extract-Sucrose medium was determined. Neem oil inhibited the fungal growth (i.e. mycelia dry weight, diameter of colony and growth rate) on solid media at concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0% v/v, although it significantly increased sporulation in the same conditions. Spores obtained from cultures grown without neem oil reduced germination when incubated in a neem oil supplemented medium. Colonies grown on solid media and in submerged cultures in the presence of neem oil exhibited morphological alterations, including granular cytoplasm, atypical hyphae branching pattern, abnormal and undifferentiated conidiophores. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to measure aflatoxins. In submerged cultures, neem oil at concentrations from 0.5 to 4.0% v/v caused approximately 95% inhibition in Aflatoxin B1 and B2. On other hand, these conditions failed to suppress fungal growth. Current research emphasized that neem oil was not fungistatic or fungicidal, but exhibited anti-aflatoxigenic activity.展开更多
Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a tropical evergreen plant, belonging to the Meliaceae family. The plant is used as folk medicines for the treatment of fever, neuromuscular pains, skin infections, diabetes and heart dis...Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a tropical evergreen plant, belonging to the Meliaceae family. The plant is used as folk medicines for the treatment of fever, neuromuscular pains, skin infections, diabetes and heart disease. Previous researches show that the plant possesses several types of chemical constituents and diverse biological activities. The paper concludes chemical constituents, biological activities and pesticide products of A. indica.展开更多
Bio-jarosite,an iron mineral synthesized biologically using bacteria,is a substitute for iron catalysts in the Fenton oxidation of organic pollutants.Iron nanocatalysts have been widely used as Fenton catalysts becaus...Bio-jarosite,an iron mineral synthesized biologically using bacteria,is a substitute for iron catalysts in the Fenton oxidation of organic pollutants.Iron nanocatalysts have been widely used as Fenton catalysts because they have a larger surface area than ordinary catalysts,are highly recyclable,and can be treated efficiently.This study aimed to explore the catalytic properties of bio-jarosite iron nanoparticles syn-thesized with green methods using two distinct plant species:Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus gunni.The focus was on the degradation of dicamba via Fenton oxidation.The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited different particle size,shape,surface area,and chemical composition characteristics.Both particles were effective in removing dicamba,with removal efficiencies of 96.8%for A.indica bio-jarosite iron nano-particles(ABFeNPs)and 93.0%for E.gunni bio-jarosite iron nanoparticles(EBFeNPs)within 120 min of treatment.Increasing the catalyst dosage by 0.1 g/L resulted in 7.6%and 43.0%increases in the dicamba removal efficiency for EBFeNPs and ABFeNPs with rate constants of 0.025 min^(-1) and 0.023 min^(-1),respectively,confrming their catalytic roles.Additionally,the high efficiency of both catalysts was demonstrated through five consecutive cycles of linear pseudo-first-order Fenton oxidation reactions.展开更多
Objective:To assess the molluscicidal effect of the eco-friendly green synthesized neem silver nanoparticles(neem-Ag NPs)against Biomphalaria alexandrina,the snail intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni,and their c...Objective:To assess the molluscicidal effect of the eco-friendly green synthesized neem silver nanoparticles(neem-Ag NPs)against Biomphalaria alexandrina,the snail intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni,and their cercaricidal potential.Methods:Methanol extracts from neem fruits were used for green synthesis of neem-Ag NPs.The neem-Ag NPs were characterized using UV-visible absorption spectra,dynamic laser light scattering technique,and transmission electron microscopy.The potential molluscicidal effect against adult and juvenile Biomphalaria alexandrina and the effect of the sub-lethal concentration on hatching of snail eggs and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were evaluated.Results:The surface plasmon resonance of neem-Ag NPs showed a sharp absorption peak atλ_(max)=518 nm together with multiple peaks.The hydrodynamic diameter was(77.15±34.53)nm,the polydispersity index(0.338±0.000)and the zeta-potential-14.07 mV.Moreover,transmission electron microscopy showed that the average size of the nanoparticles was(27±2)nm.Agglomeration was evident and a light-colored capping layer could be seen coating the nanoparticles.Juvenile snails(LC_(50):0.83 ppm)were more susceptible to neem-Ag NPs than adults(LC_(50):1.07 ppm).In addition,neem-Ag NPs and neem at LC_(50)concentrations inhibited the egg-hatching of snails and showed cercaricidal activity in a time-dependent manner.Conclusions:Neem-Ag NPs have lethal activities against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and their eggs,as well as Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.Hence,neem-Ag NPs could be a potential agent to control schistosomiasis.展开更多
A new cytotoxic salannin-class limonoid alkaloid, azadiramide A(1),was isolated from seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Its structure was elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data and quantum chemical...A new cytotoxic salannin-class limonoid alkaloid, azadiramide A(1),was isolated from seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Its structure was elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data and quantum chemical calculation. Compound 1 is a rare salannin-class limonoid alkaloid. To our best knowledge, only two compounds belonging to this type were so far found. It showed inhibitory activity against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line with IC_(50) value of 2.70±0.63 μmol/L.展开更多
The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the...The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the beginning of history.The world health organization estimatesthat 80%of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditionalmedicine for their primary health care.More than half of the world’s population still relies entirely on plants for medicines,and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditionalmedical products.The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat variousailments from prehistory to contemporary.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the loxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica(A-indica)at 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.Methods:Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were rando...Objective:To investigate the loxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica(A-indica)at 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.Methods:Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five(A-F.)of ten animals each.Animals in Group A(control)were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50,100,200 and 300mg/kg body weight.Results:The extract did not significantly(P>0.05)alter the levels of albumin,total protein,red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell,platelets,serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly(P<0.05).In contrast,the final body weights,absolute weights of the liver,kidney,lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios,serum globulins,total and conjugated bilirubin,serum cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly.The spleen-body weight ratio,alkaline phosphatase,alanine and aspartate transaminases,sodium,potassium,calcium,feed and water intake were altered at specific doses.Conclusions:Overall,the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals.Therefore,the ethanolic extract of A.indica stem bark at the doses of 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.展开更多
We quantified cell membrane permeability (electrical conduc-tivity-EC, water soluble sugar-WSS, and amino acids-AA) and integrity (phospholipids,α-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation) along with food reserve deteri...We quantified cell membrane permeability (electrical conduc-tivity-EC, water soluble sugar-WSS, and amino acids-AA) and integrity (phospholipids,α-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation) along with food reserve deterioration (total proteins, total sugar, and total starch) of neem seeds collected from various mother tree age classes and stored for 65 days in airtight plastic containers at ambient room temperature (35±5°C). Results show that the activities were higher in fresh seeds (EC 267.56-2950.01 μS/g, WSS 19.96-19.48 mg/g and AA 5.40-5.35 mg/g) and declined with increasing duration of storage period (EC 153.37-195.17 μS/g, WSS 3.13-4.17 mg/g and AA 4.29-4.49 mg/g after 35 days and EC 144.02-161.56 μS/g, WSS 2.06-2.40 mg/g and AA 3.98-4.27 mg/g after 65 days of storage). Phospholipids andα-tocopherol were higher in fresh seed (0.073-0.093 OD at 710 nm and 0.080-0.105 OD, respectively) and declined as storage duration in-creased (0.033-0.042 OD at 710 nm and 00.0010-0.0020 OD, respec-tively). Dead seeds showed reduced amounts of phospholipids and minimum activity ofα- tocopherol (antioxidants). The level of MDA was lower in fresh seeds (0.0066-0.0087 OD at 600-535 nm) and increased as storage duration increased (0.0248-0.0268 OD after 65 days of stor-age). The higher amount of MDA indicated that seeds died due to rancid-ity of the oil inside the seed. Neem seed cake was assessed for deteriora-tion of food reserves (total proteins, total sugar, and total starch), concen-trations of which were higher in fresh seed and declined as storage dura-tion increased. Germination was higher in fresh seeds and after 65 days, no germination was received perhaps due to deterioration of biochemi-cals in seeds. Patterns of seed deterioration were similar across all seed lots.展开更多
Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.f...Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.farinae)and Dermalophagoides pteronyssinus(D.pteronyssinus).Methods:Twenty-five adults mites were placed onto treated filter paper that is soaked with plant extract and been tested at different concentrations(50.00%,25.00%,12.50%,6.25%and 3.13%)and exposure times(24hrs,48hrs,72hrs and 96 hrs).All treatments were replicated 7 times,and the experiment repeated once.The topical and contact activities of the two herbs were investigated.Results:Mortalities from lemongrass extract were higher than neem for both topical and contact activities.At 50%concentration,both 24 hrs topical and contact exposures to lemongrass resulted in more than 91%mortalities for both species of inites.At the same concentration and exposure time,neem resulted in topical mortalities of 40.3%and 15.7%against D.pteronyssinus and D.farinae respectively;contact mortalities were 8.0%and 8.9%against the 2 mites,respectively.There was no difference in topical mortalities of D.pteronyssinus from exposure to concentrations oflemongrass and neem up to 12.50%;lemongrass was more effective than neem at the higher concentrations.Conclusions:Generally,topical mortalities of D.farinae due to lemongrass are higher than that due to neem.Contact mortalities of lemongrass are always higher that neem against both species of mites.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the effects of Azadirachta(A.)indica methanol seed extract on canine male fertility in vitro.Methods:The effect of the A.indica methanol seed extract(2.5,5.0,10.0 and 20.0 mg/mL,respectively)o...Objective:To investigate the effects of Azadirachta(A.)indica methanol seed extract on canine male fertility in vitro.Methods:The effect of the A.indica methanol seed extract(2.5,5.0,10.0 and 20.0 mg/mL,respectively)on canine spermatozoa was evaluated in vitro at 1.0,2.5,5.0 and 10.0 min post-treatment.The two controls were comprised of sperm sample in phosphate-buffered saline,and sperm sample in phosphate-buffered saline and 1%dimethyl sulfoxide,respectively.The experiment was repeated(n=3)in duplicates with semen collected from 3 adult Basenjis.The effect of A.indica methanol seed extract treatments on canine spermatozoal total and progressive motility(phase-contrast microscopy),sperm vitality(eosin-nigrosin vital staining method)and total abnormalities(phase contrast microscopy,eosin-nigrosin staining and Papanicolaou staining methods)were determined.Results:A.indica methanol seed extract treatment caused a concentration and time-dependent decrease in sperm percentage total motility,progressive motility and vitality.The absence of sperm revival post-treatment provided evidence of a permanent or irreversible incapacitation of sperm by A.indica methanol seed extract.Conclusions:The inhibition of sperm motility and significant spermicidal effect observed post-treatment suggest that A.indica methanol seed extract may produce a potent antifertility or contraceptive effect in dogs if applied as an intra-vaginal cream pre-coitus.展开更多
Three new limonoids(1-3)and a new intact triterpenoid(4),along with three known constituents(5-7),were isolated from the dried kernels(after extracting azadirachtin)of Azadirachta indica.The structures of the new comp...Three new limonoids(1-3)and a new intact triterpenoid(4),along with three known constituents(5-7),were isolated from the dried kernels(after extracting azadirachtin)of Azadirachta indica.The structures of the new compounds 1-benzoyl-3-deacetyl-1-detigloyl salannin(1),7-tigloyl-12-oxo vilasini(2),azadiralactone(3)and azadirahemiacetal(4)were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis.The cytotoxities of these isolated constituents were assayed.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate an aqueous preparation from the Azadirachta indica leaves(AEA) against Setaria cervi(S.cervi),a model filarial parasite.Methods:In vitro efficacy of AEA was evaluated against S.cervi through esti...Objective:To evaluate an aqueous preparation from the Azadirachta indica leaves(AEA) against Setaria cervi(S.cervi),a model filarial parasite.Methods:In vitro efficacy of AEA was evaluated against S.cervi through estimation of relative motility value,dye exclusion test and MTT assay.Visible morphological alterations were monitored using conventional microscopic techniques in microfilariae and haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of AEA-treated adults.Results:Enhancement of reactive oxygen species in S.cervi treated with AEA was established through alteration in the activity of glutathione S-transferase,superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase and level of superoxide anion and reduced glutathione.Conclusions:In vitro filaricidal activity of AEA is possibly through disturbing redox homeostasis by down-regulating and altering the level of some key antioxidants and regulatory enzymes like reduced glutathione,glutathione S-transferase,superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase of S.cervi.展开更多
Objective:To investigate in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous extracts of plants selected based on the symptomology mentioned in Ayurveda.Methods:The aqueous extracts of Holarrhena antidysentrica(H.antidysentri...Objective:To investigate in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous extracts of plants selected based on the symptomology mentioned in Ayurveda.Methods:The aqueous extracts of Holarrhena antidysentrica(H.antidysentrica)(Kutaja) and Azadirachta indica(A.indica)(Neemb) for their antiplasmodial potential in Plasmodium berghei(P.berghei) infected mice was assessed using Peters four day suppressive test.Both the extracts were administered at 2 dose levels,full dose(1 000 mg/d) and minimized dose(200 mg/d).10~6 P.berghei infected RBCs were injected on day ’0’ and treated from day ’0’ till day ’3’ post-infection,Tail blood smears were collected, giemsa stained and analyzed.The mice were observed for survival and parasitemia was assessed till 50%of mice in control survived.Results:It was observed that the percentage of parasitemia increased gradually in all the groups,with maximum in control group(Day 3-35,Day 9-46.98) and minimum in Chloroquine arm(Day 3-14.06.Day 9-19.92).The percentage of parasitemia was compared using Mann-Whitney U test depicting that all test groups exhibited reduction in parasitemia as compared to control(P-value【0.002 for all groups).These groups showed similar percentage of survival as Chloroquine.Conclusions:The present investigation demonstrated the anti-plasmodial effects of H.antidysentrica and A.indica.which are two most commonly used medicinal plants in Ayurved for treatment of fever.展开更多
<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Traditional medicine h...<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Traditional medicine has employed </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to treat a variety of ailments. However, there is little information on the use of this </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">plant in Zambia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate the phytochemicals and antibacterial</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaf extracts against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli.</span></i> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a laboratory-based experimental study in which ethanol and water were used for extraction by maceration. Phytochemical analysis was then done on the leaf extract. Using the disc diffusion method, varying concentrations of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aqueous and ethanolic extracts </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were used to test the antibacterial activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">co</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">li</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to aqueous and ethanolic </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">leaf extracts was shown by zones of inhibition after incubation. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> phytochemical screening of the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaves revealed the presence of phenolics and tannins in both the ethanol and aqueous extract. Saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were only present in the aqueous extract. While steroids were only present in the ethanol extract. The antibacterial activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaves extract was determined by zones of inhibition which showed that both aqueous and ethanol extracts had activity against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined at 10 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 20 mg/mL for the ethanol extract. The zones of inhibition increased with concentration. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The extracts of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> displayed antibacterial activity against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in a dose-dependent manner. Comparatively, the aqueous extract produced better antibacterial properties against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> than the ethanolic extract.展开更多
Objective:To assess the therapeutic potential of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta(A.)indica in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:Thirty-five prepubertal female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided...Objective:To assess the therapeutic potential of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta(A.)indica in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:Thirty-five prepubertal female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups with 7 animals in each group.Group 1 received 0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally.Groups 2 to 5 received testosterone propionate(0.2 mg/kg,s.c.)dissolved in olive oil daily for 42 days to induce PCOS.In addition,group 3 was administered with A.indica extract(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally)from the 7th to 12th week,group 4 received quercetin(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally)and group 5 received wartmannin(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally).At the end of treatment,blood was collected for biochemical evaluation.Total follicular count and uterus corpus luteum count followed by PI3K gene expression in the ovary and uterus were evaluated.Results:The ethanolic extracts of A.indica significantly reduced body weight,ovary weight and uterus weight of rats.Extracts of A.indica also significantly increased the levels of serum glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,very low-density lipoprotein,insulin,testosterone,and luteinizing hormone.Treatment also reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant parameters in the liver homogenates of PCOS-induced rats.Histological examination of the ovary and uterus confirmed PCOS occurrence and remission state in the PCOS-induced and treated groups,respectively.Moreover,A.indica and quercetin significantly downregulated PI3K gene expression.Histopathological results of the ovary and uterus also proved the protective role of A.indica.Conclusions:A.indica leaf extract has beneficial effects in the treatment of PCOS by downregulation of PI3K gene expression.展开更多
文摘Fungi of the genus Fusarium are well known plant pathogens, cause several vascular diseases and are producers of toxins. In vitro assays evaluated the effects of Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil on the diameter of colonies, dry weight, spore production, spore viability and production of Fusaric Acid toxin on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicagenis and Fusarium subglutinans isolates. Effects of Neem oil were analyzed at concentrations 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% in Czapek Yeast Agar medium. The production of Fu- saric acid was determined by Thin Layer Chromatography and quantified by UV spectrophotometry. Neem oil showed inhibitory effects on the isolates tested, although they varied according to type of isolate and oil concentration. Neem oil was efficient in reducing the colonies’ diameter and dry weight in concentration-dependent manner. Neem oil was efficacious at higher concentration in the decrease of sporulation. Spore germination was affected by Neem oil when the spore was grown in Neem-contained medium as when the spore emerged from a culture in a Neem medium. Neem oil decreased and even inhibited the production of Fusaric acid by the assayed isolates. Since these isolates are plant pathogens and producers of Fusaric acid, Neem oil may be introduced as an integral item in the management of host plants.
文摘The effectiveness of neem (Azadiracta indica) oil on the growth, morphology, sporulation, viability of spores, aflatoxin B1 and B2 production by A. flavus on Yeast Extract-Sucrose medium was determined. Neem oil inhibited the fungal growth (i.e. mycelia dry weight, diameter of colony and growth rate) on solid media at concentrations from 0.5 to 5.0% v/v, although it significantly increased sporulation in the same conditions. Spores obtained from cultures grown without neem oil reduced germination when incubated in a neem oil supplemented medium. Colonies grown on solid media and in submerged cultures in the presence of neem oil exhibited morphological alterations, including granular cytoplasm, atypical hyphae branching pattern, abnormal and undifferentiated conidiophores. High Performance Liquid Chromatography was used to measure aflatoxins. In submerged cultures, neem oil at concentrations from 0.5 to 4.0% v/v caused approximately 95% inhibition in Aflatoxin B1 and B2. On other hand, these conditions failed to suppress fungal growth. Current research emphasized that neem oil was not fungistatic or fungicidal, but exhibited anti-aflatoxigenic activity.
文摘Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a tropical evergreen plant, belonging to the Meliaceae family. The plant is used as folk medicines for the treatment of fever, neuromuscular pains, skin infections, diabetes and heart disease. Previous researches show that the plant possesses several types of chemical constituents and diverse biological activities. The paper concludes chemical constituents, biological activities and pesticide products of A. indica.
文摘Bio-jarosite,an iron mineral synthesized biologically using bacteria,is a substitute for iron catalysts in the Fenton oxidation of organic pollutants.Iron nanocatalysts have been widely used as Fenton catalysts because they have a larger surface area than ordinary catalysts,are highly recyclable,and can be treated efficiently.This study aimed to explore the catalytic properties of bio-jarosite iron nanoparticles syn-thesized with green methods using two distinct plant species:Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus gunni.The focus was on the degradation of dicamba via Fenton oxidation.The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited different particle size,shape,surface area,and chemical composition characteristics.Both particles were effective in removing dicamba,with removal efficiencies of 96.8%for A.indica bio-jarosite iron nano-particles(ABFeNPs)and 93.0%for E.gunni bio-jarosite iron nanoparticles(EBFeNPs)within 120 min of treatment.Increasing the catalyst dosage by 0.1 g/L resulted in 7.6%and 43.0%increases in the dicamba removal efficiency for EBFeNPs and ABFeNPs with rate constants of 0.025 min^(-1) and 0.023 min^(-1),respectively,confrming their catalytic roles.Additionally,the high efficiency of both catalysts was demonstrated through five consecutive cycles of linear pseudo-first-order Fenton oxidation reactions.
文摘Objective:To assess the molluscicidal effect of the eco-friendly green synthesized neem silver nanoparticles(neem-Ag NPs)against Biomphalaria alexandrina,the snail intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni,and their cercaricidal potential.Methods:Methanol extracts from neem fruits were used for green synthesis of neem-Ag NPs.The neem-Ag NPs were characterized using UV-visible absorption spectra,dynamic laser light scattering technique,and transmission electron microscopy.The potential molluscicidal effect against adult and juvenile Biomphalaria alexandrina and the effect of the sub-lethal concentration on hatching of snail eggs and Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were evaluated.Results:The surface plasmon resonance of neem-Ag NPs showed a sharp absorption peak atλ_(max)=518 nm together with multiple peaks.The hydrodynamic diameter was(77.15±34.53)nm,the polydispersity index(0.338±0.000)and the zeta-potential-14.07 mV.Moreover,transmission electron microscopy showed that the average size of the nanoparticles was(27±2)nm.Agglomeration was evident and a light-colored capping layer could be seen coating the nanoparticles.Juvenile snails(LC_(50):0.83 ppm)were more susceptible to neem-Ag NPs than adults(LC_(50):1.07 ppm).In addition,neem-Ag NPs and neem at LC_(50)concentrations inhibited the egg-hatching of snails and showed cercaricidal activity in a time-dependent manner.Conclusions:Neem-Ag NPs have lethal activities against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and their eggs,as well as Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.Hence,neem-Ag NPs could be a potential agent to control schistosomiasis.
基金supported by grants from Thousand Young Talents Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81673530)
文摘A new cytotoxic salannin-class limonoid alkaloid, azadiramide A(1),was isolated from seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Its structure was elucidated by extensive analysis of spectroscopic data and quantum chemical calculation. Compound 1 is a rare salannin-class limonoid alkaloid. To our best knowledge, only two compounds belonging to this type were so far found. It showed inhibitory activity against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line with IC_(50) value of 2.70±0.63 μmol/L.
基金Financially supported by Digitalization of Tamil Siddha Palm Manuscripts,Project of Centre For Traditional Medicine and Research(CTMR),Department of AYUSH,Government of India(Grant No:Z28016/14/2010IEC)
文摘The divine tree neem(Azadirachta indica)is mainly cultivated in the Indian subcontinent.Neemhas been used extensively by humankind to treat various ailments before the availability ofwritten records which recorded the beginning of history.The world health organization estimatesthat 80%of the population living in the developing countries relies exclusively on traditionalmedicine for their primary health care.More than half of the world’s population still relies entirely on plants for medicines,and plants supply the active ingredients of most traditionalmedical products.The review shows the neem has been used by humankind to treat variousailments from prehistory to contemporary.
文摘Objective:To investigate the loxic implications of ethanolic stem bark extract of Azadirachta indica(A-indica)at 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight in Wistar rats.Methods:Fifty male rats of Wistar strains were randomly grouped into five(A-F.)of ten animals each.Animals in Group A(control)were orally administered 1 mL of distilled water on daily basis for 21 days while those in Groups B-E received same volume of the extract corresponding to 50,100,200 and 300mg/kg body weight.Results:The extract did not significantly(P>0.05)alter the levels of albumin,total protein,red blood cells and factors relating to it whereas the white blood cell,platelets,serum triacylglycerol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased significantly(P<0.05).In contrast,the final body weights,absolute weights of the liver,kidney,lungs and heart as well as their organ-body weight ratios,serum globulins,total and conjugated bilirubin,serum cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and computed atherogenic index increased significantly.The spleen-body weight ratio,alkaline phosphatase,alanine and aspartate transaminases,sodium,potassium,calcium,feed and water intake were altered at specific doses.Conclusions:Overall,the alterations in the biochemical parameters of toxicity have consequential effects on the normal functioning of the organs of the animals.Therefore,the ethanolic extract of A.indica stem bark at the doses of 50,100,200 and 300 mg/kg body weight may not be completely safe as an oral remedy and should be taken with caution if absolutely necessary.
基金supported by Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education,Dehradun
文摘We quantified cell membrane permeability (electrical conduc-tivity-EC, water soluble sugar-WSS, and amino acids-AA) and integrity (phospholipids,α-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation) along with food reserve deterioration (total proteins, total sugar, and total starch) of neem seeds collected from various mother tree age classes and stored for 65 days in airtight plastic containers at ambient room temperature (35±5°C). Results show that the activities were higher in fresh seeds (EC 267.56-2950.01 μS/g, WSS 19.96-19.48 mg/g and AA 5.40-5.35 mg/g) and declined with increasing duration of storage period (EC 153.37-195.17 μS/g, WSS 3.13-4.17 mg/g and AA 4.29-4.49 mg/g after 35 days and EC 144.02-161.56 μS/g, WSS 2.06-2.40 mg/g and AA 3.98-4.27 mg/g after 65 days of storage). Phospholipids andα-tocopherol were higher in fresh seed (0.073-0.093 OD at 710 nm and 0.080-0.105 OD, respectively) and declined as storage duration in-creased (0.033-0.042 OD at 710 nm and 00.0010-0.0020 OD, respec-tively). Dead seeds showed reduced amounts of phospholipids and minimum activity ofα- tocopherol (antioxidants). The level of MDA was lower in fresh seeds (0.0066-0.0087 OD at 600-535 nm) and increased as storage duration increased (0.0248-0.0268 OD after 65 days of stor-age). The higher amount of MDA indicated that seeds died due to rancid-ity of the oil inside the seed. Neem seed cake was assessed for deteriora-tion of food reserves (total proteins, total sugar, and total starch), concen-trations of which were higher in fresh seed and declined as storage dura-tion increased. Germination was higher in fresh seeds and after 65 days, no germination was received perhaps due to deterioration of biochemi-cals in seeds. Patterns of seed deterioration were similar across all seed lots.
文摘Objective:To examine the acaricidal effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratits leaf extract(lemongrass)and ethanolic Azadirachta indica leaf extract(neem)against house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae(D.farinae)and Dermalophagoides pteronyssinus(D.pteronyssinus).Methods:Twenty-five adults mites were placed onto treated filter paper that is soaked with plant extract and been tested at different concentrations(50.00%,25.00%,12.50%,6.25%and 3.13%)and exposure times(24hrs,48hrs,72hrs and 96 hrs).All treatments were replicated 7 times,and the experiment repeated once.The topical and contact activities of the two herbs were investigated.Results:Mortalities from lemongrass extract were higher than neem for both topical and contact activities.At 50%concentration,both 24 hrs topical and contact exposures to lemongrass resulted in more than 91%mortalities for both species of inites.At the same concentration and exposure time,neem resulted in topical mortalities of 40.3%and 15.7%against D.pteronyssinus and D.farinae respectively;contact mortalities were 8.0%and 8.9%against the 2 mites,respectively.There was no difference in topical mortalities of D.pteronyssinus from exposure to concentrations oflemongrass and neem up to 12.50%;lemongrass was more effective than neem at the higher concentrations.Conclusions:Generally,topical mortalities of D.farinae due to lemongrass are higher than that due to neem.Contact mortalities of lemongrass are always higher that neem against both species of mites.
文摘Objective:To investigate the effects of Azadirachta(A.)indica methanol seed extract on canine male fertility in vitro.Methods:The effect of the A.indica methanol seed extract(2.5,5.0,10.0 and 20.0 mg/mL,respectively)on canine spermatozoa was evaluated in vitro at 1.0,2.5,5.0 and 10.0 min post-treatment.The two controls were comprised of sperm sample in phosphate-buffered saline,and sperm sample in phosphate-buffered saline and 1%dimethyl sulfoxide,respectively.The experiment was repeated(n=3)in duplicates with semen collected from 3 adult Basenjis.The effect of A.indica methanol seed extract treatments on canine spermatozoal total and progressive motility(phase-contrast microscopy),sperm vitality(eosin-nigrosin vital staining method)and total abnormalities(phase contrast microscopy,eosin-nigrosin staining and Papanicolaou staining methods)were determined.Results:A.indica methanol seed extract treatment caused a concentration and time-dependent decrease in sperm percentage total motility,progressive motility and vitality.The absence of sperm revival post-treatment provided evidence of a permanent or irreversible incapacitation of sperm by A.indica methanol seed extract.Conclusions:The inhibition of sperm motility and significant spermicidal effect observed post-treatment suggest that A.indica methanol seed extract may produce a potent antifertility or contraceptive effect in dogs if applied as an intra-vaginal cream pre-coitus.
基金The project was financially supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the CAS(Grant No.KSCX2-YW-G-038,KSCX2-EW-R-15)Special Foundation for National Major Basic Research(No.SB2007FY400)as well as Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China(P2010-ZZ14).
文摘Three new limonoids(1-3)and a new intact triterpenoid(4),along with three known constituents(5-7),were isolated from the dried kernels(after extracting azadirachtin)of Azadirachta indica.The structures of the new compounds 1-benzoyl-3-deacetyl-1-detigloyl salannin(1),7-tigloyl-12-oxo vilasini(2),azadiralactone(3)and azadirahemiacetal(4)were elucidated by means of spectroscopic analysis.The cytotoxities of these isolated constituents were assayed.
基金the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.BT/PR8779/Med/14/1282/2007)Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR)(Grant No.37/(1516)/11/EMR-H)Gove.of India.New Delhi for supporting this work by a grant
文摘Objective:To evaluate an aqueous preparation from the Azadirachta indica leaves(AEA) against Setaria cervi(S.cervi),a model filarial parasite.Methods:In vitro efficacy of AEA was evaluated against S.cervi through estimation of relative motility value,dye exclusion test and MTT assay.Visible morphological alterations were monitored using conventional microscopic techniques in microfilariae and haematoxylin-eosin stained sections of AEA-treated adults.Results:Enhancement of reactive oxygen species in S.cervi treated with AEA was established through alteration in the activity of glutathione S-transferase,superoxide dismutase,catalase,peroxidase and level of superoxide anion and reduced glutathione.Conclusions:In vitro filaricidal activity of AEA is possibly through disturbing redox homeostasis by down-regulating and altering the level of some key antioxidants and regulatory enzymes like reduced glutathione,glutathione S-transferase,superoxide dismutase,catalase and glutathione peroxidase of S.cervi.
文摘Objective:To investigate in-vivo anti-plasmodial activity of aqueous extracts of plants selected based on the symptomology mentioned in Ayurveda.Methods:The aqueous extracts of Holarrhena antidysentrica(H.antidysentrica)(Kutaja) and Azadirachta indica(A.indica)(Neemb) for their antiplasmodial potential in Plasmodium berghei(P.berghei) infected mice was assessed using Peters four day suppressive test.Both the extracts were administered at 2 dose levels,full dose(1 000 mg/d) and minimized dose(200 mg/d).10~6 P.berghei infected RBCs were injected on day ’0’ and treated from day ’0’ till day ’3’ post-infection,Tail blood smears were collected, giemsa stained and analyzed.The mice were observed for survival and parasitemia was assessed till 50%of mice in control survived.Results:It was observed that the percentage of parasitemia increased gradually in all the groups,with maximum in control group(Day 3-35,Day 9-46.98) and minimum in Chloroquine arm(Day 3-14.06.Day 9-19.92).The percentage of parasitemia was compared using Mann-Whitney U test depicting that all test groups exhibited reduction in parasitemia as compared to control(P-value【0.002 for all groups).These groups showed similar percentage of survival as Chloroquine.Conclusions:The present investigation demonstrated the anti-plasmodial effects of H.antidysentrica and A.indica.which are two most commonly used medicinal plants in Ayurved for treatment of fever.
文摘<b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Background:</span></b><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Traditional medicine has employed </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> to treat a variety of ailments. However, there is little information on the use of this </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">plant in Zambia. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Objective:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> To evaluate the phytochemicals and antibacterial</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaf extracts against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli.</span></i> <b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Materials and Methods:</span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> This was a laboratory-based experimental study in which ethanol and water were used for extraction by maceration. Phytochemical analysis was then done on the leaf extract. Using the disc diffusion method, varying concentrations of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> aqueous and ethanolic extracts </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">were used to test the antibacterial activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">against</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Escherichia</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">co</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">li</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to aqueous and ethanolic </span><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">leaf extracts was shown by zones of inhibition after incubation. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Results: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The</span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> phytochemical screening of the </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaves revealed the presence of phenolics and tannins in both the ethanol and aqueous extract. Saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids were only present in the aqueous extract. While steroids were only present in the ethanol extract. The antibacterial activity of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> leaves extract was determined by zones of inhibition which showed that both aqueous and ethanol extracts had activity against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined at 10 mg/mL for the aqueous extract and 20 mg/mL for the ethanol extract. The zones of inhibition increased with concentration. </span><b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Conclusion: </span></b><span style="font-family:Verdana;">The extracts of </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">A.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> displayed antibacterial activity against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> in a dose-dependent manner. Comparatively, the aqueous extract produced better antibacterial properties against </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">E.</span></i> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">coli</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> than the ethanolic extract.
基金Institute of Pharmacy,Nirma University in the form of postgraduate contingency.
文摘Objective:To assess the therapeutic potential of ethanolic extract of Azadirachta(A.)indica in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS).Methods:Thirty-five prepubertal female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups with 7 animals in each group.Group 1 received 0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally.Groups 2 to 5 received testosterone propionate(0.2 mg/kg,s.c.)dissolved in olive oil daily for 42 days to induce PCOS.In addition,group 3 was administered with A.indica extract(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally)from the 7th to 12th week,group 4 received quercetin(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally)and group 5 received wartmannin(100 mg/kg,0.5%carboxy methyl cellulose orally).At the end of treatment,blood was collected for biochemical evaluation.Total follicular count and uterus corpus luteum count followed by PI3K gene expression in the ovary and uterus were evaluated.Results:The ethanolic extracts of A.indica significantly reduced body weight,ovary weight and uterus weight of rats.Extracts of A.indica also significantly increased the levels of serum glucose,total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,very low-density lipoprotein,insulin,testosterone,and luteinizing hormone.Treatment also reduced lipid peroxidation and increased antioxidant parameters in the liver homogenates of PCOS-induced rats.Histological examination of the ovary and uterus confirmed PCOS occurrence and remission state in the PCOS-induced and treated groups,respectively.Moreover,A.indica and quercetin significantly downregulated PI3K gene expression.Histopathological results of the ovary and uterus also proved the protective role of A.indica.Conclusions:A.indica leaf extract has beneficial effects in the treatment of PCOS by downregulation of PI3K gene expression.