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广澳铁路准办前提与原则的确立述论
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作者 朱从兵 《安徽史学》 北大核心 2023年第6期5-15,共11页
在甲午战后列强掀起瓜分中国狂潮的大背景下,国小力弱的葡萄牙也企图建立在中国的势力范围,为此葡方在1902年中葡增改商约谈判开始时向清政府提出建筑广澳铁路的要求。中方以葡方同意在澳门地区设立海关分关为准办广澳铁路的前提,以“... 在甲午战后列强掀起瓜分中国狂潮的大背景下,国小力弱的葡萄牙也企图建立在中国的势力范围,为此葡方在1902年中葡增改商约谈判开始时向清政府提出建筑广澳铁路的要求。中方以葡方同意在澳门地区设立海关分关为准办广澳铁路的前提,以“不入约”“订合同”为准办广澳铁路的原则,中葡双方经过交涉,1902年10月,互换了关于中葡铁路公司建筑广澳铁路的照会。广澳铁路准办前提和原则的确立是对葡萄牙拓展澳界和建立势力范围图谋的抵制。铁路问题不入商约并非只针对葡萄牙,而是清政府在辛丑和约以后与各国进行商约谈判中确立的基本原则,意在防止在对中国的铁路利权争夺中“各国援以为请”。事实表明,当时的清政府并不是毫无条件和原则地同意葡方建筑广澳铁路的要求,葡萄牙政府不满意这种交涉的结果,因此才会有1904年中葡商约的继续谈判。 展开更多
关键词 广澳铁路 中葡商约 澳门地区海关 白朗谷 盛宣怀
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The Art of War: Tradition and Innovation in the Iconographic Representation of Alentejo Fortresses (17th-18th Centuries)
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作者 Antonia Fialho Conde 《History Research》 2013年第5期353-364,共12页
The novelties in the representation of strongholds in Alentejo-southem Portugal, frontier with Spain, considered as a "theater of war" during the 17th and 18th centuries-followed European influences, which the theor... The novelties in the representation of strongholds in Alentejo-southem Portugal, frontier with Spain, considered as a "theater of war" during the 17th and 18th centuries-followed European influences, which the theorists responsible for training the engineers in active in the country at this time, Luis Serrao Pimentel and Manuel de Azevedo Fortes, intend to apply. Several drawings bring testimony to this, by showing different ways of representing natural or built elements, allowing for comparisons with other regions of the country or even Europe. The comparison with earlier projects, and given the information contained mainly in the works of Luis Serr^o Pimentel and Manuel de Azevedo Fortes, lead us not only to the conclusion of the acceptance of the proposed rules, in order to enrich the profile of military engineers in Portugal, but also to notice the changes that this acceptance signified, emphasizing especially the technical and artistic sensibility of the authors of these projects of military architecture. 展开更多
关键词 Luis Serrao Pimentel Manuel de azevedo Fortes military engineering south of Portugal modemperiod ICONOGRAPHY
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