Sounding the alarm:Functionally referential signaling in Azure-winged Magpie

Functionally referential signals are a complex form of communication that conveys information about the external environment.Such signals have been found in a range of mammal and bird species and have helped us understand the complexities of animal communication.Corvids are well known for their extraordinary cognitive abilities,but relatively little attention has been paid to their vocal function.Here,we investigated the functionally referential signals of a cooperatively breeding corvid species,Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus).Through field observations,we suggest that Azure-winged Magpie uses referential alarm calls to distinguish two types of threats:’rasp’ calls for terrestrial threats and ’chatter’ calls for aerial threats.A playback experiment revealed that Azure-winged Magpies responded to the two call types with qualitatively different behaviors.They sought cover by flying into the bushes in response to the ’chatter’ calls,and flew to or stayed at higher positions in response to ’rasp’ calls,displaying a shorter response time to ’chatter’ calls.Significant differences in acoustic structure were found between the two types of calls.Given the extensive cognitive abilities of corvids and the fact that referential signals were once thought to be unique to primates,these findings are important for expanding our understanding of social communication and language evolution.

Egg rejection and egg recognition mechanism in a Chinese Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus)population

Recognition and rejection of foreign eggs are effective defense of hosts against brood parasitism.However,brood parasitism can impose various selection pressures on different geographic populations of the same host species.In a multiple cuckoo system in China,Azure-winged Magpies(Cyanopica cyanus)are parasitized by both Indian Cuckoos(Cuculus micropterus)and Asian Koels(Eudynamys scolopaceus).In this study,egg recognition ability and recognition mechanism of the Azure-winged Magpie were investigated using a population in Fusong,southeastern Jilin,China.The results showed that 55.6%(20/36)of the Azure-winged Magpies correctly rejected quail(Coturnix japonica)eggs in their nests,while 13.9%(5/36)of the individuals experienced rejection costs by wrongly rejecting their own eggs.Azure-winged Magpies could accurately reject the experimental eggs when the number of such eggs in the nests was the same as that of the magpie eggs.However,Azure-winged Magpies do not recognize and reject conspecific eggs(0/28).The present study indicates that the Azure-winged Magpie has moderate egg recognition ability toward non-mimetic quail eggs and shows a true recognition mechanism with rejecting foreign eggs by accurately recognizing their own eggs.However,they cannot recognize conspecific eggs.

Vocal repertoire of Azure-winged Magpies(Cyanopica cyanus):A context-associated communication system

Signals within animals’vocal communication are considered functional referential and context-specific.Even in the absence of the context,receivers are expected to acquire the information of calls and respond specificallyWhereas the framework was supported by plenty of evidence,its exhaustivity in describing all animal vocalisations has been questioned.Here,we investigated the vocal repertoire of a cooperatively breeding species,Azure-winged Magpie(Cyanopica cyanus),to present evidence for referential signals.The results showed that Azure-winged Magpies had a relatively large vocal repertoire,consisting of twelve distinct calls.These calls were associated with the context including movement,begging for food,contact,vigilance against predators,etc.However,even the predator-specific alarm calls would induce various responses of receivers.This implies that multiple pieces of information are involved in the vocalisation,which could be utilised by the receiver to select an appropriate response based on the surroundings.Our study gives a detailed description of the context and function of the vocal repertoire in Azure-winged Magpies,laying the foundation for further investigation on the developmental mechanisms of bird vocalisations.This study also suggests that the referential signals of animal vocalisations may not be limited to the context-specific responses of receivers and need to be discussed from a broader perspective.

Azure-winged magpies solve string-pulling tasks by partial understanding of the physical cognition

String-pulling is one of the most widely used paradigms in an imal cog nition research. We in vestigated how azure-wi nged magpies Cyanopica cyan us solve multiple-string problems that they have never encountered before. In Experiment 1, the strings were arranged in parallel, slanted, or crossed to investigate what rules azure-winged magpies use to solve multiple spatial relations of strings. Experiment 2 assessed whether the subjects understood the connection between the string and the bait while taking advantage of broken strings. In Experiment 3, the subjects were confronted with strings of different lengths attached to rewards in order to explore whether the string length, as a proxy for the pulling efficiency or reward distanee, was crucial for the birds' choice of which string to pull. Gen erally, the birds were successful in tasks where the reward was close to the correct string's end, and they relied on a "proximity rule" in most cases. The results showed that azure-winged magpies had a partial understanding of the physical principles underlying the string-pulling but were stumped by complex spatial relations. They likely relied on simple strategies such as the proximity rule to solve the tasks. The effects of in dividual difference and experiential learning on string-pulling performance are also discussed.

Magpie 加密算法FPGA 实现及优化研究

攻击者对物联网中的设备进行监听、俘获、窃取以及修改等,导致用户关键数据的安全性和隐私性受到严重威胁。如何在资源受限的物联网设备上保证数据安全,同时又有较低的实现面积,成为加密算法设计实现的一个挑战。本文以高安全轻量级分组密码算法Magpie为研究对象,在分析其加密流程和原始设计的基础上,提出一种基于FPGA的实现方案。新的设计方案中,复用密码算法轮运算中的各个电路模块,并将密钥更新与轮运算并行设计。在Xilinx Virtex-5 xc5vlx50t上实现了该算法,其频率达到了226 MHz,面积缩减到2704slices。与原始设计方案相比,大大减少了电路面积,并提高了密码算法的运行速度,为物联网设备的安全设计提供参考。

Breeding biology of a relictual Maghreb Magpie(Pica mauritanica)population in Tunisia

Background:The Maghreb Magpie(Pica mauritanica)is an endemic North African species.Available knowledge on this species is limited to historic descriptive data with no ecological information provided.Populations continue to dramatically decline in Tunisia,where only one relic population survives.Investigating the breeding biology of this species is essential for conservation purposes.The purpose of this study was to increase our understanding of the Tunisian relic population and provide detailed data on breeding biology over two breeding seasons(2017 and 2018).Methods:This study occurred on a private farm of 650 ha,located 10 km from Dhorbania village at Kairouan Governorate,in central Tunisia.Active nests were monitored weekly during egg laying period and twice a week during hatching period.The Ivlev's electivity index was used to assess whether the frequency of use of nesting trees and bushes matched their availability in the study area.We recorded nest measurements and positions,and compared them using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.Variations of breeding parameters as number of eggs laid,hatchlings,and fledglings over years were performed using Mann–Whitney U-test andχ^(2) tests.We used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model(GLMM)to investigate how egg volume varied with clutch size and laying date.Results:We investigated clutch size,egg size,hatching and fledging success,and evaluated how these parameters varied according to laying date and nest characteristics.Clutch size averaged 5.00±0.19 but was significantly greater nest.Causes of nest failure included the depredation of nestlings by shrikes,cobras and rats(e.g.Lanius meridionalis,Naja haje and Rattus rattus),death of parents by the Black-shouldered Kite(Elanus caeruleus)and nest parasitism by the Great Spotted Cuckoo(Clamator glandarius).Clutch size,brood size and fledgling success were unaffected by laying date,nest volume and nest elevation.Egg volume decreased with laying date but was unaffected by clutch.Conclusion:Our study provides the first and only detailed data on reproductive parameters of the Maghreb Magpie in its entire geographic range(North Africa).Information gleaned from this study provides valuable information for monitoring and long-term conservation plans of the endangered Tunisian Magpie population.Additionally,our data provide an avenue of large-scale comparative studies of the reproductive ecology of the magpie complex.

MAGPI手术治疗尿道下裂29例

目的:探索改进治疗冠状沟或冠状沟下型尿道下裂的方法。方法:改进尿道口前移-龟头成形术治疗冠状沟或冠状沟下型尿道下裂:在术中于尿道上方至尿道口槽顶部切开尿道,不需切开尿道口后壁;仅将龟头腹侧皮下筋膜缝合1～2针使尿道口前移,不需将龟头腹侧游离成倒V形,再行缝合。结果:29例患儿,除1例并发小尿瘘外,手术均一期完成,获成功。结论:尿道口前移-龟头成形术虽有一定的局限性,仍为治疗前端型尿道下裂最好的手术方式,经改进后手术更为简捷,术后并发症更低。

改良式MAGPI氏法治疗前尿道狭窄

目的:探讨改良MAGPI氏法治疗前尿道狭窄的临床应用价值。方法:采用改良MAGPI氏法治疗前尿道狭窄50例,并与传统的尿道外口狭窄段切开术进行比较。结果:50例患者中,仅有2例轻度尿道狭窄,经尿道扩张后改善;1例患者皮瓣坏死,发生尿漏,2次手术治愈。结论:本改良术式具有损伤小、尿漏及尿道狭窄发生率低、术后阴茎美观程度提高等明显优点,值得推广。

红嘴鸥和喜鹊的粪便微生物群多样性比较研究

为评估不同种鸟类的病原体传播风险,提取红嘴鸥和喜鹊粪便的总DNA,通过PCR扩增16S rRNA序列V3~V4高变区,基于高通量测序和生物信息学研究两者肠道微生物群差异。研究结果显示,红嘴鸥和喜鹊粪便微生物群组成存在显著差异,两者粪便中最丰富的细菌门分别是厚壁菌门和变形菌门,前者粪便中绝对优势属是Catellicoccus(丰度均值65.5%)。红嘴鸥样本中均检测出弯曲杆菌属,检出率100%,丰度均值1.2%;喜鹊样本检出率55.6%,丰度均值0.019%。这表明,青岛市红嘴鸥种群广泛存在弯曲杆菌属,红嘴鸥的接触安全风险高于喜鹊。

两宋时期释迦苦行“鹊巢于顶”“芦芽穿膝”的文本与图像分析

论文着眼于文本和图像两个方面,分析了两宋时期释迦苦行的新发展,即“鹊巢于顶”“芦芽穿膝”,具有禅相圆满、定久忘形的思想内涵。其文本在禅林中盛行,成为参禅悟道的偈语,不但代表苦行,有的还象征成佛。其图像彻底摆脱了以往基于佛传经典创作的释迦苦行像模式,不再凸显羸瘦的形体,而是融入中国创意呈现全新面貌。

基于红嘴蓝鹊算法的高压共轨燃油喷射控制研究

文章针对柴油机高压共轨系统燃油喷射精确度不高的问题,提出一种基于红嘴蓝鹊算法的高压共轨燃油喷射控制方法。首先,对高压共轨燃油喷射系统进行数学建模;其次,构建一套柴油机高压共轨燃油喷射控制系统,该系统利用模糊PID算法实现对燃油喷射的控制;在此基础上,针对模糊PID控制算法中的模糊论域,运用红嘴蓝鹊算法进行优化。最后,利用MATLAB/Simulink对传统PID、模糊PID和基于红嘴蓝鹊算法的模糊PID控制算法这三者进行仿真对比。研究结果表明,经红嘴蓝鹊算法优化后,燃油喷射量的控制更加精确,可以有效提升高压共轨燃油喷射系统的性能。

喜鹊巢位选择对城市环境的适应

济南城市喜鹊巢位选择研究表明,喜鹊的繁殖活动发生适应性变化,巢位升高并向高建筑设施上转移。巢位高度和巢树胸径是巢位选择主要影响因素,但公园近郊区、居住区、城市开发区和交通商业区等各区存在差异。

汞在喜鹊组织和器官中的分布规律

为了确定汞在喜鹊体内８种组织和器官中详细的分布规律，对采自太原南郊区７只喜鹊不同组织和器官中汞的含量进行了测定，并对其分布规律进行了研究。汞在喜鹊体内的分布规律为：肾＞股肌＞肝＞肺＞心＞胸肌＞胸骨＞股骨。经方差分析，组织间及个体间汞的含量均存在显著的差异。汞在喜鹊体内的分布为不均匀分布。肝和心中汞，肺和肾中汞等均具有明昱的正相关。同时，对喜鹊组织和器官中汞含量进行了生态和生理的比较。

喜鹊在山地次生林中鸟类群落组织结构形成的作用

通过山地次生林鸟类群落组织结构的研究，表明喜鹊在鸟类群落组织形成中是关键类群之一．关键类群是通过巢地资源的被利用来实现的．5年中，利用喜鹊巢繁殖的鸟类达5种，利用率为25％～40．7％．

灰喜鹊的繁殖生态和巢位选择Ⅰ.繁殖生态

灰喜鹊的繁殖生态和巢位选择Ⅰ．繁殖生态汝少国侯文礼（青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，２６６００３）（东北师范大学环境科学系，长春１３００２４）刘云李多元（青岛海洋大学海洋生命学院，２６６００３）（东北师范大学环境科学系，长春１３００２４）ＴｈｅＢｒｅｅｄｉ...

灰喜鹊的繁殖生态和巢位选择 Ⅱ.巢位选择

灰喜鹊在吉林省梅河口市海龙水库地区是常见的留鸟。利用灰喜鹊防治森林虫害已经取得了一定的效果［１～３］，但对灰喜鹊的繁殖习性，生态规律及食性的研究还尚少［４～７］，对灰喜鹊巢位选择的研究亦属空白。因此，本文在吉林省环保局“梅河口市海龙水库水源涵养林保护...

学术文本结构功能深度学习识别方法的多学科对比分析

[目的/意义]学术文本的结构功能识别可视为多类别文本自动分类问题,借助深度学习技术能够获得良好的自动识别性能,然而目前缺少其在不同学科适用性的对比研究。[方法/过程]选择医学、图情、数据、出版、经济5个学科方向5种期刊的6 452篇结构式摘要为基础语料,设计并实现了基于Magpie深度学习组件的学术文本结构功能识别实验,通过对比分析同一分类模型在不同学科领域实验语料上的性能表现及其影响因素,揭示机器学习方法的学科适用性规律。[结果/结论]实验结果显示,学科差异性对于机器学习效果有显著的影响,其中医学领域学术文本的结构功能识别效率明显高于其他学科,常见的学术文本功能结构框架中"方法"和"结果"的机器学习识别效果更佳。

喜鹊的个体行为谱

行为学研究的第一步工作是对行为加以描述 ,即建立行为谱 ,只有对行为进行描述后 ,才能提出行为的发展、机制、功能和演化等问题 .本文从七个方面对喜鹊的个体行为进行了描述 ,即 :与姿势有关的行为、与睡眠有关的行为、与视觉有关的行为、维持行为、与摄取和排便有关的行为、与体温调节有关的行为、与运动有关的行为 .每种行为都有其固有的模式和适应意义 .

哈尔滨市区灰喜鹊巢址选择研究

2010年6月至9月在哈尔滨市园林科学研究所实验基地采用样方法对灰喜鹊的巢址选择特征进行研究,并且利用主成分分析法对灰喜鹊巢址样方生境因子进行检验。结果表明,灰喜鹊主要选择针叶树筑巢;在同一生境中巢间距变化小,呈均匀分布;灰喜鹊巢址选择的主要因子包括营巢树高、距最近巢距离、样方内树均高、巢树胸径、距干扰源距离、距最近树距离。这说明灰喜鹊在巢址选择过程中选择巢树和其周围的小生境。

四川省喜鹊地理分布的变迁

喜鹊(Picapica)曾是四川各地最常见的鸟类,但20世纪后期喜鹊却在四川的农耕区和城镇消失了,并持续至今。根据对1995年7月～2002年4月在四川各地搜集的野外数据分析,结合文献资料,说明喜鹊种群数量在四川于20世纪50年代后期已呈下降趋势,70年代开始出现局部消失现象,80年代是其局部灭绝的高峰期,并且消失现象从盆地扩展到周边山地和川西高原山地。进入90年代在四川已形成盆地罕见区,盆周山地、川西南山地局部分布区、川西高原广布区的分布格局。分析讨论了引起其地理分布变迁的原因,认为这是大量砍伐林木、滥用农药、人为毁巢和猎杀所造成的,而滥用剧毒农药、鼠药的影响最大。