Pharmacological targeting cGAS/STING/NF-κB axis by tryptanthrin induces microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype and promotes functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury

The M1/M2 phenotypic shift of microglia after spinal cord injury plays an important role in the regulation of neuroinflammation during the secondary injury phase of spinal cord injury.Regulation of shifting microglia polarization from M1(neurotoxic and proinflammatory type)to M2(neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory type)after spinal cord injury appears to be crucial.Tryptanthrin possesses an anti-inflammatory biological function.However,its roles and the underlying molecular mechanisms in spinal cord injury remain unknown.In this study,we found that tryptanthrin inhibited microglia-derived inflammation by promoting polarization to the M2 phenotype in vitro.Tryptanthrin promoted M2 polarization through inactivating the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway.Additionally,we found that targeting the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway with tryptanthrin shifted microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype after spinal cord injury,inhibited neuronal loss,and promoted tissue repair and functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.Finally,using a conditional co-culture system,we found that microglia treated with tryptanthrin suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress-related neuronal apoptosis.Taken together,these results suggest that by targeting the cGAS/STING/NF-κB axis,tryptanthrin attenuates microglia-derived neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through shifting microglia polarization to the M2 phenotype.

AAV2-PDE6B restores retinal structure and function in the retinal degeneration 10 mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa by promoting phototransduction and inhibiting apoptosis

Retinitis pigmentosa is a group of inherited diseases that lead to retinal degeneration and photoreceptor cell death.However,there is no effective treatment for retinitis pigmentosa caused by PDE6B mutation.Adeno-associated virus(AAV)-mediated gene therapy is a promising strategy for treating retinitis pigmentosa.The aim of this study was to explore the molecular mechanisms by which AAV2-PDE6B rescues retinal function.To do this,we injected retinal degeneration 10(rd10)mice subretinally with AAV2-PDE6B and assessed the therapeutic effects on retinal function and structure using dark-and light-adapted electroretinogram,optical coherence tomography,and immunofluorescence.Data-independent acquisition-mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis was conducted to investigate protein expression levels and pathway enrichment,and the results from this analysis were verified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting.AAV2-PDE6B injection significantly upregulated PDE6βexpression,preserved electroretinogram responses,and preserved outer nuclear layer thickness in rd10 mice.Differentially expressed proteins between wild-type and rd10 mice were closely related to visual perception,and treating rd10 mice with AAV2-PDE6B restored differentially expressed protein expression to levels similar to those seen in wild-type mice.Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins whose expression was most significantly altered by AAV2-PDE6B injection were enriched in phototransduction pathways.Furthermore,the phototransductionrelated proteins Pde6α,Rom1,Rho,Aldh1a1,and Rbp1 exhibited opposite expression patterns in rd10 mice with or without AAV2-PDE6B treatment.Finally,Bax/Bcl-2,p-ERK/ERK,and p-c-Fos/c-Fos expression levels decreased in rd10 mice following AAV2-PDE6B treatment.Our data suggest that AAV2-PDE6B-mediated gene therapy promotes phototransduction and inhibits apoptosis by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway and upregulating Bcl-2/Bax expression in retinitis pigmentosa.

中药单体治疗脊髓损伤后神经炎症:核转录因子κB信号通路的作用

背景:基于核转录因子κB通路探究神经炎症的靶向治疗越来越值得探究,中药靶点多、范围广、机制丰富及不良反应少等优点在治疗各类疾病时都具有十分巨大的潜力。目的:基于核转录因子κB信号通路,对近年研究中出现的山奈酚、红花黄、汉黄芩苷及雷公藤甲素等中药单体治疗脊髓损伤后神经炎症的研究进展进行系统的阐述与归纳。方法:以“脊髓损伤,炎症,抗炎,中药单体,单体化合物,NF-κB信号通路,黄酮,糖苷,酚类,酯类,生物碱”为检索词在中国知网数据库中进行检索;以“Spinal cord injury,inflammation,anti-inflammatory,traditional Chinese medicine monomer,monomeric compound,NF-κB signaling pathway,flavonoids,glycosides,phenols,esters,alkaloids”为检索词在PubMed数据库中进行检索,最终共纳入67篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①核转录因子κB信号通路在神经系统中的作用复杂多样,能够调控中性粒细胞、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和巨噬细胞等,介导损伤后炎症的发生与发展;②中药单体如汉黄芩苷对核转录因子κB抑制蛋白的降解、红花黄素对核转录因子κB信号通路磷酸化过程的抑制、山奈酚对核转录因子κB信号通路p65核易位的抑制等作用可以降低炎症反应对机体造成的影响,从而促进神经功能恢复;③核转录因子κB信号通路在损伤早期能够促进炎症反应和免疫细胞迁移活化,在损伤中后期能够促进损伤部位的修复和纤维化的发生等,适当的激活核转录因子κB信号通路具有促进炎症因子的释放、提高细胞的抗氧化能力及促进免疫细胞的活化等能力,但过度激活的核转录因子κB信号通路则容易导致慢性炎症的发生和持续、细胞凋亡受到抑制等;④未来的研究可以进一步探索如何准确调控核转录因子κB信号通路的活化水平、如何实现对神经系统炎症和损伤的精准干预展开,也可围绕中药单体的制备及中药单体对信号通路的作用机制展开,以期为神经系统疾病的康复和功能恢复提供更有效的治疗策略。

Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in oncological patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors:A case report and literature analysis

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation(HBVr)represents a severe and potentially life-threatening condition,and preventive measures are available through blood test screening or prophylactic therapy administration.The assessment of HBVr traditionally considers factors such as HBV profile,including hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen,along with type of medication(chemotherapy;immunomodulants).Nevertheless,consideration of possible patient’s underlying tumor and the specific malignancy type(solid or hematologic)plays a crucial role and needs to be assessed for decision-making process.

Activation of the wnt/β-catenin/CYP1B1 pathway alleviates oxidative stress and protects the blood-brain barrier under cerebral ischemia/reperfusion conditions

Accumulating evidence suggests that oxidative stress and the Wnt/β-catenin pathway participate in stroke-induced disruption of the blood-brain barrier.However,the potential links between them following ischemic stroke remain largely unknown.The present study found that cerebral ischemia leads to oxidative stress and repression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.Meanwhile,Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation by the pharmacological inhibito r,TWS119,relieved oxidative stress,increased the levels of cytochrome P4501B1(CYP1B1)and tight junction-associated proteins(zonula occludens-1[ZO-1],occludin and claudin-5),as well as brain microvascular density in cerebral ischemia rats.Moreove r,rat brain microvascular endothelial cells that underwent oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation displayed intense oxidative stress,suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway,aggravated cell apoptosis,downregulated CYP1B1and tight junction protein levels,and inhibited cell prolife ration and migration.Overexpression ofβ-catenin or knockdown ofβ-catenin and CYP1B1 genes in rat brain mic rovascular endothelial cells at least partly ameliorated or exacerbated these effects,respectively.In addition,small interfering RNA-mediatedβ-catenin silencing decreased CYP1B1 expression,whereas CYP1B1 knoc kdown did not change the levels of glycogen synthase kinase 3β,Wnt-3a,andβ-catenin proteins in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells after oxygen glucose deprivatio n/reoxygenation.Thus,the data suggest that CYP1B1 can be regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling,and activation of the Wnt/β-catenin/CYP1B1 pathway contributes to alleviation of oxidative stress,increased tight junction levels,and protection of the blood-brain barrier against ischemia/hypoxia-induced injury.

Alterations in the gut microbiome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with hepatitis B virus-related portal hypertension

BACKGROUND Gut microbiota(GM)affects the progression and response to treatment in liver diseases.The GM composition is diverse and associated with different etiologies of liver diseases.Notably,alterations in GM alterations are observed in patients with portal hypertension(PH)secondary to cirrhosis,with hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection being a major cause of cirrhosis in China.Thus,understanding the role of GM alterations in patients with HBV infection-related PH is essential.AIM To evaluate GM alterations in patients with HBV-related PH after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)placement.METHODS This was a prospective,observational clinical study.There were 30 patients(with a 100%technical success rate)recruited in the present study.Patients with esophagogastric variceal bleeding due to HBV infection-associated PH who underwent TIPS were enrolled.Stool samples were obtained before and one month after TIPS treatment,and GM was analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing.RESULTS One month after TIPS placement,8 patients developed hepatic encephalopathy(HE)and were assigned to the HE group;the other 22 patients were assigned to the non-HE group.There was no substantial disparity in the abundance of GM at the phylum level between the two groups,regardless of TIPS treatment(all,P>0.05).However,following TIPS placement,the following results were observed:(1)The abundance of Haemophilus and Eggerthella increased,whereas that of Anaerostipes,Dialister,Butyricicoccus,and Oscillospira declined in the HE group;(2)The richness of Eggerthella,Streptococcus,and Bilophila increased,whereas that of Roseburia and Ruminococcus decreased in the non-HE group;and(3)Members from the pathogenic genus Morganella appeared in the HE group but not in the non-HE group.CONCLUSION Intestinal microbiota-related synergism may predict the risk of HE following TIPS placement in patients with HBVrelated PH.Prophylactic microbiome therapies may be useful for preventing and treating HE after TIPS placement.

Overview of the immunological mechanisms in hepatitis B virus reactivation:Implications for disease progression and management strategies

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.

Perioperative remedial antiviral therapy in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma resection:How to achieve a better outcome

BACKGROUND Although the benefits of antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus(HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)have been proven,researchers have not con-firmed the differences in patient outcomes between patients who received preoperative antiviral therapy for a period of time(at least 24 wk)and patients who received remedial antiviral therapy just before radical resection for HBV-related HCC.AIM To investigate the efficacy of perioperative remedial antiviral therapy in patients with HBV-related HCC.METHODS A retrospective study of patients who underwent radical resection for HBV-related HCC at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from January 2016 to June 2019 was conducted.Considering the history of antiviral therapy,patients were assigned to remedial antiviral therapy and preoperative antiviral therapy groups.RESULTS Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed significant differences in overall survival(P<0.0001)and disease-free survival(P=0.035)between the two groups.Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a history of preoperative antiviral treatment was independently related to improved survival(hazard ratio=0.27;95%confidence interval:0.08-0.88;P=0.030).CONCLUSION In patients with HBV-related HCC,it is ideal to receive preoperative long-term antiviral therapy,which helps patients tolerate more extensive hepatectomy;however,remedial antiviral therapy,which reduces preoperative HBV-DNA levels to less than 4 Log10 copies DNA/mL,can also result in improved outcomes.

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection in Eastern Ethiopia:Clinical characteristics and determinants of cirrhosis

BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)virus infection is a major cause of liver-associated morbidity and mortality,particularly in low-income countries.A better understanding of the epidemiological,clinical,and virological characteristics of CHB will guide appropriate treatment strategies and improve the control and management of CHB in Ethiopia.AIM To investigate the characteristics of CHB in Eastern Ethiopia and assess the efficacy and safety of antiviral treatment.METHODS This cohort study included 193 adults who were human immunodeficiency virus-negative with CHB between June 2016 and December 2019.Baseline assessments included chemistry,serologic,and viral markers.χ^(2) tests,Mann-Whitney U tests,and logistic regression analyses were used to identify the determinants of cirrhosis.Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(TDF)was initiated using treatment criteria from the Ethiopian CHB pilot program.RESULTS A total of 132 patients(68.4%)were men,with a median age of 30 years[interquartile range(IQR):24-38].At enrollment,60(31.1%)patients had cirrhosis,of whom 35(58.3%)had decompensated cirrhosis.Khat use,hepatitis B envelope antigen positivity,and a high viral load were independently associated with cirrhosis.Additionally,66 patients(33.4%)fulfilled the treatment criteria and 59(30.6%)started TDF.Among 29 patients who completed 24 months of treatment,the median aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index declined from 1.54(IQR:0.66-2.91)to 1.10(IQR:0.75-2.53)(P=0.002),and viral suppression was achieved in 80.9%and 100%of patients after 12 months and 24 months of treatment,respectively.Among the treated patients,12(20.3%)died within the first 6 months of treatment,of whom 8 had decompensated cirrhosis.CONCLUSION This study highlights the high prevalence of cirrhosis,initial mortality,and the efficacy of TDF treatment.Scaling up measures to prevent and control CHB infections in Ethiopia is crucial.

双偶氮苯-二苯并[b,i]噻蒽-[2,3-b]苯-5,7,12,14-四酮衍生物分子的二阶非线性光学性质

使用密度泛函理论(DFT)M06-2X方法、采用6-311+g(d,p)基组,分别对26个双偶氮-二苯并[b,i]噻蒽-[2,3-b]苯-5,7,12,14-四酮衍生物分子进行结构优化与频率计算;使用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)TD-M06-2X方法计算了a1~d6分子的前线分子轨道与电子吸收光谱,采用有效场FF方法研究了二阶非线性光学性质(NLO).研究结果表明,26个噻蒽四酮类衍生物分子的能隙在1.33—2.02 eV范围,归属于有机半导体;最低能量吸收峰波长在601.8~609.5nm范围;在增大分子的二阶非线性光学系数β_(μ)(或β_(0))值方面,含相同偶氮苯基团或含不同偶氮苯基团分别引入到二苯并[b,i]噻蒽-[2,3-b]苯-5,7,12,14-四酮分子两侧的2,10位优于2,9位,在2,10位分别端接含推、拉基团的偶氮苯优于含相同给电子基团的偶氮苯.在偶氮苯苯环对位分别端接强吸电子基(-NO_(2))与强供电子基(如-N(CH_(3))_(2)、-N(Ph)_(3)、-N-苯基咔唑等)可增强体系的二阶非线性光学性能,获得性能良好的非线性光学材料.

HSP110 aggravates ischemia-reperfusion injury after liver transplantation by promoting NF-κB pathway

Background:Ischemia-reperfusion injury(IRI)poses a significant challenge to liver transplantation(LT).The underlying mechanism primarily involves overactivation of the immune system.Heat shock protein 110(HSP110)functions as a molecular chaperone that helps stabilize protein structures.Methods:An IRI model was established by performing LT on Sprague-Dawley rats,and HSP110 was silenced using siRNA.Hematoxylin-eosin staining,TUNEL,immunohistochemistry,ELISA and liver enzyme analysis were performed to assess IRI following LT.Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were conducted to investigate the pertinent molecular changes.Results:Our findings revealed a significant increase in the expression of HSP110 at both the mRNA and protein levels in the rat liver following LT(P<0.05).However,when rats were injected with siRNAHSP110,IRI subsequent to LT was notably reduced(P<0.05).Additionally,the levels of liver enzymes and inflammatory chemokines in rat serum were significantly reduced(P<0.05).Silencing HSP110 with siRNA resulted in a marked decrease in M1-type polarization of Kupffer cells in the liver and downregulated the NF-κB pathway in the liver(P<0.05).Conclusions:HSP110 in the liver promotes IRI after LT in rats by activating the NF-κB pathway and inducing M1-type polarization of Kupffer cells.Targeting HSP110 to prevent IRI after LT may represent a promising new approach for the treatment of LT-associated IRI.

地红方通过miR-133b/DUSP1/JNK通路干预糖尿病肾病氧化应激损伤

目的研究地红方对糖尿病肾病细胞模型氧化应激损伤的影响。方法地红方含药血清制备,小鼠肾小球系膜细胞常规培养、传代。按以下分组:对照组(5.5mmol/L葡萄糖+正常血清)、高糖组(30mmol/L葡萄糖+正常血清)、地红方低剂量组(30mmol/L葡萄糖+5%地红方含药血清)、地红方中剂量组(30mmol/L葡萄糖+10%地红方含药血清)、地红方高剂量组(30mmol/L葡萄糖+20%地红方含药血清)。采用实时荧光定量PCR检测miR-133b、DUSP1 mRNA表达。Western blotting检测DUSP1、p-JNK、Drp1、Fis1蛋白表达。Elisa检测SOD、MDA表达。结果与高糖组比较,地红方组miR-133b、MDA、p-JNK、Drp1、Fis1表达明显下降(P<0.05),而DUSP1、SOD表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论地红方可通过miR-133b/DUSP1/JNK通路调控线粒体分裂改善糖尿病肾病氧化应激损伤。

Construct a 3D microsphere of HMX/B/Al/PTFE to obtain the high energy and combustion reactivity

Metal(aluminum and boron)based energetic materials have been wildly applied in various fields including aerospace,explosives and micro-devices due to their high energy density.Unfortunately,the low combustion efficiency and reactivity of metal fuels,especially boron(B),severely limit their practical applications.Herein,multi-component 3D microspheres of HMX/B/Al/PTFE(HBA)have been designed and successfully prepared by emulsion and solvent evaporation method to achieve superior energy and combustion reactivity.The reactivity and energy output of HBA are systematically measured by ignitionburning test,constant-volume explosion vessel system and bomb calorimetry.Due to the increased interfacial contact and reaction area,HBA shows higher flame propagation rate,faster pressurization rate and larger combustion heat of 29.95 cm/s,1077 kPa/s,and 6164.43 J/g,which is 1.5 times,3.5 times,and 1.03 times of the physical mixed counterpart(HBA-P).Meanwhile,HBA also shows enhanced energy output and reactivity than 3D microspheres of HMX/B/PTFE(HB)resulting from the high reactivity of Al.The reaction mechanism of 3D microspheres is comprehensively investigated through combustion emission spectral and thermal analysis(TG-DSC-MS).The superior reactivity and energy of HBA originate from the surface etching of fluorine to the inert shell(Al_(2)O_(3) and B_(2)O_(3))and the initiation effect of Al to B.This work offers a promising approach to design and prepare high-performance energetic materials for the practical applications.

Mental retardation,seizures and language delay caused by new SETD1B mutations:Three case reports

BACKGROUND The SETD1B gene is instrumental in human intelligence and nerve development.Mutations in the SETD1B gene have been linked in recent studies to neurodevelopmental disorders,seizures,and language delay.CASE SUMMARY This study aimed to analyze the clinical manifestations and treatment of three patients suffering from mental retardation,epilepsy,and language delay resulting from a new mutation in the SETD1B gene.Three individuals with these symptoms were selected,and their clinical symptoms,gene test results,and treatment were analyzed.This article discusses the impact of the SETD1B gene mutation on patients and outlines the treatment approach.Among the three patients(two females and one male,aged 8,4,and 1,respectively),all exhibited psychomotor retardation,attention deficit,and hyperactivity disorder,and two had epilepsy.Antiepileptic treatment with sodium tripolyvalproate halted the seizures in the affected child,although mental development remained somewhat delayed.Whole exome sequencing revealed new mutations in the SETD1B gene for all patients,specifically with c.5473C>T(p.Arg1825trp),c.4120C>T(p.Gln1374*,593),c.14_15insC(p.His5Hisfs*33).CONCLUSION Possessing the SETD1B gene mutation may cause mental retardation accompanied by seizures and language delay.Although the exact mechanism is not fully understood,interventions such as drug therapy,rehabilitation training,and family support can assist patients in managing their symptoms and enhancing their quality of life.Furthermore,genetic testing supplies healthcare providers with more precise diagnostic and therapeutic guidance,informs families about genetic disease risks,and contributes to understanding disease pathogenesis and drug research and development.

应用Fabulous^(■)支架治疗马凡综合征合并主动脉根部瘤的复杂型B型主动脉夹层1例

1临床资料患者,女,49岁,因“胸背部间歇性刀割样疼痛4+月”于2023年5月5日入院。患者近视,瘦高身材、手指和脚趾细长,既往无高血压病史,余无特殊。入院查体:心率76次/min,律齐,主动脉听诊区可闻及叹气样舒张期杂音,向心尖传导,余瓣膜未闻及明显病理性杂音。

SR9009联合吲哚丙酸通过核因子κB信号通路减轻C2C12成肌细胞的炎症反应

背景:钟基因Rev-erbα参与调节炎症,但激活Rev-erbα会增加心脑血管疾病风险。为降低相关风险,探索Rev-erbα激动剂SR9009联合其他药物来减轻骨骼肌成肌细胞炎症,奠定治疗炎症相关性骨骼肌萎缩的理论基础。目的:探讨脂多糖刺激C2C12成肌细胞时吲哚丙酸、SR9009与核因子κB信号通路的关系。方法:①1μg/mL脂多糖刺激C2C12成肌细胞,RNA转录组测序结合KEGG通路富集分析信号通路。②CCK-8法检测C2C12成肌细胞活性,筛选吲哚丙酸的最佳给药浓度;然后将细胞分为空白对照组、脂多糖(1μg/mL)组、SR9009(10μmol/L)+脂多糖组、吲哚丙酸(80μmol/L)+脂多糖组、吲哚丙酸+SR9009+脂多糖组,ELISA检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素6水平,RT-qPCR检测白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、Toll样受体4、CD14 mRNA表达,Western blot检测NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。③siRNA敲减Rev-erbα,RT-qPCR评估敲减效率,检测白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达。结果与结论:①与空白对照组比较,脂多糖时间依赖性抑制成肌细胞融合形成肌管,白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达水平升高,细胞上清液中白细胞介素6水平显著升高;KEGG通路分析支持脂多糖刺激激活核因子κB信号通路。②吲哚丙酸浓度>80μmol/L时抑制C2C12成肌细胞活性;吲哚丙酸和SR9009通过抑制核因子κB信号通路发挥抗炎作用,降低白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、Toll样受体4、CD14 mRNA表达水平,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达比值低于脂多糖组。SR9009联合吲哚丙酸显著降低脂多糖诱导的炎症,Toll样受体4、CD14、白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达水平进一步下调,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达比值显著低于吲哚丙酸+脂多糖组和SR9009+脂多糖组。③Rev-erbα随脂多糖刺激时间依赖性升高;siRNA敲减Rev-erbα效率达58%以上,成功敲减Rev-erbα后添加脂多糖,白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达较脂多糖组显著上调。④结果说明,Rev-erbα可以作为调节炎症反应的靶点,SR9009靶向激活Rev-erbα联合吲哚丙酸能抑制核因子κB信号通路显著减轻C2C12成肌细胞的炎症反应,联合抗炎效果优于单独干预。

川陈皮素抑制BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制

背景:有研究证实,川陈皮素可改善脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞异常激活、炎症因子的过度释放和氧化还原失衡,但具体的作用机制尚不充分。目的:探讨川陈皮素抑制脂多糖诱导BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应的分子机制。方法:将第3代BV2小胶质细胞分3组处理:对照组常规培养24 h(不进行任何处理),脂多糖组加入10μg/mL脂多糖处理24 h,脂多糖+川陈皮素组加入20μmol/L川陈皮素处理6 h后加入10μg/mL脂多糖处理24 h。处理结束后,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖,活性氧荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧水平,qRT-PCR法检测细胞内核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1βmRNA表达,Western Blot法检测细胞内核因子κB p65、p-核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β蛋白表达。结果与结论:(1)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞增殖活性降低(P<0.001);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞增殖活性升高(P<0.001);(2)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞内活性氧水平升高(P<0.001);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞内活性氧水平降低(P<0.01);(3)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞内肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1βmRNA表达升高(P<0.001,P<0.01);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞内肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1βmRNA表达降低(P<0.01,P<0.05);(4)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞内p-核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β蛋白表达升高(P<0.001);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞内p-核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β蛋白表达降低(P<0.001);(5)结果表明,川陈皮素可能通过抑制核因子κB信号通路减轻脂多糖诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应。

Impact of increasing one-carbon metabolites on traumatic brain injury outcome using pre-clinical models

Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of death and disability worldwide,affecting over 69 million individuals yearly.One-carbon metabolism has been shown to have beneficial effects after brain damage,such as ischemic stroke.However,whether increasing one-carbon metabolite vitamins impacts traumatic brain injury outcomes in patients requires more investigation.The aim of this review is to evaluate how one-carbon metabolites impact outcomes after the onset of traumatic brain injury.PubMed,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases were searched for studies that examined the impact of B-vitamin supplementation on traumatic brain injury outcomes.The search terms included combinations of the following words:traumatic brain injury,dietary supplementation,one-carbon metabolism,and B-vitamins.The focus of each literature search was basic science data.The year of publication in the literature searches was not limited.Our analysis of the literature has shown that dietary supplementation of B-vitamins has significantly improved the functional and behavioral recove ry of animals with traumatic brain injury compared to controls.Howeve r,this improvement is dosage-dependent and is contingent upon the onset of supplementation and whether there is a sustained or continuous delive ry of vitamin supplementation post-traumatic brain injury.The details of supplementation post-traumatic brain injury need to be further investigated.Overall,we conclude that B-vitamin supplementation improves behavioral outcomes and reduces cognitive impairment post-traumatic brain injury in animal model systems.Further investigation in a clinical setting should be stro ngly considered in co njunction with current medical treatments for traumatic brain injury-affected individuals.

BYL-719对结核杆菌诱导异常破骨细胞分化的作用及机制

背景:PI3K/AKT信号通路调控破骨激活在维持骨稳态中具有关键作用,而骨关节结核中的骨质破坏正是由于结核杆菌感染引起的异常破骨细胞生成所致,但是PI3K信号通路在结核杆菌诱导的异常破骨细胞生成中发挥的作用尚不明确。目的:探究PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂BYL-719对结核杆菌诱导的异常破骨细胞生成的影响及机制。方法:使用牛结核杆菌卡介苗(BCG)感染RAW264.7细胞,Ag85B进行细胞免疫荧光染色;CCK-8法确定BYL-719安全使用浓度。实验分为空白对照组、BYL-719组、卡介苗组、卡介苗+BYL-719组。各组细胞在RANKL诱导下,通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色和鬼笔环肽染色,探究BYL-719对结核杆菌感染后破骨细胞分化、融合的影响;RT-PCR和Western Blot检测破骨细胞相关基因及蛋白表达情况,并进一步探索作用机制。结果与结论:①免疫荧光染色结果显示,RAW264.7细胞吞噬结核杆菌;②CCK-8数据显示,40 nmol/L浓度BYL-719没有细胞毒性;③抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色和鬼笔环肽染色提示,BYL-719能抑制结核杆菌感染后的破骨细胞生成、融合能力;④RT-PCR和Western blot结果也提示,BYL-719抑制了结核杆菌感染诱导的破骨细胞特异性基因(包括c-Fos、NFATc1、基质金属蛋白酶9和CtsK)表达升高(P<0.05);⑤Western blot和免疫荧光染色结果揭示,BYL-719通过下调IκBα-p65来抑制结核杆菌诱导的破骨细胞过度分化;⑥结论:BYL-719通过下调IκBα/p65抑制结核杆菌诱导的异常破骨细胞生成,说明IκBα/p65信号通路是骨关节结核潜在治疗靶点,BYL-719有预防和改善骨关节结核中骨质破坏的潜在价值。

Jianpi Gushen Huayu decoction ameliorated diabetic nephropathy through modulating metabolites in kidney,and inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 and JNK/P38 pathways

BACKGROUND Jianpi Gushen Huayu Decoction(JPGS)has been used to clinically treat diabetic nephropathy(DN)for many years.However,the protective mechanism of JPGS in treating DN remains unclear.AIM To evaluate the therapeutic effects and the possible mechanism of JPGS on DN.METHODS We first evaluated the therapeutic potential of JPGS on a DN mouse model.We then investigated the effect of JPGS on the renal metabolite levels of DN mice using non-targeted metabolomics.Furthermore,we examined the effects of JPGS on c-Jun N-terminal kinase(JNK)/P38-mediated apoptosis and the inflammatory responses mediated by toll-like receptor 4(TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB)/NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3).RESULTS The ameliorative effects of JPGS on DN mice included the alleviation of renal injury and the control of inflammation and oxidative stress.Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that JPGS altered the metabolites of the kidneys in DN mice.A total of 51 differential metabolites were screened.Pathway analysis results indicated that nine pathways significantly changed between the control and model groups,while six pathways significantly altered between the model and JPGS groups.Pathways related to cysteine and methionine metabolism;alanine,tryptophan metabolism;aspartate and glutamate metabolism;and riboflavin metabolism were identified as the key pathways through which JPGS affects DN.Further experimental validation showed that JPGS treatment reduced the expression of TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways and JNK/P38 pathway-mediated apoptosis related factors.CONCLUSION JPGS could markedly treat mice with streptozotocin(STZ)-induced DN,which is possibly related to the regulation of several metabolic pathways found in kidneys.Furthermore,JPGS could improve kidney inflammatory responses and ameliorate kidney injuries in DN mice via the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway and inhibit JNK/P38 pathwaymediated apoptosis in DN mice.