Blymphocyte stimulator （BLyS） is also known as B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） family （BAFF）, or TNF and apoptosis ligand-related leukocyte-expressed ligand 1 （TALL-I）.^1-...Blymphocyte stimulator （BLyS） is also known as B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） family （BAFF）, or TNF and apoptosis ligand-related leukocyte-expressed ligand 1 （TALL-I）.^1-3 As a member of the TNF family, BLyS plays an important role in B cell development, and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases and B cell malignancies.展开更多
Immunosuppressive drug level monitoring and serum creatinine are widely used for kidney transplantation （KT） monitoring. Monitoring of drug level is not the direct measurement of the immune response while the rising...Immunosuppressive drug level monitoring and serum creatinine are widely used for kidney transplantation （KT） monitoring. Monitoring of drug level is not the direct measurement of the immune response while the rising of creatinine is too late for detection of allograft injury. Kidney biopsy, the gold standard for KT monitoring, is invasive and may lead to complications. Many biomarkers have been discovered for direct monitoring of the immune system in KT and the beneft of some biomarkers has reached clinical level. In order to use biomarkers for KT monitoring, physicians have to understand the biology including kinetics of each marker. This can guide biomarker selection for specific condition. Herein, we summarize the recent fndings of donor specifc anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody, B lymphocyte stimulator, interferon-gamma induced protein of 10 kDa, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate monitoring, all of which have very strong evidence support for the clinical use in KT.展开更多
Background BAFF, the B cell activation factor, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） ligand family that binds to BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R. Previous studies have shown that members of the TNF family are detect...Background BAFF, the B cell activation factor, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） ligand family that binds to BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R. Previous studies have shown that members of the TNF family are detected in human placental trophoblast cells, but the expression patterns of BAFF involved in human decidua and the differential expression of BAFF between normal pregnancy and miscarriage are still incompletely documented or unknown. This study was designed to investigate the expression of BAFF and BAFF-R in the trophoblast and decidua of normal early pregnant women and recurrent spontaneous abortion （RSA） patients.Methods Forty-five patients with RSA and 45 normal pregnant women were included in this study. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, Western blotting and immunohistochemical experiments, we explored the expression of BAFF and BAFF-R in the maternal-fetal interface of normal early pregnant women and RSA patients.Results Analysis by RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that BAFF was detected in both trophoblast and decidua of all the samples, and the expression level was higher in the tissues of normal early pregnant women （P〈0.05） than that of recurrent spontaneous abortion patients under the same gestational weeks. Messages for BAFF-R were absent. Immunohistochemical experiments showed that expression of BAFF was cell-specific which was localized to villous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells in trophoblast and to stromal cells in decidua. Whereas BAFF was prominent on the trophoblast and decidua of normal early pregnant women, it was decreased in the tissues of RSA patients.Conclusions BAFF might steer maternal leukocytes away from a harmful immune response and toward a favorable one and play a potentially vital role for successful pregnancy.展开更多
文摘Blymphocyte stimulator （BLyS） is also known as B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） family （BAFF）, or TNF and apoptosis ligand-related leukocyte-expressed ligand 1 （TALL-I）.^1-3 As a member of the TNF family, BLyS plays an important role in B cell development, and has been implicated in autoimmune diseases and B cell malignancies.
文摘Immunosuppressive drug level monitoring and serum creatinine are widely used for kidney transplantation （KT） monitoring. Monitoring of drug level is not the direct measurement of the immune response while the rising of creatinine is too late for detection of allograft injury. Kidney biopsy, the gold standard for KT monitoring, is invasive and may lead to complications. Many biomarkers have been discovered for direct monitoring of the immune system in KT and the beneft of some biomarkers has reached clinical level. In order to use biomarkers for KT monitoring, physicians have to understand the biology including kinetics of each marker. This can guide biomarker selection for specific condition. Herein, we summarize the recent fndings of donor specifc anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody, B lymphocyte stimulator, interferon-gamma induced protein of 10 kDa, and intracellular adenosine triphosphate monitoring, all of which have very strong evidence support for the clinical use in KT.
基金This work was supported partly by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China to Dr. KONG Bei-hua （No. 30571953）.Acknowledgement： We are grateful to Dr. GAO Wen-juan and Dr. LIU Jia for the technical support.
文摘Background BAFF, the B cell activation factor, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor （TNF） ligand family that binds to BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R. Previous studies have shown that members of the TNF family are detected in human placental trophoblast cells, but the expression patterns of BAFF involved in human decidua and the differential expression of BAFF between normal pregnancy and miscarriage are still incompletely documented or unknown. This study was designed to investigate the expression of BAFF and BAFF-R in the trophoblast and decidua of normal early pregnant women and recurrent spontaneous abortion （RSA） patients.Methods Forty-five patients with RSA and 45 normal pregnant women were included in this study. By reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）, Western blotting and immunohistochemical experiments, we explored the expression of BAFF and BAFF-R in the maternal-fetal interface of normal early pregnant women and RSA patients.Results Analysis by RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed that BAFF was detected in both trophoblast and decidua of all the samples, and the expression level was higher in the tissues of normal early pregnant women （P〈0.05） than that of recurrent spontaneous abortion patients under the same gestational weeks. Messages for BAFF-R were absent. Immunohistochemical experiments showed that expression of BAFF was cell-specific which was localized to villous cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells in trophoblast and to stromal cells in decidua. Whereas BAFF was prominent on the trophoblast and decidua of normal early pregnant women, it was decreased in the tissues of RSA patients.Conclusions BAFF might steer maternal leukocytes away from a harmful immune response and toward a favorable one and play a potentially vital role for successful pregnancy.
