基于TLR4 NF-κB通路-神经相关因子探究依达拉奉对急性脑梗死患者炎症反应与神经损伤的保护机制

目的基于Toll样受体4(TLR4)核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路-神经相关因子探究依达拉奉对急性脑梗死(ACI)患者炎症反应与神经损伤的保护机制。方法选取2020-07—2023-07保定市第一中心医院收治的110例ACI患者,以随机数字表法分为观察组、对照组,各55例,对照组给予阿替普酶溶栓,观察组给予阿替普酶溶栓联合依达拉奉治疗。比较2组疗效、神经功能[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、改良Rankin评分]、TLR4 NF-κB通路指标(TLR4、NF-κB)、神经损伤相关因子[神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、中枢神经特异性蛋白(S-100β)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)]、TLR4 NF-κB通路相关炎症因子[白介素-1β(IL-1β)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、五聚素3(PTX3)、脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)]。结果观察组总有效率96.36%,高于对照组的83.64%(P<0.05)。治疗1、2周观察组NIHSS评分、改良Rankin评分均低于对照组(P<0.05),观察组TLR4、NF-κB均低于对照组(P<0.05)。相较于治疗前,2组治疗1、2周后S-100β、NSE水平明显下降,BDNF水平明显升高,观察组S-100β、NSE水平均低于对照组,BDNF水平高于对照组(P<0.05)。相较于治疗前,2组治疗1、2周后IL-1β、hs-CRP、TNF-α、PTX3、Lp-PLA2水平均明显下降,观察组IL-1β、hs-CRP、TNF-α、PTX3、Lp-PLA2水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论依达拉奉对ACI患者的疗效显著,有利于缓解炎症反应,改善神经损伤,其保护机制可能与TLR4 NF-κB通路调控神经损伤、炎症反应相关因子有关。

双偶氮苯-二苯并[b,i]噻蒽-[2,3-b]苯-5,7,12,14-四酮衍生物分子的二阶非线性光学性质

使用密度泛函理论(DFT)M06-2X方法、采用6-311+g(d,p)基组,分别对26个双偶氮-二苯并[b,i]噻蒽-[2,3-b]苯-5,7,12,14-四酮衍生物分子进行结构优化与频率计算;使用含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)TD-M06-2X方法计算了a1~d6分子的前线分子轨道与电子吸收光谱,采用有效场FF方法研究了二阶非线性光学性质(NLO).研究结果表明,26个噻蒽四酮类衍生物分子的能隙在1.33—2.02 eV范围,归属于有机半导体;最低能量吸收峰波长在601.8~609.5nm范围;在增大分子的二阶非线性光学系数β_(μ)(或β_(0))值方面,含相同偶氮苯基团或含不同偶氮苯基团分别引入到二苯并[b,i]噻蒽-[2,3-b]苯-5,7,12,14-四酮分子两侧的2,10位优于2,9位,在2,10位分别端接含推、拉基团的偶氮苯优于含相同给电子基团的偶氮苯.在偶氮苯苯环对位分别端接强吸电子基(-NO_(2))与强供电子基(如-N(CH_(3))_(2)、-N(Ph)_(3)、-N-苯基咔唑等)可增强体系的二阶非线性光学性能,获得性能良好的非线性光学材料.

中药单体治疗脊髓损伤后神经炎症:核转录因子κB信号通路的作用

背景:基于核转录因子κB通路探究神经炎症的靶向治疗越来越值得探究,中药靶点多、范围广、机制丰富及不良反应少等优点在治疗各类疾病时都具有十分巨大的潜力。目的:基于核转录因子κB信号通路,对近年研究中出现的山奈酚、红花黄、汉黄芩苷及雷公藤甲素等中药单体治疗脊髓损伤后神经炎症的研究进展进行系统的阐述与归纳。方法:以“脊髓损伤,炎症,抗炎,中药单体,单体化合物,NF-κB信号通路,黄酮,糖苷,酚类,酯类,生物碱”为检索词在中国知网数据库中进行检索;以“Spinal cord injury,inflammation,anti-inflammatory,traditional Chinese medicine monomer,monomeric compound,NF-κB signaling pathway,flavonoids,glycosides,phenols,esters,alkaloids”为检索词在PubMed数据库中进行检索,最终共纳入67篇文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①核转录因子κB信号通路在神经系统中的作用复杂多样,能够调控中性粒细胞、小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和巨噬细胞等,介导损伤后炎症的发生与发展;②中药单体如汉黄芩苷对核转录因子κB抑制蛋白的降解、红花黄素对核转录因子κB信号通路磷酸化过程的抑制、山奈酚对核转录因子κB信号通路p65核易位的抑制等作用可以降低炎症反应对机体造成的影响,从而促进神经功能恢复;③核转录因子κB信号通路在损伤早期能够促进炎症反应和免疫细胞迁移活化,在损伤中后期能够促进损伤部位的修复和纤维化的发生等,适当的激活核转录因子κB信号通路具有促进炎症因子的释放、提高细胞的抗氧化能力及促进免疫细胞的活化等能力,但过度激活的核转录因子κB信号通路则容易导致慢性炎症的发生和持续、细胞凋亡受到抑制等;④未来的研究可以进一步探索如何准确调控核转录因子κB信号通路的活化水平、如何实现对神经系统炎症和损伤的精准干预展开,也可围绕中药单体的制备及中药单体对信号通路的作用机制展开,以期为神经系统疾病的康复和功能恢复提供更有效的治疗策略。

灵芝提取物通过PBX3/MAPK通路对胶质瘤细胞恶性生物学行为的作用机制研究

目的探究灵芝提取物(GLE)是否可通过前B细胞白血病同源盒基因3(PBX3)/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)通路影响U251人胶质瘤细胞恶性生物学行为。方法2022年1月至2023年1月进行该研究。含不同浓度GLE培养液(0、50、100、200 mg/L GLE)培养U251细胞48 h,采用细胞计数试剂盒(CCK-8)法、流式细胞术、平板克隆实验、细胞划痕试验及迁移和侵袭(Transwell)实验来评估细胞的存活率、凋亡情况、集落形成能力、迁移与侵袭特性;实时定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)检测PBX3、细胞外信号调节酶(ERK)mRNA表达水平;蛋白质印迹法检测PBX3、原癌基因c-RAF(Raf-1)、磷酸化Raf-1(p-Raf-1)、信号通路细胞外信号调节酶1/2(ERK1/2)、磷酸化ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)蛋白表达情况。结果0、50、100、200 mg/L GLE下U251细胞存活率分别为100%、(86.62±4.26)%、(67.68±3.49)%、(50.84±3.39)%、(40.13±3.25)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);0、50、100、200 mg/L GLE下U251细胞凋亡率、集落形成数、划痕愈合率、侵袭细胞数、PBX3、ERK mRNA及PBX3、p-Raf-1、p-ERK1/2蛋白相对表达水平比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);随着GLE浓度的增加,U251细胞存活率、划痕愈合率、PBX3与ERK mRNA相对表达水平及RAS、PBX3、p-Raf-1、p-MEK1/2、p-ERK1/2蛋白相对表达水平均降低,集落形成数及侵袭细胞数均减少,细胞凋亡率升高;GLE作用效果呈剂量性依赖(P<0.05)。结论GLE可抑制胶质瘤细胞增殖、克隆形成、迁移及侵袭等恶性生物学特性,并诱导其凋亡,其作用机制可能与阻断PBX3/MAPK通路的激活相关。

紫外线B辐射增强和酸氮沉降复合作用对杉木凋落物分解的影响

为了探究不同环境因子复合作用对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)凋落物分解机制的影响,以杉木人工林凋落物为研究对象,采用野外环境控制试验方法,通过设置不同紫外线B辐射增强、酸沉降和氮沉降试验处理,进行紫外线B辐射增强与酸氮沉降复合作用对杉木凋落物分解过程处理1年的定位研究。结果表明:不同试验处理后,杉木凋落物的分解速率从大到小依次为氮沉降处理(0.69)、紫外线B辐射增强与氮沉降复合处理(0.64)、紫外线B辐射增强与酸氮沉降复合处理(0.59)、酸沉降与氮沉降复合处理(0.58)、对照(0.56)、紫外线B辐射增强处理(0.55)、酸沉降处理(0.54)、紫外线B辐射增强与酸沉降复合处理(0.52)。氮沉降处理、紫外线B辐射增强与氮沉降复合处理会促进凋落物分解,缩短凋落物分解的周期;酸沉降处理会减缓杉木凋落物分解的速率。紫外线B辐射增强、紫外线B辐射增强和酸沉降复合处理、酸沉降和氮沉降复合处理、酸沉降氮沉降和紫外线B复合处理,对杉木凋落物分解的速率没有明显的影响。

Oviposition Site Preference and Its Effects on Subsequent Development of Variegated Grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus L.) under Laboratory Conditions

Female grasshoppers can affect the fitness of their offspring through their selection of oviposition site. Knowledge of soil type on oviposition, and its effects on subsequent development can provide guidelines for habitat manipulations that reduce the harmful effects of these pests on farmers fields. The influence of soil types on the oviposition site preference of variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus L.) reared some cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) varieties, was investigated in a cage trial carried out at the Bio factory laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Njala University, Sierra Leone during 2022/2023. The treatments comprised three soil types (Sandy, Loamy and Clay), each with three replications laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in wooden cages. Data were collected on the following development parameters including, Net reproductive growth ratio (R0), Generation time (Tc), Intrinsic rate of increase (rm), Finite rate of increase (), Doubling time (Dt), and overall survivorship. Findings revealed that, Z. variegatus L. preferred sandy soil in which, on average, most eggs were deposited (338, 6.62 4.40), followed by loamy soil, 286 (5.53 3.96), and then, clayey soil, 200 (3.91 3.85);though, the differences were not significant. This study established that Z. variegatus deposited more eggs in sandy soil > loamy soil > clayey soil, respectively;and subsequent survivorship of the immature unto mature adult insect, revealed a similar order. This indicates that the sandy soil is the most preferred substrate for oviposition and subsequent development into adult insects.

B位掺杂提升CsSnI_(3)钙钛矿结构和电荷稳定性的第一性原理研究

全无机CsSnI_(3)钙钛矿拥有理想的带隙宽度(1.3 eV),光电转化效率理论峰值达到33%.目前CsSnI_(3)太阳能电池的发展受制于的CsSnI_(3)的结构不稳定性和Sn^(2+)易被氧化为Sn^(4+)的问题.研究基于第一性原理,详细探讨了一系列金属元素对CsSnI_(3)进行B位掺杂改性的方案,旨在提升CsSnI_(3)结构稳定性,并抑制CsSnI_(3)中Sn^(2+)被氧化为Sn^(4+)的问题.计算结果表明,在CsSnI_(3)钙钛矿B位掺杂三价金属Sb、Bi能够阻碍CsSnI_(3)相变生成Cs_(2)SnI_6,并且抑制Sn^(2+)的氧化;尤其在晶格中存在锡空位缺陷时,Sb、Bi掺杂对于Sn^(4+)形成的抑制效果更为显著.同时,低浓度的Sb、Bi掺杂不会改变CsSnI_(3)的直接带隙特性,且带隙宽度变化较小,因此能够在维持CsSnI_(3)优良光电活性的基础上进一步提高结构和电荷的稳定性.研究结果为实现高效且稳定的CsSnI_(3)钙钛矿太阳能电池提供了重要的理论指导.

SR9009联合吲哚丙酸通过核因子κB信号通路减轻C2C12成肌细胞的炎症反应

背景:钟基因Rev-erbα参与调节炎症,但激活Rev-erbα会增加心脑血管疾病风险。为降低相关风险,探索Rev-erbα激动剂SR9009联合其他药物来减轻骨骼肌成肌细胞炎症,奠定治疗炎症相关性骨骼肌萎缩的理论基础。目的:探讨脂多糖刺激C2C12成肌细胞时吲哚丙酸、SR9009与核因子κB信号通路的关系。方法:①1μg/mL脂多糖刺激C2C12成肌细胞,RNA转录组测序结合KEGG通路富集分析信号通路。②CCK-8法检测C2C12成肌细胞活性,筛选吲哚丙酸的最佳给药浓度;然后将细胞分为空白对照组、脂多糖(1μg/mL)组、SR9009(10μmol/L)+脂多糖组、吲哚丙酸(80μmol/L)+脂多糖组、吲哚丙酸+SR9009+脂多糖组,ELISA检测细胞上清液中白细胞介素6水平,RT-qPCR检测白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、Toll样受体4、CD14 mRNA表达,Western blot检测NF-κB p65、p-NF-κB p65蛋白表达。③siRNA敲减Rev-erbα,RT-qPCR评估敲减效率,检测白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达。结果与结论:①与空白对照组比较,脂多糖时间依赖性抑制成肌细胞融合形成肌管,白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达水平升高,细胞上清液中白细胞介素6水平显著升高;KEGG通路分析支持脂多糖刺激激活核因子κB信号通路。②吲哚丙酸浓度>80μmol/L时抑制C2C12成肌细胞活性;吲哚丙酸和SR9009通过抑制核因子κB信号通路发挥抗炎作用,降低白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α、Toll样受体4、CD14 mRNA表达水平,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达比值低于脂多糖组。SR9009联合吲哚丙酸显著降低脂多糖诱导的炎症,Toll样受体4、CD14、白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达水平进一步下调,p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65蛋白表达比值显著低于吲哚丙酸+脂多糖组和SR9009+脂多糖组。③Rev-erbα随脂多糖刺激时间依赖性升高;siRNA敲减Rev-erbα效率达58%以上,成功敲减Rev-erbα后添加脂多糖,白细胞介素6和肿瘤坏死因子αmRNA表达较脂多糖组显著上调。④结果说明,Rev-erbα可以作为调节炎症反应的靶点,SR9009靶向激活Rev-erbα联合吲哚丙酸能抑制核因子κB信号通路显著减轻C2C12成肌细胞的炎症反应,联合抗炎效果优于单独干预。

川陈皮素抑制BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应的机制

背景:有研究证实,川陈皮素可改善脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞异常激活、炎症因子的过度释放和氧化还原失衡,但具体的作用机制尚不充分。目的:探讨川陈皮素抑制脂多糖诱导BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应的分子机制。方法:将第3代BV2小胶质细胞分3组处理:对照组常规培养24 h(不进行任何处理),脂多糖组加入10μg/mL脂多糖处理24 h,脂多糖+川陈皮素组加入20μmol/L川陈皮素处理6 h后加入10μg/mL脂多糖处理24 h。处理结束后,采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖,活性氧荧光探针检测细胞内活性氧水平,qRT-PCR法检测细胞内核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1βmRNA表达,Western Blot法检测细胞内核因子κB p65、p-核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β蛋白表达。结果与结论:(1)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞增殖活性降低(P<0.001);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞增殖活性升高(P<0.001);(2)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞内活性氧水平升高(P<0.001);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞内活性氧水平降低(P<0.01);(3)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞内肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1βmRNA表达升高(P<0.001,P<0.01);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞内肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1βmRNA表达降低(P<0.01,P<0.05);(4)与对照组比较,脂多糖组细胞内p-核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β蛋白表达升高(P<0.001);与脂多糖组比较,脂多糖+川陈皮素组细胞内p-核因子κB p65、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β蛋白表达降低(P<0.001);(5)结果表明,川陈皮素可能通过抑制核因子κB信号通路减轻脂多糖诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎症反应。

BYL-719对结核杆菌诱导异常破骨细胞分化的作用及机制

背景:PI3K/AKT信号通路调控破骨激活在维持骨稳态中具有关键作用,而骨关节结核中的骨质破坏正是由于结核杆菌感染引起的异常破骨细胞生成所致,但是PI3K信号通路在结核杆菌诱导的异常破骨细胞生成中发挥的作用尚不明确。目的:探究PI3K/AKT信号通路抑制剂BYL-719对结核杆菌诱导的异常破骨细胞生成的影响及机制。方法:使用牛结核杆菌卡介苗(BCG)感染RAW264.7细胞,Ag85B进行细胞免疫荧光染色;CCK-8法确定BYL-719安全使用浓度。实验分为空白对照组、BYL-719组、卡介苗组、卡介苗+BYL-719组。各组细胞在RANKL诱导下,通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色和鬼笔环肽染色,探究BYL-719对结核杆菌感染后破骨细胞分化、融合的影响;RT-PCR和Western Blot检测破骨细胞相关基因及蛋白表达情况,并进一步探索作用机制。结果与结论:①免疫荧光染色结果显示,RAW264.7细胞吞噬结核杆菌;②CCK-8数据显示,40 nmol/L浓度BYL-719没有细胞毒性;③抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色和鬼笔环肽染色提示,BYL-719能抑制结核杆菌感染后的破骨细胞生成、融合能力;④RT-PCR和Western blot结果也提示,BYL-719抑制了结核杆菌感染诱导的破骨细胞特异性基因(包括c-Fos、NFATc1、基质金属蛋白酶9和CtsK)表达升高(P<0.05);⑤Western blot和免疫荧光染色结果揭示,BYL-719通过下调IκBα-p65来抑制结核杆菌诱导的破骨细胞过度分化;⑥结论:BYL-719通过下调IκBα/p65抑制结核杆菌诱导的异常破骨细胞生成,说明IκBα/p65信号通路是骨关节结核潜在治疗靶点,BYL-719有预防和改善骨关节结核中骨质破坏的潜在价值。

Current status of drug therapy for chronic hepatitis B

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Meng et al.Chronic hepatitis B(CHB)is a significant global health problem,particularly in developing countries.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is one of the most important risk factors for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Prevention and treatment of HBV are key measures to reduce complications.At present,drug therapy can effectively control virus replication and slow disease progression,but completely eliminating the virus remains a challenge.Anti-HBV treatment is a long-term process,and there are many kinds of antiviral drugs with different mechanisms of action,it is essential to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these drugs to reduce side effects and improve patients’compliance.We will summarize the current status of CHB drug treatment,hoping to provide a reference for the selection of clinical antiviral drugs.

尿石素B对骨髓来源巨噬细胞向破骨细胞分化的调控机制

背景:尿石素B在机体免疫应答中起重要调节作用,具备抗炎、抗氧化和抗癌的特性,并能抑制Raw 264.7细胞向破骨细胞分化,但其对于骨髓来源的巨噬细胞向破骨细胞分化的具体作用及机制尚未阐明。系统性研究破骨细胞过度活化的调控机制,有助于探索新的治疗靶点,筛选研发更安全、有效的治疗药物,为阻断破骨细胞过度活化提供新思路。目的:利用骨髓来源的巨噬细胞建立体外破骨细胞分化模型,探究尿石素B对核因子κB受体活化因子配体介导破骨细胞分化的影响,并系统性分析其作用机制。方法:(1)采用CCK-8法筛选尿石素B干预骨髓来源巨噬细胞的安全工作浓度;(2)用不同浓度(0,12.5,25,50μmol/L)尿石素B干预骨髓来源的巨噬细胞向破骨细胞分化,进行抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色观察破骨细胞的数目及面积大小;(3)不同浓度(0,12.5,25,50μmol/L)尿石素B干预骨髓来源巨噬细胞的破骨分化,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测破骨特异性基因的相对表达水平;(4)蛋白印迹实验观察尿石素B对骨髓来源巨噬细胞P65、ERK信号通路的影响;(5)蛋白印迹实验检测尿石素B对骨髓来源巨噬细胞的破骨分化关键转录因子活化T细胞核因子1和c-Fos的影响。结果与结论:(1)50μmol/L及以下浓度的尿石素B对骨髓来源巨噬细胞的增殖无影响,能显著抑制骨髓来源巨噬细胞的破骨分化;(2)尿石素B主要在破骨形成前中期抑制骨髓来源巨噬细胞的破骨分化;(3)尿石素B可下调骨髓来源巨噬细胞中破骨特异性基因的相对表达水平;(4)50μmol/L的尿石素B抑制骨髓来源巨噬细胞的P65和ERK磷酸化水平,进而抑制破骨细胞形成;(5)50μmol/L的尿石素B抑制骨髓来源的巨噬细胞中破骨分化关键转录因子活化T细胞核因子1和c-Fos的表达;(6)提示尿石素B通过P65/ERK信号轴下调破骨关键转录因子活化T细胞核因子1、c-Fos的表达,抑制下游破骨特异性基因的表达,从而抑制骨髓来源的巨噬细胞向破骨细胞分化。

Antiviral therapy for hepatitis B virus infection is beneficial for the prognosis hepatocellular carcinoma

In this editorial,we comment on the article by Mu et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.We pay special attention to the immune tolerance mechanism caused by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection,the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and the role of antiviral therapy in treating HCC related to HBV infection.HBV infection leads to systemic innate immune tolerance by directly inhibiting pattern recognition receptor recognition and antiviral signaling pathways,as well as by inhibiting the immune functions of macrophages,natural killer cells and dendritic cells.In addition,HBV leads to an immunosuppressive cascade by expressing inhibitory molecules to induce exhaustion of HBV-specific cluster of differentiation 8+T cells,ultimately leading to long-term viral infection.The loss of immune cell function caused by HBV infection ultimately leads to HCC.Long-term antiviral therapy can improve the prognosis of patients with HCC and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis.

不同时间按压刺激对大鼠骨骼肌形态学及肿瘤坏死因子α、核因子κB的影响

背景:研究发现不同时间长度按压点刺激正常肌肉,将产生不同的生理反应。目的:探讨在不同时间机械压力按压下,大鼠骨骼肌内炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子α及核因子κB表达的变化。方法:健康SPF级SD雄性大鼠20只,随机分为空白对照组、10 s按压组、20 s按压组及30 s按压组,每只大鼠的单侧右腿用于实验。空白对照组不予干预,各按压组大鼠经2%戊巴比妥钠(35 mg/kg)腹腔注射麻醉后,使用自制机械压力装置,将压强固定在200 kPa,分别持续按压大鼠股薄肌10,20,30 s,随后即刻取右后肢按压处肌肉组织。苏木精-伊红染色观察骨骼肌组织形态学变化及肌纤维横截面积的变化,免疫组织化学检测骨骼肌肿瘤坏死因子α及核因子κB表达水平。结果与结论:①苏木精-伊红染色结果显示,各按压组大鼠骨骼肌肌纤维排列松散,肌纤维横截面积和直径变小,骨骼肌间隙变大。与空白对照组相比,各按压组骨骼肌肌纤维的横截面积显著减小(P<0.05),3个按压组之间骨骼肌肌纤维的横截面积差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。10 s按压组肌纤维间隙中未见明显红细胞,20 s按压组间隙中出现少量红细胞,30 s按压组骨骼肌肌纤维间毛细血管扩张,间隙中出现红细胞。②30 s按压组的骨骼肌肿瘤坏死因子α的表达水平显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05)。③各组间的骨骼肌核因子κB的表达水平比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。④结果说明,压强固定在200 kPa时,骨骼肌经过按压会发生形态学变化,肌纤维横截面积减少,但按压10,20,30 s骨骼肌形态学及骨骼肌纤维横截面积无显著差异。随着时间点的变化,按压骨骼肌至30 s时,炎性因子肿瘤坏死因子α启动,但对核因子κB没有影响,推测短时间内炎性因子可出现表达,而转录因子未见明显变化。

Exploring the performance of large language models on hepatitis B infection-related questions:A comparative study

BACKGROUND Patients with hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection require chronic and personalized care to improve outcomes.Large language models(LLMs)can potentially provide medical information for patients.AIM To examine the performance of three LLMs,ChatGPT-3.5,ChatGPT-4.0,and Google Gemini,in answering HBV-related questions.METHODS LLMs’responses to HBV-related questions were independently graded by two medical professionals using a four-point accuracy scale,and disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer.Each question was run three times using three LLMs.Readability was assessed via the Gunning Fog index and Flesch-Kincaid grade level.RESULTS Overall,all three LLM chatbots achieved high average accuracy scores for subjective questions(ChatGPT-3.5:3.50;ChatGPT-4.0:3.69;Google Gemini:3.53,out of a maximum score of 4).With respect to objective questions,ChatGPT-4.0 achieved an 80.8%accuracy rate,compared with 62.9%for ChatGPT-3.5 and 73.1%for Google Gemini.Across the six domains,ChatGPT-4.0 performed better in terms of diagnosis,whereas Google Gemini demonstrated excellent clinical manifestations.Notably,in the readability analysis,the mean Gunning Fog index and Flesch-Kincaid grade level scores of the three LLM chatbots were significantly higher than the standard level eight,far exceeding the reading level of the normal population.CONCLUSION Our results highlight the potential of LLMs,especially ChatGPT-4.0,for delivering responses to HBV-related questions.LLMs may be an adjunctive informational tool for patients and physicians to improve outcomes.Nevertheless,current LLMs should not replace personalized treatment recommendations from physicians in the management of HBV infection.

七叶苷通过下调Toll样受体4/核因子κB信号通路抑制脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症

目的探讨七叶苷通过调控Toll样受体4/核因子κB(TLR4/NF-κB)途径抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW264.7巨噬细胞炎症。方法2022年10月至2023年6月,培养RAW264.7巨噬细胞,用脂多糖诱导炎性损伤,分为正常组、LPS诱导的模型组,七叶苷低、中、高浓度组(七叶苷的浓度分别为25,100和200μmol/L)。RAW264.7巨噬细胞先用上述浓度七叶苷处理12 h,然后用脂多糖诱导12 h。用噻唑蓝溴化四氮唑(MTT)法检测各组细胞活性,用膜联蛋白V(Annexin V)-异硫氰酸荧光素(FITC)和碘化丙啶(PI)凋亡和坏死检测法结合流式分析技术检测细胞凋亡,用实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)分别检测细胞炎症因子转录水平表达和释放,用蛋白质印迹法检测凋亡因子、TLR4/NF-κB信号通路蛋白表达和NF-κB核转移。结果MTT结果证明200μmol/L七叶苷给药处理能够显著增加脂多糖诱导后RAW264.7细胞的增殖活性(1.524±0.223)。流式分析结果证明200μmol/L七叶苷显著抑制脂多糖诱导的细胞凋亡和坏死[(10.68±3.69)%],且免疫印迹结果证实200μmol/L七叶苷显著促进B细胞白血病/淋巴瘤2(Bcl-2)[(1.981±0.026)倍]和抑制Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)[(1.750±0.016)倍]的蛋白表达。200μmol/L七叶苷显著降低RAW264.7细胞中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)[(1.59±0.14)倍,(267.0±25.5)ng/L]、白细胞介素(IL)-1β[(1.28±0.22)倍,(126.0±19.4)ng/L]和IL-6[(1.26±0.13)倍,(113.0±18.4)ng/L]的转录水平表达量和培养上清液中旁分泌量。200μmol/L七叶苷能抑制脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞中TLR4蛋白表达和核因子-κB p65(NF-κB p65)、NF-κB抑制因子(IκB)的磷酸化以及NF-κB p65核转录。结论七叶苷通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路传导和NF-κB p65核转移来抑制脂多糖诱导的RAW264.7细胞凋亡、坏死和炎症反应。

Gut microbiota shifts in hepatitis B-related portal hypertension after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt:Mechanistic and clinical implications

In this article,we provide commentary on the recent article by Zhao et al.We focus on the shifts in the gut microbiota of patients with hepatitis B virus(HBV)-associated cirrhosis/portal hypertension(PH)following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)and the implications for understanding the mechanisms,diagnosis,and treatment.By comparing the gut microbiota composition and dynamic changes before and after TIPS in patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy,the authors found an increase in non-probiotic bacteria in those who developed hepatic encephalopathy post-TIPS,with Morganella species present only in the hepatic encephalopathy group.The gut microbiota changes post-TIPS among patients without the occurrence of hepatic encephalopathy suggest potential therapeutic benefits through prophylactic microbiome therapies.Furthermore,the specific gut microbiota alterations may hold promise to predict the risk of hepatic encephalopathy in individuals undergoing TIPS for HBVrelated PH.Despite these promising findings,future studies are needed to address limitations,including a small sample size,a relatively short evaluation period for gut microbiota alterations,the absence of data on dynamic alterations in gut microbiota post-TIPS and their correlation with blood ammonia levels,and the lack of validation in animal models.In conclusion,Zhao et al's study has shed new light on the link of gut microbiota with post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy,potentially through the intricate gut-liver axis,and has important clinical implications for improving the management of patients with HBV-related PH.

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5+CD8+T cells as immune regulators in hepatitis Be antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B under interferonalpha treatment

BACKGROUND C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5(CXCR5)+CD8+T cells represent a unique immune subset with dual roles,functioning as cytotoxic cells in persistent viral infections while promoting B cell responses.Despite their importance,the specific role of CXCR5+CD8+T cells in chronic hepatitis B(CHB),particularly during interferon-alpha(IFN-α)treatment,is not fully understood.This study aims to elucidate the relationship between CXCR5+CD8+T cells and sustained serologic response(SR)in patients undergoing 48 weeks of pegylated IFN-α(peg-IFN-α)treatment for CHB.AIM To elucidate the relationship between CXCR5+CD8+T cells and sustained SR in patients undergoing 48 weeks of peg-IFN-αtreatment for CHB.METHODS This study enrolled 60 patients with hepatitis Be antigen(HBeAg)-positive CHB undergoing 48 weeks of peg-IFN-αtreatment.Participants were assessed for eligibility based on criteria such as persistent HBsAg-positive status for at least six months,HBeAb-negative,hepatitis B virus DNA levels exceeding 2×104 copies/mL,and alanine aminotransferase(ALT)levels between 2 and 10 times the upper limit of normal.Blood samples were collected at baseline and at weeks 12,24,48,and a 24-week treatment-free follow-up(week 72)to measure serum interleukin(IL)-21 concentration via ELISA and to analyze CXCR5 and programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1)expression on CD8+T cells by flow cytometry,CXCR5 is a chemokine receptor that directs immune cells to specific tissues,while PD-L1 is a protein that regulates immune responses by inhibiting T cell activity.RESULTS Patients with CHB exhibited significantly lower levels of circulating CXCR5+CD8+T cells compared to healthy controls(P<0.01).Notably,CXCR5+CD8+T cells were prominently expressed in patients who achieved sustained SR compared to non-SR(NSR).A significant correlation was observed between CXCR5 and PD-L1 expression(r=-0.189,P=0.002).However,there was no significant correlation between serum IL-21 levels and CXCR5+CD8+lymphocytes(r=-0.03,P=0.625)or serum ALT levels(r=0.026,P=0.678).CONCLUSION The enhanced expression of CXCR5+CD8+T cells in patients achieving HBeAg seroconversion during IFN-αtreatment suggests that these cells play a crucial role in antiviral immune responses against hepatitis B.This study highlights the potential of CXCR5+CD8+T cells as immune regulators in CHB,which may inform future therapeutic strategies to optimize antiviral treatments.

曲克芦丁调控核因子κB信号通路抑制脑梗死模型大鼠脑损伤及神经元凋亡

背景:目前已有研究发现曲克芦丁对脑部疾病有明显的改善作用,但是关于曲克芦丁对脑梗死治疗及神经元细胞影响的研究较少。目的:探究曲克芦丁调控核因子κB信号通路对脑梗死大鼠脑损伤及神经元凋亡的作用机制。方法:选取清洁级大鼠50只,将其随机分为健康组、模型组、曲克芦丁+核因子κB激动剂组、曲克芦丁组、核因子κB抑制剂组,后4组均采用动脉结扎法建立脑梗死大鼠模型。健康组及模型组采用等量生理盐水灌胃处理,曲克芦丁+核因子κB激动剂组采用72 mg/kg曲克芦丁灌胃+20 mg/kg RANK腹腔注射干预,曲克芦丁组采用72 mg/kg曲克芦丁灌胃处理,核因子κB抑制剂组采用120 mg/kg核因子κB抑制剂二硫代氨基甲酸吡咯烷进行腹腔注射,各组给药均1次/d,均连续干预30 d。药物干预完成后24 h,采用Zea-longa检测大鼠神经功能损伤,苏木精-伊红染色观察脑组织病理改变,TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡,采用免疫印迹法及PCR检测核因子κB p65、核因子κB p50蛋白及mRNA表达水平。结果与结论:①与健康组比较,模型组大鼠神经功能评分、神经元凋亡率、核因子κB p65、核因子κB p50 mRNA及蛋白表达水平升高(P<0.05);②与模型组比较,曲克芦丁+核因子κB激动剂组神经功能评分、神经元凋亡率、核因子κB p65、核因子κB p50 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);③与曲克芦丁+核因子κB激动剂组比较,曲克芦丁组、核因子κB抑制剂组神经功能评分、神经元凋亡率、核因子κB p65、核因子κB p50 mRNA及蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05),且曲克芦丁组与核因子κB抑制剂组比较无差异(P>0.05);④模型组大鼠脑组织有大量神经元细胞胞质空泡化,明显水肿和坏死现象及大量炎性细胞浸润现象;曲克芦丁+核因子κB激动剂组脑组织肿胀减轻,网状结构和固缩细胞减少,仍伴有部分水肿;曲克芦丁组及核因子κB抑制剂组脑组织肿胀和神经元水肿变性、细胞胞质空泡化及神经元细胞核固缩减少,炎症细胞浸润明显降低;⑤提示曲克芦丁能够降低脑梗死大鼠神经功能损伤表达、抑制神经元凋亡及改善其脑组织病理损伤,其作用机制可能与调控核因子κB及相关信号通路的表达相关。

Pharmacological targeting cGAS/STING/NF-κB axis by tryptanthrin induces microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype and promotes functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury

The M1/M2 phenotypic shift of microglia after spinal cord injury plays an important role in the regulation of neuroinflammation during the secondary injury phase of spinal cord injury.Regulation of shifting microglia polarization from M1(neurotoxic and proinflammatory type)to M2(neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory type)after spinal cord injury appears to be crucial.Tryptanthrin possesses an anti-inflammatory biological function.However,its roles and the underlying molecular mechanisms in spinal cord injury remain unknown.In this study,we found that tryptanthrin inhibited microglia-derived inflammation by promoting polarization to the M2 phenotype in vitro.Tryptanthrin promoted M2 polarization through inactivating the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway.Additionally,we found that targeting the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway with tryptanthrin shifted microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype after spinal cord injury,inhibited neuronal loss,and promoted tissue repair and functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury.Finally,using a conditional co-culture system,we found that microglia treated with tryptanthrin suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress-related neuronal apoptosis.Taken together,these results suggest that by targeting the cGAS/STING/NF-κB axis,tryptanthrin attenuates microglia-derived neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through shifting microglia polarization to the M2 phenotype.