Mosquito Control, Killing off the Females

In addition to causing discomfort, female mosquitoes introduce disease-carrying viruses and bacteria into the bloodstream of their victims. There are numerous publications describing the uses of sugary mosquito baits with promising results. Without temperature control measures however, these methods are mainly useful for only nectar-feeding insects, including male mosquitoes, because the warmth of the blood is a condition for the females to locate their meals. The efforts required to keep the baits fresh against the natural spoiling process make them less attractive or impractical to implement. These experiments address these issues by using warm baits of water, sugar, boric acid, and antibiotics. Overnight, the general areas became clear of blood-sucking female mosquitoes while in numbers, the harmless males concentrated into the immediate vicinities. Control vs. experiment protocol established no other logical explanation for this phenomenon other than that females were attracted and killed by the bait. As expected, there was no female mosquito’s activity in these areas. There weren’t many left to do the work.

Impact of pond and fence aquaculture on reservoir environment

With the rapid development of aquaculture in lakes and reservoirs, its negative effects on water quality and aquatic organisms are clearly emerging. Toward a better understanding of these effects, chemical and biological monitoring was conducted in the Fangbian Reservoir to study the relationship between aquaculture and eutrophication. As a domestic water supply source, this reservoir has reached the mesotrophic level. The concentrations of total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） in the Fangbian Reservoir have frequently exceeded the prescriptive level according to the Environmental Quality Standardgfor SurJace Water （GB3838-2002）. Pond and fence aquaculture feeding is the main cause of high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, accounting for nearly half of the total pollution, and causing the reservoir environmental capacity to be exceeded. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that went directly to the reservoir through the residual bait and fish droppings in fence aquaculture were 42 768 kg per year and 10 856 kg per year respectively, from 2007 to 2009. About 2 913 kg of nitrogen and 450 kg of phosphorus were imported to the reservoir through the exchange of water from the culturing ponds at the same time. Therefore, controlling the aquaculture scale and promoting eco-aquaculture are key measures for lessening the eutrophication degree and improving the water quality.

Yeast-generated CO2:A convenient source of carbon dioxide for mosquito trapping using the BG-Sentinel?traps

Objectives: To evaluates carbon dioxide(CO_2) production from yeast/sugar mixtures and its efficiency as an attractant in BG-Sentinel traps.Methods: The rate of CO_2 production was optimized for different yeast/sugar mixtures.The optimized mixture was then used as bait in BG-Sentinel traps. The efficiency of this bait was then compared to octenol baited traps.Results: The yeast/sugar(5g: 280g) in 300 m L water generated the highest volume of CO_2. The CO_2 baited traps caught significantly more mosquitoes than octenol baited traps.Conclusions: Yeast-produced CO_2 can effectively replace octenol baits in BG traps.This will significantly reduce costs and allow sustainable mass-application of the CO_2 baited traps in large scale surveillance programs.

基于SSM框架的旅游信息网站的设计与实现

互联网＋的不断深入带动了传统行业的经济发展,旅游行业也需要实现线上线下的一体化。为了解决游客对旅游信息的查询、旅游线路预订等各方面的需求,采用主流的SSM框架技术,实现了一个B/S架构的旅游信息网站。景点管理员可以发布旅游信息,注册用户可以根据旅游板块进行分类查询并发表评论,实现用户之间及景点管理员的互动,从而提高用户体验,方便用户出游。

Construction and Identification of a Yeast Two-Hybrid Bait Vector and Its Effect on the Growth of Yeast Cells and the Self-Activating Function of Reporter Genes for Screening of HPV18 E6-Interacting Protein

By using a yeast two-hybrid system,a yeast two-hybrid bait vector was constructed and identified for screening of the HPV18 E6-interacting proteins,and its effects on the growth of yeast cells and the activation of reporter genes were investigated.Total mRNA extracted from Hela cells was reversely transcribed into cDNA.Fragment of HPV18 E6 cDNA was amplified using RT-PCR and directly ligated to the pGBKT7 vector.The recombinant plasmid was confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequencing.Th...

Control Effects of Three Poisonous Baits on Solenopsis invicta Buren

The field control effects of different concentrations of indoxacarb baits,fipronil baits and chlorfenapyr baits on Solenopsis invicta was evaluated. The results showed that at 21 post administration,the control effects of 0. 04% indoxacarb on nests and worker ants reached 100%; the control effect of 0. 02% and0. 06% indoxacarb on active nests and worker ants were 87. 50% and 100%,respectively; 0. 000 25% and 0. 000 5% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr also had significant control effects on active nests and worker ants. At 30 d post administration,the decline rates of ant colony grade treated by 0. 04% and 0. 06% indoxacarb,0. 000 25% fipronil and 0. 05% chlorfenapyr were 100%,100%,91. 44% and 98. 11%,respectively,and the comprehensive control effect reached 97. 18%.

Effects of Photosynthetic Bacteria-enhanced Biological Floc Replacement Diets on Tilapia Growth,Water Environment and Water Microbial Diversity

With Oreochromis niloticus as the object of study,glucose was added as a carbon source to promote the formation of the biological flocs for replacing part of the feed,and three gradients were set up,namely Group A(all feed),Group B(replacement of 10%feed)and Group C(replacement of 20%feed),so as to explore the effects of photosynthetic bacteria-enhanced biological flocs on tilapia growth and water environment conditions.Meanwhile,the Biolog-ECO technology was applied to study the changes of microbial carbon metabolism diversity in aquaculture water.The results showed that the utilization of microbial carbon sources under different feed replacement gradients increased with the extension of the culture time.The overall performance was in order of 10%replacement>all feed>20%feed replacement.A suitable replacement rate could not only enhance the overall utilization of carbon sources by water microorganisms,but also save culture costs.The principal component analysis showed that the carbon source metabolism of the water microbial communities under different feed replacement gradients was significantly different.Specifically,polysaccharides,esters and amino acids were the preferred carbon sources of water microbes,while the utilization of amines and acids was low.

Does <i>Culicoides</i>spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Not Suck Human Blood in Riparian Habitat of a National Park

Is the wild animal conservation result in Taiwan good enough to provide the blood resources for the blood sucking insect and cause the insect behavior changed? Based on the bimonthly investigation of Culicoides sp. in Wuling area, Sheipar National Park, by both human bait method and light trap method, we found that there were totally 13,191 individuals trapped by light trap and collected but no one single Culicoides sp. trapped by human bait during the study period of Wuling Long Term Ecological Research (WLTER) in 2012. Two of the three sites were recorded and reported as the midge attacked the ranger and tourists of Sheipa National Park in 2010 and 2011 respectively. Along with the study of WLTER some wild animals encounter more often than before, especially the bird population in the riparian ecosystem of the mountain river Chi Chia Wan Stream. On the other end, Culicoides sp. preferred to the blood of birds and amphibians as well as mammals according to the article review. So, the effectiveness of blood resource from wild animals may cause the behavior of blood sucking insect like as Culicoides sp. shifted to or returned back to the original and the favorite blood resource.

Efficient Protein-based Bait Formulation for Attraction and Feeding Response of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Myanmar

Protein baitsprays were produced from many different sources for the controlling fruit flies in the integrated pest management program around the world.Here,fruit fly baits were formulated based on cost-effective bait mixtures such as local jaggery,brewers spent grain(BSG),apple cider vinegar,wheat bran powder and local red wine with the fresh enzyme from papaya and pineapple.Fruit fly Baits were prepared by mixing the small amount of local detergent as insecticide.Our results indicated that the best efficient fruit fly bait for area wide integrated pest management(AW-IPM)is the BSG-based bait whereas the second efficient bait is local red wine-based bait.The highest fruit fly per trap per day(FTD)value by BSG-based bait traps was discovered.The highest female captured percentage is BSG-based bait with papaya solution.The field analysis of one week and one month old protein-based bait showed that FTD values decreased slightly while only one month old wheat bran-based bait dropped to the base.The BSG-based baits analysis is effective not only female fruit flies but also cockroaches male in Myanmar’s tropical region.Thus our results reveal that the efficient protein-based bait is the fresh BSG-based bait with papaya solution.

Ant species diversity in ciliary forest and gallery forest areas in central Brazil

Ants make up an important group of insects of the Cerrado in terms of biomass, number of individuals, and ecological impact. The main goals of this study were to quantify the species richness and species diversity of the family Formicidae in two riparian Cerrado physiognomies: Ciliary Forest and Gallery Forest, and to evaluate the effectiveness of two collection techniques for these organisms. The study was conducted during the dry season, comprising the months of May to October 2012, in the municipality of Quirinópolis, Goiás State, Brazil. Samples were made using two capture techniques: sardine baits and pitfall traps. Manual collection was employed to extend the range of faunistic composition of the ants. We collected 24 species of ants in the Gallery Forest and 23 in the Ciliary Forest. The genus Megalomyrmex was the most representative, being present in 49.46% of the samples, and secondly the genus Pheidole, with 15.36% of the total individuals captured. From a total of 10,917 individuals, 9140 were captured using the bait technique, 1738 with traps, and 39 individuals through manual collection. Similar results were found in the Cerrado of Paineiras, with 45 ant species distributed in 16 genera belonging to 5 subfamilies.

Ethyl-iophenoxic acid as a quantitative bait marker for small mammals

Bait markers are indispensable for ecological research but in small mammals,most markers are invasive,expensive and do not enable quantitative analyses of consumption.Ethyl-iophenoxic acid(Et-IPA)is a non-toxic,quantitative bait marker,which has been used for studying bait uptake in several carnivores and ungulates.We developed a bait with Et-IPA,assessed its palatability to common voles(Microtus arvalis),and determined the dose-residue-relation for this important agricultural pest rodent species.Et-IPA concentrations of 40 to 1280μg Et-IPA per g bait were applied to wheat using sunflower oil or polyethylene glycol 300 as potential carriers.In a laboratory study,common voles were offered the bait and blood samples were collected 1,7,and 14 days after consumption.The samples were analyzed with LC-ESI-MS/MS for blood residues of Et-IPA.Sunflower-oil was the most suitable bait carrier.Et-IPA seemed to be palatable to common voles at all test concentrations.Dose-dependent residues could be detected in blood samples in a dose-dependent manner and up to 14 days after uptake enabling generation of a calibration curve of the dose-residue relationship.Et-IPA was present in common vole blood for at least 14 days,but there was dissipation by 33–37%depending on dose.Et-IPA meets many criteria for an“ideal”quantitative bait marker for use in futurefield studies on common voles and possibly other small mammal species.

Deworming of stray dogs and wild canines with praziquantel-laced baits delivered by an unmanned aerial vehicle in areas highly endemic for echinococcosis in China

Background:Canines,the definitive hosts for the parasites causing alveolar(AE)and cystic echinococcosis(CE),are the main source of this infections playing the key role in the transmission.The ten-year mortality rate of AE is extremely high(94%)if the patients are not given sustained treatment.The aim of this field study is to explore the possibility of delivery of praziquantel-laced baits using unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)aimed at deworming wild canines in the endemic areas.Methods:UAVs were compared to manual bait delivery in the 1-km^(2)test areas followed by testing of canine faeces using an Echinococcus coproantigen ELISA test in the ensuing year.The outcomes of the two approaches were compared with respect to time of delivery and overall cost.Findings:Compared to manual bait delivery,delivery by UAVs saved up to 67%of the overall cost.Three times more staff was needed for the former approach compared to the latter and,time wise,UAV bait delivery saved 350%compared to manual bait delivery on average.With regard to investment needed,the use of UAVs showed an efficiency 2.5 times better than manual bait delivery.Compared to the area served by UAVs,the average positive rate for the canine faecal samples was more than 38%higher in the area served manually.Conclusion:The technique of bait delivery with praziquantel using UAVs for canine deworming has a strong potential with regard to savings of manpower,time and overall cost in areas highly endemic for echinococcosis.

Assessment of faunal communities and habitat use within a shallow water system using non-invasive BRUVs methodology

Seagrass and mangrove habitats have long been established as critical for diverse species at various life-stages,particularly as nursery grounds.However,despite their intrinsic and environmental value,these ecosystems are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities.In Bimini,Bahamas,where ongoing development threatens ecosystem integrity,baited remote underwater video surveys(BRUVs)were used to examine faunal communities in both nearshore habitat and a shallow water central lagoon(average depth 1 m).The study assessed species abundances and spatial distribution in a currently unperturbed of the North Bimini Marine Reserve(NBMR).A total of 140 BRUVs,conducted over a 13-month period,recorded 62 species from 27 different families.MaxN was used to assess relative abundances and multivariate analyses(i.e.nMDS,PCA,PERMANOVA)investigated differences in community composition across discrete factors and environmental variables.Boosted Regression Trees(BRTs)were used to explore environmental variables for their uncorrelated influences on recorded species diversity.Findings evidenced the importance of habitat diversity and particularly mangroveadjacent habitat for teleost fishes in Bimini with species diversity and abundance being significantly greater in the mangrove-adjacentdge habitat.Further,the study highlighted differences in environmental conditions between habitat types and the association this had with species diversity,abundance and distribution.Despite the shallow water environment,BRUVs served as a scalable,non-invasive technique to assess community structures within the study site.Results from this study should inform ongoing decision-making processes regarding the protection of the Bimini Islands ecosystem.

Fish assemblages in protected seagrass habitats:Assessing fish abundance and diversity in no-take marine reserves and fished areas

Marine reserves are an important management tool for conserving local biodiversity and protecting fragile ecosystems such as seagrass that provide significant ecological functions and services to people and the marine environment.With humans placing ever-growing pressure on seagrass habitats,marine reserves also provide an important reference from which changes to seagrass and their ecological assemblages may be assessed.After eight years of protection of seagrass beds(Posidonia australis)in no-take marine reserves(Sanctuary Zones)within the Jervis Bay Marine Park(New South Wales,Australia;zoned in 2002),we aimed to assess what changes may have occurred and assess continuing change through time in fish assemblages within these seagrass meadows.Using baited remote underwater videos(BRUVs),we sampled seagrass fish assemblages at three locations in no-take zones and five locations in fished zones three times from 2010 to 2013.Overall,we observed a total of 2615 individuals from 40 fish species drawn from 24 families.We detected no differences in total fish abundance,diversity,or assemblage composition between management zones,although we observed a significant increase in Haletta semifasciata,a locally targeted fish species,in no-take marine reserves compared with fished areas.Fish assemblages in seagrass varied greatly amongst times and locations.Several species varied in relative abundance greatly over months and years,whilst others had consistently greater relative abundances at specific locations.We discuss the potential utility of marine reserves covering seagrass habitats and the value of baseline data from which future changes to seagrass fish populations may be measured.

Grain, pellet and wax block bait take by the house mouse (Mus musculus) and non-target species: implications for mouse eradications on coral cay islands

Introduced rodents have been eradicated from large numbers of offshore islands using toxic baits;however, toxicbaits have been linked with negative impacts on non-target species. The present study assessed the bait take oftarget (house mouse, Mus musculus) and non-target (buff banded rail, Rallus philippensis) animals on Northwestand Heron Islands in the Great Barrier Reef. Three non-toxic bait formulations (wax block, pellet and grain) weretested and each was applied at 1 kg ha–1 in six treatment grids. The tracks of animals visiting the baits were identifiedusing 30 tracking stations per treatment grid. A tracking station consisted of a track-board placed in the centre of asand-pad. Mean bait take differed significantly between the formulations: birds took more grain bait than wax blockbait;mice took more wax block than grain bait. Both mice and birds were equally selective of pellet bait. Thus, thefindings indicate that wax blocks are the most suitable formulation for future baiting programs to eradicate mice onthese and other islands.

Field evaluation of some bait additives against Indian crested porcupine(Hystrix indica)(Rodentia:Hystricidae)

This research study evaluated the effect of different additives on the bait consumption by Indian crested porcupine,a serious forest and agricultural pest,under field conditions.Different additives(saccharin,common salt,bone meal,fish meal,peanut butter,egg yolk,egg shell powder,yeast powder,mineral oil and coconut oil)at 2 and 5%each were tested for their relative preference,using groundnut-maize(1:1)as basic bait.All the additives were tested under a no-choice test pattern.For control tests,no additive was mixed with the basic bait.Saccharin at 5%concentration significantly enhanced the consumption of bait over the basic bait,while 2%saccharin supplemented bait resulted in a non-significant bait consumption.All other additives did not enhance the consumption of the bait material;rather,these worked as repellents.However,the repellency was lowest with the common salt,followed by egg yolk,egg shell powder,bone meal,peanut butter,mineral oil,fish meal and yeast powder,while coconut remained the most repellent compound.The present study suggested that groundnut-maize(1:1)supplemented with 5%saccharin was the preferred bait combination,and can be used with different rodenticides for the management of Indian crested porcupine.

Impact of contraceptive hormones on the reproductive potential of male and female commensal black rats (Rattus rattus)

The black rat is considered one of the world’s top pests.With increased restrictions on rodenticides,new alternatives to manage rats are urgently needed.Research on the use of contraceptive hormones,levonorgestrel(LE),and quinestrol(QU),have been evaluated against some rodent species,and this research is thefirst study to assess these on black rats.Hormones were incorporated into rodent bait at 10 and 50 ppm concentrations singly and in combination(EP-1).Groups of 10 animals of each sex were fed the baits over 7 days.Lower bait consumption was observed with slight body mass reductions.On dissection,it was observed that the uterus was in a state of edema and male reproductive organs weighed less with reduced sperm counts/motility.The 2 most promising baits,50 ppm QU and EP-1,were used to assess impact on pregnancy and litter size.Pregnancy was reduced from 70%success when both males and females consumed untreated bait,down to 30%when males had consumed contraceptive bait but females had not,and down to 0%when females had consumed contraceptive bait,regardless of whether they had paired with a treated or untreated male.Litter size in the untreated pairs was 8 pups,but only 4 pups in those cases where the male only had consumed the contraceptive.Further studies should investigate how long the effect lasts and its reversibility.Field studies at the population level may also shed light on the practicality of using contraceptive baits for black rats in different habitats.