Qualitative Assessment of Postharvest Stomata and Chloroplast Degradation in Contrasting Abscission Resistant Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)

Balsam fir is an important Christmas tree species, especially in eastern Canada. The natural Christmas tree industry faces a challenge in postharvest needle abscission. Though there have been many studies describing the physiological triggers and consequences in postharvest balsam fir, there have been no studies describing morphological or ultrastructural changes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine changes in stomata and chloroplast of postharvest needles. Branches were collected from low and high needle abscission resistance balsam fir genotypes, placed in water, and displayed in typical household conditions for 11 weeks. Needle abscission, chlorophyll fluorescence, and water uptake were monitored throughout. Needles stomata and chloroplasts were examined under a scanning and transmission electron microscope, respectively, each week. All branches had increased abscission, decreased chlorophyll fluorescence, and decreased water uptake over time. Needle surfaces accumulated fungal hyphae, especially in stomata. Chloroplasts demonstrated some dysfunction within two weeks, with notable decreases in chloroplast starch and increases in plastoglobulins. Within several weeks thylakoid membranes had been dismantled as chloroplasts transformed into gerontoplasts. All biophysical and structural changes were more pronounced in low needle abscission resistant genotypes. This research identifies a potential role for needle fungi in postharvest needle abscission and confirms the postharvest senescence of chloroplasts. Though it was previously speculated that chloroplasts must senesce postharvest, this study identifies how quickly this process occurs and that it occurs at different rates in contrasting genotypes.

Influence of Different Drying Temperatures on Quality of Balsam Pear Slices

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effects of different drying temperatures on the physiochemical properties and antioxidant activity of balsam pear slices. [Method] Balsam pear slices were dried at different hot air temperatures, 40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 ℃. [Result] The polyphenols content was highest （2.83 mg/g） in the balsam pear slices dried at 50 ℃, and the flavonoids content was highest （2.584 mg/g） in those dried at 60 ℃. Different drying temperatures had a great impact on the antioxidant capacity of polyphenols in balsam pear. The balsam pear slices dried at 50 ℃ showed the strongest capacity for scavenging DPPH free radicals with IC50 of 0.015 mg/ml, and those dried at 80 ℃ showed the strongest capacity for removing ABTS free radicals with IC50 of 0.0689 mg/ml. [Conclusion] The hot air temperature of 50 ℃ had the least impact on the quality of balsam pear slices.

Morphological Characteristics of Floral Organ at Different Microspore Developmental Stage in Balsam Pear （Momordica Charantia L.）

The relationship between microspore developmental stages and morphological characteristics of floral organ in balsam pear was studied. The results showed that flower buds developed a series of morphological changes at different microspore developmental stages, and morphological characteristics of floral organ were significantly different when sampling from different part or cultivar of balsam pear. Anther at late-uninucleate stage was best for culture, in which stage flower buds swelled obviously, and white floss on the surface reduced. In addition, calyxes were obvious but did not spread, and the most of anthers were light green.

Callus and Adventitious Buds Formation from Stem Explants of Balsam Pear （Momordica charantia L.）

The effects of sterilization pretreatment, sampling time and growth regulators on callus formation, explant contamination and adventitious bud induction from stems of balsam pear （Momordica charantia L.） were investigated. Sterilized for 6 rain with 0.1% （w/v） mercuric chloride solution is an essential sterilization method for stems. June and July proved to be better for material taking, followed by May. The callus formation rate of balsam pears reached the highest when medium added with IBA 1.0mg/L and BA 2.0 mg/L, while the optimum medium for adventitious bud induction was MS added with IBA 0.5mg/L and BA 4.0 mg/L. And it will provide theoretical and technical basis for rapid propagation and breeding.

Effect of Different Treatment on Anther Callus Formation and Browning in Balsam Pear （Mornordica charantia L.）

Brown callus derived from anther limited the application of anther culture in balsam pear. In order to establish a more perfect regeneration system from anther cultuer, the effects of low temperature pretreatment, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid （2,4-D）, vitamin C （Vc） and silver nitrate （AgNO3） on callus induction and browning in anther culture of balsam pear （Momordiea charantia L.） were investigated. The results showed that after pretreatment at 4 ℃ for 1 day, callus induction rate was the highest and browning rate was the lowest. Anthers on MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D 0.5 mg/L formed more and better callus. The medium supplemented with Vc or AgNO3 was advantageous to the induction of callus and reduction of browning. When cultured on medium supplemented with 50 mg/L Vc or 5 mg/L AgNO3, callus induction rate was the highest and browning rate was rather low.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Balsam Pear(Momordica charantia L.) by ISSR Marker

[Objective] The aim was to explore the relationship between the classification and regional distribution of balsam pear. [Method] In the research, 30 varieties of balsam pear were analyzed by ISSR marker. [Result] The research showed that172 bands were amplified by 18 primers, in which, 132 bands were polymorphism and the polymorphic proportion was 76.7%. All of the samples can be divided into four categories by UPGMA analysis. [Conclusion] The results indicated that the classification of balsam pear is similar as varieties' regional distribution, which will be useful for genetic relationships analysis and parents selection in hybridization breeding.

A Review on the Regeneration of Balsam Pear （Momordica Charantia L.）

An efficient protocol was developed for direct plant regeneration, multiplication and rooting of Balsam pear in vitro. The key factors influencing regeneration such as genotypes, explants type, seedling age, plant hormones and additives were summarized. The paper also discussed the problems existing on balsam pear tissue culture and prospected the future development of this system.

Sensitization Properties of Propolis and Balsam of Peru in Guinea Pig Maximization Test(GPMT)

Introduction: Propolis is used in Poland as an active ingredient of some drugs administered externally, dietary supplements and cosmetics. According to the literature, propolis is a non-toxic and safe substance, although it may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the allergenic properties of propolis and Balsam of Peru. Material and methods: The study was conducted according to the OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals-Skin sensitization with use of Guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). Guinea pigs have similar sensitivity to allergens as human body. Sensitization properties of propolis were tested in comparison with sensitization properties of Balsam of Peru because of the possibility of cross-reaction between those two substances. Results: The skin of guinea pigs in the propolis group showed no visible change compared to the control group during the first (48 h) and second observation (72 h). The skin of guinea pigs from Balsam of Peru group showed discrete erythema in only one case at the first observation (8.33% of the animals). During the second observation, no visible changes were observed compared to the control group. Conclusions: Guinea pig maximization test showed no sensitizing properties of propolis and weak sensitizing properties of Balsam of Peru in concentration of 5%.

原子吸收光谱法测定苦瓜中微量金属元素的含量

用微波消解法对苦瓜进行预处理,采用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苦瓜中钙、镁、铁、锌四种微量金属元素的含量。在最佳条件下测得苦瓜中各金属元素的含量分别为Ca:3843.50μg/g,Mg:2545.492μg/g,Fe:93.3415μg/g,Zn:77.685μg/g;RSD为0.19%~0.85%;检出限为0.0020μg·mL^(-1)~0.0703μg·mL^(-1);相关系数为0.9927~0.9997;加标回收率为94.60%~102.92%,此方法简单、快捷、经济、有效。

藏猪肝脏脂质组的高通量鉴定与解析

本研究旨在揭示藏猪肝脏的脂质组成,营养特性,以及响应高海拔环境的生理机制。通过液相色谱-质谱联用的高通量脂质组学分析技术,探究西藏林芝地区约3000 m海拔下的藏猪肝脏中脂质组谱。结果显示:在藏猪肝脏中鉴定到1101种脂质分子,主要包括272种甘油三酯(TG)、91种甘油二脂(DG)和87种磷脂酰胆碱(PC)等28种脂质类别;PC是含量最丰富的磷脂类分子,达到总磷脂的38.73%;游离脂肪酸(FFA)中含有38.60%的多不饱和脂肪酸。

老字号品牌视觉形象创新设计研究——以镇江恒顺香醋为例

“老字号”是中国世代传承的品牌,属于中国传统文化。本文以镇江恒顺香醋为例,在阐述老字号起源与恒顺香醋发展历程的基础上,对恒顺香醋品牌的视觉形象进行分析,最后提出老字号品牌视觉形象的创新设计思路。目的在于为老字号品牌视觉形象的创新设计提供可行性方案,从而推动老字号品牌的保护发展和品牌质量提升。

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定杜阮凉瓜中20种元素的含量

本文建立了测定杜阮凉瓜中20种元素含量的电感耦合等离子体质谱法。样品经过微波消解后上机测定,检测方法检出限、回收率和相对标准偏差。结果表明,各元素线性关系良好,相关系数均≥0.9980,检出限在0.0018~2.1540μg·L^(-1),回收率在95.6%~106.3%,相对标准偏差在0.55%~2.50%。该方法简便快捷、灵敏精确,适用于杜阮凉瓜中20种元素的测定。

渗透汽化结合SLE-GC-MS分析乙醇对吐鲁浸膏特征香气物质提取的影响

为探明吐鲁浸膏香气特征及物质组分基础,以5种不同乙醇体积分数处理的吐鲁浸膏为研究对象,使用渗透汽化膜进行分离处理,对样品溶液进行感官评价和固相支持液液萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法分析,并利用化学计量学探究样品目标组分差异性和分析感官属性与物质组分之间相关性。结果表明:透过液和截留液以膏香和甜香为主,树脂香、果香、清香和辛香为辅,奶香、花香、豆香和木香香韵相对较弱;气相色谱-质谱共鉴定出92种物质组分,其中酯类、醇类物质含量较多,其含量占比大于55%,酸类、醛类、酚类、其他类和烯烃类紧随其后,酮类含量相对低;主成分分析和聚类热图分析显示低、中乙醇体积分数和高乙醇体积分数吐鲁浸膏样品分别聚为一类,且前者物质组分含量整体高于后者,正交偏最小二乘判别分析筛选出43个差异化合物;经偏最小二乘回归确定吐鲁浸膏特征呈香物质与膏香、树脂香、清香和辛香具有显著正相关,而与甜香、果香、奶香、花香、豆香和木香相关性不明显。研究结果为吐鲁浸膏感官品质研究和精细化加工提供技术依据。

苦瓜耐低钾性生理生化指标评估体系的构建

【目的】探讨苦瓜种质资源耐低钾胁迫的鉴定方法,为培育耐低钾丰产优质苦瓜品种提供种质资源。【方法】以11份苦瓜种质为材料,设置低钾(K+浓度0.2 mmol/L)和正常钾(K+浓度4.0 mmol/L)处理,采用多元统计的方法综合分析低钾胁迫下的苦瓜种质的各项生长及生理指标。【结果】苦瓜种质的株高、茎粗、节间长、叶面积、地下部干重、地上部干重、根长、根表面积、根体积、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、总叶绿素、丙二醛和钾累积量等15个鉴定指标的变异幅度较大,变异系数均超过10.0%。利用主成分分析将15个鉴定指标的胁迫系数经过标准化(Z-score法)后进行降维处理,从所有的因子中聚焦为4个主成分,共解释总变异的83.690%。根据4个主成分得分计算隶属函数值最终确定综合指标(D值),采用聚类分析方法将11份种质分为4类,第Ⅰ类的04-25、1717、KG01-2和03-8为耐低钾种质,第Ⅱ类的1721、11-8、DD14-1、04-17-4和26-2为中等耐低钾种质,第Ⅲ类的06-16为低钾弱敏感种质,第Ⅳ类的25-15为低钾敏感种质。通过多元回归分析法建立最优的综合评价数学模型:Y=0.768×株高+0.443×钾累积量+0.390×根表面积+0.595×叶绿素a-0.415。【结论】11份苦瓜种质中04-25为最耐低钾种质,株高、钾累积量、根表面积和叶绿素a可作为苦瓜种质耐低钾性评价指标,该评价体系可用于苦瓜种质耐低钾性的快速筛选。

18%氟唑菌酰胺·咪鲜胺微囊悬浮-悬浮剂防治苦瓜白粉病的田间药效试验

为探究18%氟唑菌酰胺·咪鲜胺微囊悬浮-悬浮剂防治苦瓜白粉病的防效以及确定最佳推荐施用剂量开展本试验。试验结果表明,18%氟唑菌酰胺·咪鲜胺微囊悬浮-悬浮剂对棚室苦瓜白粉病具有良好的防治效果,建议使用剂量为有效成分用量108~162 g/hm^(2)(制剂用量40~60 mL/667 m^(2)),在苦瓜白粉病发病初期开始施药,共3次,每次间隔7 d。从施药到调查结束,未发现该药剂各剂量对作物苦瓜产生副作用,苦瓜生长良好。

苦瓜霜滴眼液抗眼疲劳动物实验的研究

目的:评价苦瓜霜滴眼液抗眼疲劳的药理作用。方法:通过家兔眼睫状肌张力差异、小鼠肠系膜微循环的恢复时间、小鼠热板法致痛的痛阈值和醋酸所致扭体次数的比较。结果:苦瓜霜滴眼液明显降低兔眼睫状肌张力,缩短小鼠肠系膜微循环的恢复时间,提高热板法致小鼠疼痛的痛阈值;减少醋酸致小鼠的扭体次数。结论:苦瓜霜滴眼液具有显著的抗实验动物眼疲劳和改善症状的作用。

滴头流量对砂壤土水分分布及果树生长的影响研究

【目的】揭示不同滴头流量对土壤水分分布特征、香梨树生长指标的影响,为筛选当地香梨滴灌选择的最佳滴头流量提供理论参考。【方法】以5年生库尔勒香梨为试验对象,通过设定不同的滴头流量,研究滴头流量下土壤水分水平、垂直运移特征以及对香梨新梢长度、粗度、叶片光合特性、果实纵横径、单果质量变化的影响。【结果】滴头流量为q=10 L/h时,土壤水分运移特征与根系分布达到较高吻合,且对香梨果实生长具有较明显的促进作用。【结论】通过试验得出结论最佳滴头流量为q=10 L/h。

23个苦瓜品种(系)农艺性状的主成分分析

对 2 3份苦瓜品种 (系 )的 2 4个农艺性状进行了调查研究 ,其中 16个差异显著的性状进行了主成分分析 ,得出前 3个主成分分别为早熟因子、产量因子和生长势因子。这 3个因子对变异的累计贡献率达 76 .2 % 。

灰色系统理论应用于苦瓜主要品种的评估

利用灰色系统理论对苦瓜品种进行综合评估 ,结果证明 ,各品种的灰色关联排序综合评估与品种的实际表现一致。

苦瓜品种亲缘关系的RAPD分析

利用RAPD技术对来自国内外的45份苦瓜栽培品种进行了亲缘关系分析。实验采用UPGMA方法进行聚类分析,并在此基础上建立分子系统树。实验结果将45个苦瓜品种分成滑身苦瓜和麻点苦瓜2大类,滑身苦瓜又可以分为来源于东南亚和来源于国内的2组,麻点苦瓜也可分为来源于中国香港和来源于中国内地的2组,说明苦瓜品种存在一定的地域性差异,另外亲缘关系上相近的品种也聚类到一起。