BBS互动与艾滋病自愿检测的动力——基于某艾滋病专题BBS的实证研究

自愿咨询和检测是艾滋病防控工作的切入点和枢纽,但现实情况并不理想,人们一般不愿去进行艾滋病毒检测。通过对一个艾滋病专题BBS的互动内容和结构分析,发现对艾滋病及其传播途经了解的不足、对检测结果的恐惧、艾滋病污名带来的心理压力以及具体检测知识的缺乏是阻碍人们尤其是有过高危经历的人进行艾滋病病毒检测的主要因素;而通过参与BBS互动,人们可以获得有关艾滋病及其传播的科学知识,可以获得艾滋病检测的具体信息,并且可以获得心理和情感的支持,这些都有利于推动人们进行艾滋病检测。

Laboratory pull-out tests on fully grouted rock bolts and cable bolts:Results and lessons learned

Laboratory pull-out tests were conducted on the following rock bolts and cable bolts:steel rebars,smooth steel bars,fiberglass reinforced polymer threaded bolts,flexible cable bolts,IR5/IN special cable bolts and Mini-cage cable bolts.The diameter of the tested bolts was between 16 mm and 26 mm.The bolts were grouted in a sandstone sample using resin or cement grouts.The tests were conducted under either constant radial stiffness or constant confining pressure boundary conditions applied on the outer surface of the rock sample.In most tests,the rate of displacement was about 0.02 mm/s.The tests were performed using a pull-out bench that allows testing a wide range of parameters.This paper provides an extensive database of laboratory pull-out test results and confirms the influence of the confining pressure and the embedment length on the pull-out response(rock bolts and cable bolts).It also highlights the sensitivity of the results to the operating conditions and to the behavior of the sample as a whole,which cannot be neglected when the test results are used to assess the bolt-grout or the grouterock interface.

Pull-out tests and slope stability analyses of nailing systems comprising single and multi rebars with grouted cement

The pull-out capacities for soil nailing systems comprising of one single 29 mm diameter(type A) and four 16 mm diameter(type B) rebars with grouted cement were examined.A field test and numerical analysis for the type A and type B systems were carried out to investigate the pull-out capacities and the slope stability reinforcement efficiency in soil and rock slopes.The results of the pull-out tests show the mobilized shear force and load transfer characteristics with respect to soil depth.The load-displacement relationship was examined for both type A and type B systems.Slope stability analyses were carried out to study the relationships between soil and nail reinforcement and bending stiffness as well as combined axial tension and shear forces.Factors of safety were calculated in relation to the number of nails and their outside diameters.Both soil and rock slopes were included in this evaluation.

基于BB算法的左截断威布尔分布可靠性分析

针对寿命分布类型和参数估计方法问题,对国内某航空公司现役机型B737-800飞机主起落架减振支柱漏油故障数据进行可靠性分析。结合数据类型特点,初步预判其寿命分布类型可能为左截断两参数威布尔分布、对数正态分布、指数分布。基于极大似然估计法分别估计三种分布的未知参数,并利用根据BB算法改进的柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫假设检验(K-S检验)法判断其寿命分布类型。实证分析结果表明,采用左截断两参数威布尔分布来拟合是合适的,并提出了具体维修建议。

基于RSM-BBD的废石-风砂胶结体配合比与强度试验研究

充填料浆配合比的选择直接决定了充填体的强度及运行成本。根据两种骨料混合堆积密实度试验,得到废石风砂最优配比。利用Design-Expert软件中的Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计及响应面法(RSM)研究了料浆质量分数、水泥用量和骨料配比对充填体不同龄期内无侧限抗压强度的影响规律,建立了以粗骨料胶结体3,7,28 d强度为响应值的三元二次回归模型,并对该模型的适用性进行了验证。试验结果表明,充填体强度不仅受单一因素影响,而且两因素之间的交互作用对强度影响显著。由模型的响应曲面可知,质量分数与骨料配比的交互作用对充填体早期强度影响显著,水泥用量与骨料配比的交互作用对充填体中期强度影响显著,质量分数与水泥用量的交互作用对充填体后期强度显著。通过回归模型及建立的充填材料成本函数,优选出一组料浆配合比,经现场试验满足生产要求。

Effects of different pull-out loading rates on mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission responses of fully grouted bolts

Due to the influence of mining disturbance stress,it is of great significance to better understand the bearing characteristics of fully grouted bolts under different pull-out loading rates.For this purpose,a series of laboratory pull-out tests were conducted to comprehensively investigate the effects of different pull-out loading rates on the mechanical performance and failure characteristics of fully grouted bolts.The results show that the mechanical performance of the anchored specimen presents obvious loading rate dependence and shear enhancement characteristics.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the maximum pull-out load increases,the displacement and time corresponding to the maximum pull-out load decrease.The accumulated acoustic emission(AE)counts,AE energy and AE events all decrease with the increase of the pull-out loading rates.The AE peak frequency has obvious divisional distribution characteristics and the amplitude is mainly distributed between 50-80 dB.With the increase of the pull-out loading rates,the local strain of the anchoring interface increases and the failure of the anchoring interface transfers to the interior of the resin grout.The accumulated AE counts are used to evaluate the damage parameter of the anchoring interface during the whole pull-out process.The analytical results are in good agreement with the experimental results.The research results may provide guidance for the support design and performance monitoring of fully grouted bolts.

Loading characteristics of mechanical rib bolts determined through testing and numerical modeling

Underground coal mines use mechanical bolts in addition to other types of bolts to control the rib deformation and to stabilize the yielded coal ribs.Limited research has been conducted to understand the performance of the mechanical bolts in coal ribs.Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(NIOSH)conducted this work to understand the loading characteristics of mechanical bolts(stiffness and capacity)installed in coal ribs at five underground coal mines.Standard pull-out tests were performed in this study to define the loading characteristics of mechanical rib bolts.Different installation torques were applied to the tested bolts based on the strength of the coal seam.A typical tri-linear load-deformation response for mechanical bolts was obtained from these tests.It was found that the anchorage capacity depended mainly on the coal strength.Guidelines for modeling mechanical bolts have been developed using the tri-linear load-deformation response.The outcome of this research provides essential data for rib support design.

FWD与BB工作性能对比试验研究

针对目前道路检测领域落锤式弯沉仪(FWD)与贝克曼梁(BB)共存的现状,对两种设备的工作性能如测试稳定性及对行车荷载的模拟能力进行了对比分析.研究结果表明:相对贝克曼梁,落锤式弯沉仪稳定性高,且能较好的模拟行车荷载.

Bond Property Test of Reinforced Concrete with All Soaking and Impressed Current Method Corrosion

In order to research the bond properties between corroded reinforcement bars and concrete,reinforcement bars with different diameters and different types and concrete with different strength levels were treated specially with all soaking and impressed current method,and the bond properties were measured with the pull-out test.The comparative analysis of the bond properties of corroded reinforcement bars was carried out.The results showed that the types of reinforcement bars and concrete had great influence on the bond strength.The corrosion and volume expansion of reinforcement bars made concrete in tensile condition,which tended to produce cracks in parallel reinforced direction.The typical bond failure of plain reinforcement bars was pull-out,while the typical bond failure of ribbed reinforcement bars was split.The bond strength between corroded reinforcement bars and concrete increased with the increase of concrete strength.The bond strength of plain and ribbed reinforcement bars showed a decreasing trend after the first increase with the increase of the extent of corrosion.Through the test,the coefficients of the bond strength of plain and ribbed reinforcement bars were given,respectively.

Investigating Earth Reaction to Pull-Out Process of Frictional Rock Bolts Using Distinct Element Method

The reaction of earth to pull-out process of frictional rock bolts was here modeled by the distinct element method (DEM). Ten frictional bolts were prepared;the expanding shells of five bolts included convex edges and the others had the shells with concave bits. The strength of bolts was measured by applying a standard pull-out test;the results confirmed that the strength of shells with convex edges was remarkably more than the strength of other shells. Furthermore, a two-dimensional DEM model of the test was developed by a particle flow code;the obtained results showed that the reaction of rock particles to the contacts occurring between the convex edges and earth was considerably more than those of the concave bits. In the other words, the convex edges transferred the pull-out force into a large area of the surrounded rock, causing these bolts to have the highest resistance against earth movements.

Anchoring mechanical characteristics of Ductile-Expansion bolt

The application of ductile rock bolts has been a crucial method for solving the problems of large deformations,energy absorption and stability control issues in deep rock masses.To study the anchoring mechanism of the key expansive structure,this paper proposes a novel type of bolt—the Ductile-Expansion bolt,and conducts research on anchoring mechanics,energy absorption characteristics,and failure modes of the bolt.In addition,this paper defines the concept of load-volume ratio of metal rock bolts and proves the Ductile-Expansion bolt is capable of better improving the unit volume bearing capacity of the bolt material.Furthermore,laboratory and field tests verify the Ductile-Expansion bolt had better anchoring effect than the traditional rebar bolt,with the expansion structure favorably enhancing the ductility and energy absorption performance of the bolt.Finally,this paper microscopically analyzes the crack propagation and distribution morphology of the bolts by establishing a 3D coupled numerical model based on FDM-DEM.Numerical results illustrate the interface at the variable diameter of the Ductile-Expansion bolt serves as the transition zone between high and low stress levels.The expansion structure can impose radial compression on the medium around the bolt,which can improve the bolt anchorage performance.

基于层次包围盒的碰撞检测算法的存储优化

介绍了基于层次包围盒的碰撞检测算法的存储优化方法。该方法从存储空间的角度来改进基于AABB树的碰撞检测算法。根据AABB树的构造过程,减少内部节点的AABB包围盒的存储字节数;基于快速三角形相交测试算法,从叶节点结构里去掉包围盒信息,将叶节点从存储结构中删除。实验表明,利用AABB包围盒和叶节点的存储优化,既减少了算法的存储空间又加快了算法的执行时间。

川芎嗪治疗新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病疗效观察以及机制研究

目的川芎嗪治疗新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)的疗效观察以及机制研究。方法40名HIE患儿随机分为治疗组(n=20)和对照组(n=20),两组均给以一般治疗的同时治疗组以于川芎嗪治疗。两组治疗前后分别测定血浆神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、红细胞总钙量(EryCaT)、脑型肌酸激酶(CK-BB)、丙二醛(MDA)、一氧化氮(NO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),并观察临床疗效。同时与20例正常新生儿作健康对照组。结果治疗组治疗后NSE、EryCaT、CK-BB、MDA和NO水平均较治疗前明显下降,而SOD则明显升高(均P<0.01)。对照组治疗后,除EryCaT明显降低外,其余指标无明显变化。治疗后,治疗组NSE、EryCaT、CK-BB、MDA和NO水平均较对照组明显降低(P<0.01或P<0.05),而SOD则较对照组明显升高(P<0.01)。治疗组HIE治疗总有效率明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。结论川芎嗪对HIE新生儿脑组织有保护作用,机制可能和抑制钙超载和清除自由基有关。

PULTRUSION OF POLYBENZOXAZINE RESIN MATRIX Z-PIN

The pultrusion of the polybenzoxazine resin matrix Z-pin is studied, because the Z-pin technology is an efficient reinforcement method for composites. Based on the curing characteristics acquired by differential scanning calorimeter（DSC） analysis, the suitable mould temperature for pultrusion is researched with the visual inspection and the Z-pin short beam shear test. The pull-out test is designed to evaluate the post oven temperature that can affect the combination between Z-pins and laminates. And then, the appropriate temperature for the post oven is obtained. Finally, micro photos are used to inspect the defects in Z-pins. The results show that when the resin is heated to 70°C, Z-pin pultrusion demands for viscosity are satisfied, and the shelf-life is about 4 h. With the mould temperature increasing to 140°C, the Z-pin short beam shear strength rises correspondingly and the cross section profile is the best. When the post oven temperature declines, the combination between Z-pins and laminates becomes stronger. However, pores appear in Z-pins unless the oven temperature increases to 200°C. Therefore, the optimum post oven temperature should be set at 200°C.

中药对猪源支气管败血波氏杆菌的体外抑菌试验

无菌采集发病猪的鼻腔内分泌物,对其进行细菌分离、培养、鉴定,并对分离出的细菌进行致病性试验,确认其为致病性支气管败血波氏杆菌。将43种单味中草药分别经水煮处理后,制成1 g.mL-1浓度的受试溶液,对致病性支气管败血波氏杆菌进行体外抑菌试验。结果表明,43种中草药中,有1种对猪源支气管败血波氏杆菌高度敏感,1种中度敏感,12种出现了不同大小的抑菌环。

沥青粘附性自愈合性能评价与机理分析

为了评价与对比不同沥青的粘附性自愈合性能,并从微观层面解释沥青自愈合的机理,采用BBS(binder bond strength)实验测量了7种基质沥青与4类不同掺量的改性沥青(SBS类、溶解性胶粉类、岩沥青类以及高密度聚乙烯类)的粘附性自愈合性能.并选取其中部分沥青进行红外光谱测试,通过分子链结构指数(MMHC)对沥青的自愈合机理进行分析.最后,将沥青粘度这一常规指标与自愈合性能进行相关性分析.结果表明:不同基质沥青之间,多次破坏-愈合循环后的粘附性自愈合性能有明显差异.低掺量的高密度聚乙烯与岩沥青能提高沥青的粘附性自愈合能力,线型、星型SBS及胶粉均不利于沥青的粘附性自愈合性能.基质沥青的MMHC指数与其粘附性愈合率呈明显负线性相关关系,但MMHC指数不可用于预测改性沥青的粘附性自愈合性能.基质沥青与改性沥青的135℃布氏粘度指标均与其愈合率呈良好的线性相关性,相较于MMHC指数,135℃布氏旋转粘度更适合作为预测沥青粘附性自愈合能力的常规评价指标.

Explicit reinforcement models for fully-grouted rebar rock bolts

This paper investigates the explicit use of rock reinforcement in a discontinuous stress analysis model.A series of numerical experiments was undertaken to evaluate the performance of local and global reinforcement models implemented in universal distinct element code(UDEC).This was made possible by calibrating the reinforcement models to the laboratory behavior of a fully-grouted rebar bolt tested under pure pull and pure shear loading conditions.The model calibration focuses on matching different loading stages of the force-displacement curve including the initial elastic response,the hardening behavior and the bolt rupture.The paper concludes with a discussion on the suitability of the different reinforcement models in UDEC including their advantages and limitations.Finally,it addresses the choice of input parameters required for a realistic simulation of fully-grouted rebar bolts.

Anchoring effect and energy-absorbing support mechanism of large deformation bolt

To research the anchoring effect of large deformation bolt,tensile and drawing models are established.Then,the evolution laws of drawing force,bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress are analyzed.Additionally,the influence of structure element position on the anchoring effect of large deformation bolt is discussed.At last,the energy-absorbing support mechanism is discussed.Results show that during the drawing process of normal bolt,drawing force,bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress all gradually increase as increasing the drawing displacement,but when the large deformation bolt enters the structural deformation stage,these three values will keep stable;when the structure element of large deformation bolt approaches the drawing end,the fluctuation range of drawing force decreases,the distributions of bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress of anchorage section are steady and the increasing rate of interfacial shear stress decreases,which are advantageous for keeping the stress stability of the anchorage body.During the working process of large deformation bolt,the strain of bolt body is small,the working resistance is stable and the distributions of bolt axial force and interfacial shear stress are steady.When a rock burst event occurs,the bolt and bonding interface cannot easily break,which weakens the dynamic disaster degree.

Experimental and numerical studies on progressive debonding of grouted rock bolts

Understanding the mechanism of progressive debonding of bolts is of great significance for underground safety.In this paper,both laboratory experiment and numerical simulation of the pull-out tests were performed.The experimental pull-out test specimens were prepared using cement mortar material,and a relationship between the pull-out strength of the bolt and the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of cement mortar material specimen was established.The locations of crack developed in the pull-out process were identified using the acoustic emission(AE)technique.The pull-out test was reproduced using 2D Particle Flow Code(PFC^(2D))with calibrated parameters.The experimental results show that the axial displacement of the cement mortar material at the peak load during the test was approximately 5 mm for cement-based grout of all strength.In contrast,the peak load of the bolt increased with the UCS of the confining medium.Under peak load,cracks propagated to less than one half of the anchorage length,indicating a lag between crack propagation and axial bolt load transmission.The simulation results show that the dilatation between the bolt and the rock induced cracks and extended the force field along the anchorage direction;and,it was identified as the major contributing factor for the pull-out failure of rock bolt.

DEM investigation of rock/bolt mechanical behaviour in pull-out tests

Rock bolt anchorage performance is crucial for tunnel support safety.We investigate the mechanical behaviour of reinforced rock and the bolts that reinforce it from the micro-scale to the macro-scale.Bolt pull-out tests were performed on soft rock using the distinct element method,in which a new contact model that considers bond size,is employed to constrain the main rock mechanical behaviour.The minimum sample width and height values for which the boundary effect can be neglected are first proposed through numerous tests on the influence of sample size on peak load and bond breakage.The influence of sample width is substantially greater than that of sample height.We then select an appropriate sample size to study the influence of bolt embedment length and confining pressure on the mechanical behaviours of the rock and bolt.The results show that increased rock bolt embedment length and confining pressure can increase the peak load;however,the bolt length effect is limited when exceeding the critical anchorage length.In cases without confining pressure,bond breakage occurs in the rock around the grout-rock interface and the breakage zone is rectangular,whereas in cases under confining pressure,the breakage zone presents an inverted cone shape.We use our results to discuss the influence of bond strength at the bolt-grout interface on the peak load and failure mode.The failure mode changes gradually from complex failure to single failure along the bolt-grout interface with decreasing interfacial bond strength.