L^＊上的“way-below”关系及其应用

研究了直觉模糊集的真值域L*上的"way-below"关系,利用L*上的"way-below"关系,构造了[0,1]-拓扑范畴[0,1]-Top与oker意义下的直觉模糊拓扑范畴IFTop之间的一对伴随,并证明了[0,1]-Top可以嵌入IFTop作为余反射子范畴。

伪补格上的弱Way-below关系

本文首先给出伪补格的定义,然后根据偏序集上Way-below关系的定义在伪补格上定义了弱Waybelow关系,并给出它的等价判定,从而得到伪补格上满足弱Way-below关系的元素的相关性质.

基于语料库对介词below的意象图式和空间隐喻分析

研究从语料库抽取语料,运用意象图式和空间隐喻理论分析语料,旨在揭示人们在使用介词below的空间含义时,体现了身体经验中的哪些意象图式结构;在使用介词below的抽象含义时,反映了认知中的哪些空间隐喻;以及介词below的意象图式和空间隐喻的分布情况。经分析发现,在使用介词below的空间含义时,体现的意象图式结构有“上下(无接触)”“上下(同载体)”“斜上斜下”“覆盖”“上下(无形界标)”“左右”;在使用介词below的抽象含义时,反映的空间隐喻有“标准为高度”“更多为上,更少为下”“表象为上,秘密为下”“地位低为方位低”。介词below空间隐喻分布比例大于意象图式,表明介词below被更多地用来表达抽象含义。本研究意义在于通过分析介词below的意象图式和空间隐喻,揭示人们使用介词below时的认知过程。

Fatigue Life Prediction under Service Load Considering Strengthening Effect of Loads below Fatigue Limit

Lightweight design requires an accurate life prediction for structures and components under service loading histories. However, predicted life with the existing methods seems too conservative in some cases, leading to a heavy structure. Because these methods are established on the basis that load cycles would only cause fatigue damage, ignore the strengthening effect of loads. Based on Palmgren-Miner Rule （PMR）, this paper introduces a new method for fatigue life prediction under service loadings by taking into account the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit. In this method, the service loadings are classified into three categories： damaging load, strengthening load and none-effect load, and the process for fatigue life prediction is divided into two stages： stage I and stage II, according to the best strengthening number of cycles. During stage I, fatigue damage is calculated considering both the strengthening and damaging effect of load cycles. While during stage II, only the damaging effect is considered. To validate this method, fatigue lives of automobile half shaft and torsion beam rear axle are calculated based on the new method and traditional methods, such as PMR and Modified Miner Rule （MMR）, and fatigue tests of the two components are conducted under service loading histories. The tests results show that the percentage errors of the predicted life with the new method to mean life of tests for the two components are –3.78% and –1.76% separately, much lesser than that with PMR and MMR. By considering the strengthening effect of loads below the fatigue limit, the new method can significantly improve the accuracy for fatigue life prediction. Thus lightweight design can be fully realized in the design stage.

Role of the dressed and bound states on below-threshold harmonic generation of He atom

High-order harmonic generation below ionization threshold of He atom in the laser field is investigated by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Schrodinger equation. An angular momentum-dependent model potential of He atom was used for getting the accurate energy levels of singlet states. The satellite-peak structures of the below-threshold harmonic generation(BTHG) of He are observed. We analyze the emission properties of the BTHG by employing a synchrosqueezing transform technique. We find that the satellite-peak structures have two types related to two kinds of transitions. One is the transition of the dressed states of the excited states, the other is the transition between the excited states and the ground state in the field-free case. Furthermore, our results show that the maximum Stark shift of the 2 p state is about 0.9 Up(penderomotive energy), and that of the 4 p state is about 1.0 Up. It indicates that the energy difference between some satellite-and main-peaks of the BTHG can be used to measure the maximum Stark shift of the excited states of He atom in the laser field.

Similarity model tests of movement and deformation of coal-rock mass below stopes

For a study of the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass and low protected seams below a stope,as well as for fracture developments and rules of evolution of permeability,we designed a plane strain model test stand to carry out model tests of similar materials in order to improve the effect of gas drainage from low protected seams and to measure the movement and deformation of coal-rock mass using a method of non-contact close-range photogrammetry.Our results show that 1) using paraffin melting to take the place of coal seam mining can satisfy the mining conditions of a protective seam;2) coal-rock mass under goafs has an upward movement after the protective seam has been mined,causing floor heaving;3) low protected seams become swollen and deformed,providing a good pressure-relief effect and causing the coal-rock mass under both sides of coal pillars to become deformed by compression and 4) the evolution of permeability of low protected seams follows the way of initial values→a slight decrease→a great increase→stability→final decrease.Simultaneously,the coefficient of air permeability increased at a decreasing rate with an increase in interlayer spacing.

The Hyperspace of the Regions Below of Continuous Maps from the Converging Sequence

Let S = {1,1/2,1/2^2,…,1/∞ = 0} and I = [0, 1] be the unit interval. We use ↓USC（S） and ↓C（S） to denote the families of the regions below of all upper semi-continuous maps and of the regions below of all continuous maps from S to I and ↓C0（S） = {↓f∈↓C（S） ： f（0） = 0}. ↓USC（S） endowed with the Vietoris topology is a topological space. A pair of topological spaces （X, Y） means that X is a topological space and Y is its subspace. Two pairs of topological spaces （X, Y） and （A, B） are called pair-homeomorphic （≈） if there exists a homeomorphism h ： X→A from X onto A such that h（Y） = B. It is proved that, （↓USC（S）,↓C0（S）） ≈（Q, s） and （↓USC（S）,↓C（S）／ ↓C0（S））≈（Q, c0）, where Q = [-1,1]^ω is the Hilbert cube and s = （-1,1）^ω,c0= {（xn）∈Q ： limn→∞= 0}. But we do not know what （↓USC（S）,↓C（S））is.

Below the Data Range Prediction of Soft Computing Wave Reflection of Semicircular Breakwater

Coastal defenses such as the breakwaters are important structures to maintain the navigation conditions in a harbor.The estimation of their hydrodynamic characteristics is conventionally done using physical models,subjecting to higher costs and prolonged procedures.Soft computing methods prove to be useful tools,in cases where the data availability from physical models is limited.The present paper employs adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)and artificial neural network(ANN)models to the data obtained from physical model studies to develop a novel methodology to predict the reflection coefficient(Kr)of seaside perforated semicircular breakwaters under low wave heights,for which no physical model data is available.The prediction was done using the input parameters viz.,incident wave height(Hi),wave period(T),center-to-center spacing of perforations(S),diameter of perforations(D),radius of semicircular caisson(R),water depth(d),and semicircular breakwater structure height(hs).The study shows the prediction below the available data range of wave heights is possible by ANFIS and ANN models.However,the ANFIS performed better with R^2=0.9775 and the error reduced in comparison with the ANN model with R2=0.9751.Study includes conventional data segregation and prediction using ANN and ANFIS.

BOUNDEDNESS FROM BELOW OF MULTIPLICATION OPERATORS BETWEEN α-BLOCH SPACES ON THE UNIT BALL

In this article, we characterize the boundedness from below of multiplication operators between α-Bloch spaces on the unit ball.

The research of below-cloud scavenging of rainwater in Guilin City

Sequential samples of single precipitation event were collected by the use of specially de-signed semi-automatic sequential precipitation collector in the spring of 1988 in Guilin City. ThePH value and soluble chemical species such as SO, NO, NH, Ca￣(2+), Mg￣(2+), Na￣+, K`+, F￣- andCl￣- were analyzed. An apparent decrease in the concentration of all ions except H￣+ and NO wasobserved at the initial portion of the events. The relative acidity increased as the event progress.The concentration of H￣+ was the result of comprehensive actions of all ions. The average scavengingratio of events was calculated and it is found that SO was the major contributor for acid rain inGuilin and Ca￣(2+) was the important neutralizer.

The Index of Invariant Subspaces of Bounded below Operators on Banach Spaces

For an operator on a Banach space , let be the collection of all its invariant subspaces. We consider the index function on and we show, amongst others, that if is a bounded below operator and if , , then If in addition are index 1 invariant subspaces of , with nonzero intersection, we show that . Furthermore, using the index function, we provide an example where for some , holds .

Reporting Children’s Development below the Test Floor: Looking Back and Forth to Describe Individual Strengths and Needs

The test floor effects seen in standardised tests lead to a standardised score of 1 or less with a flat profile that hides a child’s individual strengths and needs. The Griffiths III community of practitioners requested advice on the reporting of children’s development below the floor of the test, so that individual strengths and needs can be described. This paper reports the third phase of research following an earlier Scoping Review and a wider literature review. To confirm quality control, Phase 3 was conducted in a retrospective manner using the same methodology as the earlier phases but in a reverse direction. Peer reviewer comments and key elements from the Scoping Review and keywords from the publications were tabulated. Data analysis included a change of perspective to that of the child and their individual rights with respect to the literature themes already described in Phase 2. These confirmed that there is little specific guidance in the literature, but that computational advances for homogeneous populations and especially disaggregated data offer some solutions. A greater balance between broad biopsychosocial models and standardised models of assessment should be sought by practitioners together with the use of disaggregated data to highlight issues that pertain to individual subsets of results. This will ensure that the child’s right for their individual strengths and needs to be described together with a plan for management, may be met.

Maximal Above and Below Pairs of Abelian Fully Ordered Groups

In this paper, maximal above and below pairs of fully ordered groups (o groups) are studied. It is shown that maximal above and below pairs of an divisible abelian o group have some specific properties, and by using these properties another embedding method of an abelian o group to real valued functions is discussed.

Spare Parts Surgery—Salvage of a Below Knee Amputation Stump

“Spare parts surgery” is well-described in the plastic surgery literature. In the setting of trauma, otherwise discarded parts can be utilized for reconstruction resulting in a superior functional and aesthetic outcome for the patient. We describe the use of spare part surgery in order to preserve a functional knee articulation in a patient undergoing amputation for compartment.

Trend of <i>Cryptosporidium</i>Infection among Children below 24 Months in an Informal Urban Settlement, Kenya

Cryptosporidium infection is estimated to cause 2.9 million diarrheal cases yearly among children aged under 24 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies have shown long-term climatic variations can affect infectious diseases. The burden of cryptosporidiosis in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa is well characterized. However, the trend of Cryptosporidium infection is not known, especially in informal urban settings. This study therefore sought to determine cryptosporidiosis trends, and further explore the association between year and Cryptosporidium infection among children below 24 months in Kibera urban informal settlement in Kenya. Data collected by the Kenya Medical Research Institute longitudinal study in Tabitha clinic in Kibera from 2009 to 2015 were used. At least 3000 children aged < 24 months receive free health care at the clinic. In the longitudinal study, children presenting with diarrhea were eligible for stool sample collection (n = 477), out of which 421 stool samples were tested using TaqMan™ Array Card (TAC) polymerase chain reaction panel that included a target for Cryptosporidium genus. Data for the 421 children were included in the analysis. Logistic regression was used to explore the difference between the seven years and cryptosporidiosis. Overall, the pooled data indicated that 23.5% of the children who were tested had Cryptosporidium infection, with the highest proportions of Cryptosporidium-positive cases observed in 2015 (45.2%). The logistic regression results also indicated that children who were tested in the year 2015 were more likely to have Cryptosporidium infection (OR = 3.39;95% CI: 1.44 - 7.96;p = 0.005) than those in 2009. Watery stool was also found to be an important symptom of cryptosporidiosis. There was a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection among young children, especially in the most recent year. Routine testing of Cryptosporidium infection using molecular methods, constant monitoring and identification of the infection sources is therefore necessary towards reducing the disease burden in the low resource settings.

A Note on the Way-Below Relation on LSC(X, R~*)~*

A mistake in Proposition I-1.21.1 of 'A Compendium of Continuous Lattices'by G.Giers et al. is pointed out and a revised proposition with a proof is given.

Boundedness from below of composition operators on the Bloch spaces

This paper proves that a necessary condition for a composition operator on the Bloch space of the unit disk to be bounded below given by Ghatage, Yan and Zheng is also sufficient. Given furthermore are a sufficient condition and a necessary condition of the boundedness from below for a composition operator on the Bloch space of a unit ball with dimensions bigger than one.

Below-Cloud Aerosol Scavenging by Different-Intensity Rains in Beijing City

Below-cloud aerosol scavenging process by precipitation is important for cleaning the polluted aerosols in the atmosphere, and is also a main process for acid rain formation. However, the related physical mechanism has not been well documented and clarified yet. In this paper, we investigated the below-cloud PM_(2.5)(particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter being 2.5 μm or less) scavenging by different-intensity rains under polluted conditions characterized by high PM_(2.5) concentrations, based on in-situ measurements from March 2014 to July 2016 in Beijing city. It was found that relatively more intense rainfall events were more efficient in removing the polluted aerosols in the atmosphere. The mean PM_(2.5) scavenging ratio and its standard deviation(SD) were 5.1% ± 25.7%, 38.5% ± 29.0%,and 50.6% ± 21.2% for light, moderate, and heavy rain events, respectively. We further found that the key impact factors on below-cloud PM_(2.5) scavenging ratio for light rain events were rain duration and wind speed rather than raindrop size distribution. However, the impacts of rain duration and wind speed on scavenging ratio were not important for moderate and heavy rain events. To our knowledge, this is the first statistical result about the effects of rain intensity, rain duration, and raindrop size distribution on below-cloud scavenging in China.

国医大师熊继柏基于“窠囊”论治抑郁症

本文介绍国医大师熊继柏教授基于“窠囊”论治抑郁症的临证经验。熊继柏教授认为,抑郁症基本病机是“窠囊”,根本病理因素为痰、瘀,治疗以化痰行气、祛瘀散结为基本治法,临证注重理论联系实践,强调辨证施治与整体观念统一,遵循“因、机、理、法、方、药”六步骤。在抑郁症治疗中“上病下取”与“推陈致新”,“防治转移”与“身心同治”相结合,疗效显著。

Sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Lemachang independent Ag deposit, northeastern Yunnan——A concurrent discussion on the mechanism of sulfur isotope equilibrium between barite and freibergite below 300℃

IN the study of hydrothermal deposits sulfur isotopes bear much information about the source of sulfur,ore-forming temperature, the evolution of ore-forming fluids and the mechanism of metallogenesis. Todetermine whether sulfur isotopes reach equilibrium between fluids and sulfur-bearing minerals precipitated from the former and among the sulfur-bearing minerals is the key to the application of sulfur isotopegeochemistry to geological problems. As it has been commonly accepted that sulfur isotopic equilibrium could not be reached between sulfate and sulfide below 350℃, little attention has been paid to thepossible mechanism of sulfur isotope equilibrium between sulfate and sulfide below 300℃. However, this note presents an example to show sulfur isotope equilibrium between barite and sulfate