The Future Trend of E-Mobility in Terms of Battery Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change: A Case Study Applied in Hungary

The transportation sector is responsible for 25% of the total Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, whereas 60.6% of this sector represents small and medium passenger cars. However, as noted by the European Union Long-term strategy, there are two ways to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions in the transportation sector. The first way is characterized by creating more efficient vehicles. In contrast, the second way is characterized by changing the fuel used. The current study addressed the second way, changing the fuel type. The study examined the potential of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as an alternative fuel type to reduce CO2 emissions in Hungarys transportation sector. The study used secondary data retrieved from Statista and stata.com to analyze the future trends of BEVs in Hungary. The results showed that the percentage of BEVs in Hungary in 2022 was 0.4% compared to the total number of registered passenger cars, which is 3.8 million. The simple exponential smoothing (SES) time series forecast revealed that the number of BEVs is expected to reach 84,192 in 2030, indicating a percentage increase of 2.21% in the next eight years. The study suggests that increasing the number of BEVs is necessary to address the negative impact of CO2 emissions on society. The Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technologys strategy to reduce the cost of BEVs may increase the percentage of BEVs by 10%, resulting in a potential average reduction of 76,957,600 g/km of CO2 compared to gasoline, diesel, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs).

Storage technologies for electric vehicles

This review article describes the basic concepts of electric vehicles(EVs)and explains the developments made from ancient times to till date leading to performance improvement of the electric vehicles.It also presents the thorough review of various components and energy storage system(ESS)used in electric vehicles.The main focus of the paper is on batteries as it is the key component in making electric vehicles more environment-friendly,cost-effective and drives the EVs into use in day to day life.Various ESS topologies including hybrid combination technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle(HEV),plug-in HEV(PHEV)and many more have been discussed.These technologies are based on different combinations of energy storage systems such as batteries,ultracapacitors and fuel cells.The hybrid combination may be the perspective technologies to support the growth of EVs in modern transportation.The advanced charging systems may also play a major role in the roll-out of electric vehicles in the future.The general strategies of advanced charging systems are explained to highlight the importance of fast charging time with high amount of power and its cost-effectiveness for electric vehicles.Furthermore,the battery pack designing calculation is briefly explained along with all mechanical,electrical and environmental battery tests,which helps in the evaluation of batteries.Moreover,this paper also has a brief summarizing with the help of a flow chart,which clearly demonstrates all the parts of electric vehicles in a much simpler way.

China's battery electric vehicles lead the world:achievements in technology system architecture and technological breakthroughs

Developing new energy vehicles has been a worldwide consensus,and developing new energy vehicles characterized by pure electric drive has been China's national strategy.After more than 20 years of high-quality development of China's electric vehicles(EVs),a technological R&D layout of“Three Verticals and Three Horizontals”has been created,and technological advantages have been accumulated.As a result,China's new energy vehicle market has ranked first in the world since 2015.To systematically solve the key problems of battery electric vehicles(BEVs)such as“driving range anxiety,long battery charging time,and driving safety hazards”,China took the lead in putting forward a“system engineering-based technology system architecture for BEVs”and clarifying its connotation.This paper analyzes the research status and progress of the three core components of this architecture,namely,“BEV platform,charging/swapping station,and real-time operation monitoring platform”,and their key technological points.The three major demonstration projects of the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games,the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics,and the intelligent and connected autonomous battery electric bus project are discussed to specify the applications of BEVs in China.The key research directions for upgrading BEV technologies remain to be further improving the vehicle-level all-climate environmental adaptability and all-day safety of BEVs,systematically solving the charging problem of BEVs and improving their application convenience,and safeguarding safety with early warning and implementing active/passive safety protection for the whole life cycle of power batteries on the basis of BEVs'operation big data.BEVs have acquired new technological features such as intelligent and networked technology empowerment,extensive integration of control-by-wire systems,a platform of chassis hardware,and modularization of functional software.

Evaluation of Transmission Losses of Various Battery Electric Vehicles

Transmission losses in battery electric vehicles have compared to internal combustion engine powertrains a larger share in the total energy consumption and play therefore a major role.Furthermore,the power flows not only during propulsion through the transmissions,but also during recuperation,whereby efficiency improvements have a double effect.The investigation of transmission losses of electric vehicles thus plays a major role.In this paper,three simulation models of the Institute of Automotive Engineering(the lossmap-based simulation model,the modular simulation model,and the 3D simulation model)are presented.The lossmap-based simulation model calculates transmission losses for electric and hybrid transmissions,where three spur gear transmission concepts for battery electric vehicles are investigated.The transmission concepts include a single-speed transmission as a reference and two two-speed transmissions.Then,the transmission lossmaps are integrated into the modular simulation model(backward simulation)and in the 3D simulation model(forward simulation),which improves the simulation results.The modular simulation model calculates the optimal operation of the transmission concepts and the 3D simulation model represents the more realistic behavior of the transmission concepts.The different transmission concepts are investigated in Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Cycle and evaluated in terms of transmission losses as well as the total energy demand.The map-based simulation model allows the transmission losses to be broken down into the individual component losses,thus allowing transmission concepts to be examined and evaluated in terms of their efficiency in the early development stage to develop optimum powertrains for electric axle drives.By considering transmission losses in detail with a high degree of accuracy,less efficient concepts can be eliminated at an early development stage.As a result,only relevant concepts are built as prototypes,which reduces development costs.