EFFICIENCIES OF BIPOLAR CELLS

There is a great potential of energy saving in bipolar cells. Based on research for several years, a theoretical analysis of energy saving in bipolar cells is given, and some practical data presented.

HYDRAULIC MODEL OF A NEW BIPOLAR CELL FOR ALUMINUM PRODUCTION

The electrolyte circulations in monopolar cell and two-compartment bipolar cell with submerged electrodes were described by a hydraulic model.The influence of current density,electrode tilt,anode-cathode distance(ACD)and immersion depth of electrodes on the electrolyte circulation velocities between electrodes had been studied.Results demonstrated that the flow rates in the two compartments of bipolar cell were very different,which provided important information for the structure design of bipolar cell.

Two mathematical frameworks for vesicle release from a ribbon synapse of a retinal bipolar cell

Objective:bipolar cells(BCs)communicate with amacrine and ganglion cells of the retina via both transient and sustained neurotransmitter release in ribbon synapses.Reconstructing the published quantitative release data from electrical soma stimulation(voltage clamp experiments)of rat rod BCs were used to develop two simple models to predict the number of released vesicles as time series.In the experiment,the currents coming to the All amacrine cell originating from releasing vesicles from the rod BC were recorded using paired-recordings in whole-cell voltage-clamp method.Method:one of the models is based directly on terminal transmembrane voltage,so-called ‘model’,whereas the temporally exacter modelCa includes changes of intracellular calcium concentrations at terminals.Result:the intracellular calcium concentration method replicates a 0.43 ms signal delay for the transient release to pulsatile stimulation as a consequence of calcium channel dynamics in the presynaptic membrane,while the modelV has no signal delay.Both models produce the quite similar results in low stimuli amplitudes.However,for large stimulation intensities that may be done during extracellular stimulations in retinal implants,the modelCa predicts that the reversal potential of calcium limits the number of transiently released vesicles.Adding sodium and potassium ion channels to the axon of the cell enable to study the impact of spikes on the transient release in BC ribbons.Conclusion:a spike elicited by somatic stimulation causes the rapid release of all vesicles that are available for transient release,while a non-spiking BC with a similar morphometry needs stronger stimuli for any transient vesicle release.During extracellular stimulation,there was almost no difference in transient release between the active and passive cells because in both cases the terminal membrane of the cell senses the same potentials originating from the microelectrode.An exception was found for long pulses when the spike has the possibility to generate a higher terminal voltage than the passive cell.Simulated periodic 5 Hz stimulation showed a reduced transient release of 3 vesicles per stimulus,which is a recovery effect.

ELECTROWINNING ZINC FROM CHLORIDE MELTS IN BIPOLAR CELL

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Suppression of Carp Retinal Bipolar Cells in Darkness

It has been shown that in the teleost retina the cone signal transmission seems tobe strongly suppressed in the prolonged darkness. Raynauld et al. reported that thedouble opponent ganglion cells of the goldfish retina lost light responsiveness after2 h of dark adaptation. Yang et al. found that the light responsiveness of thecone-driven horizontal cells was strongly suppressed after the retina was dark-adaptedfor a prolonged period (more than 2 h). However, no information concerningthe effects of prolonged darkness on bipolar cells is available, which mediates

Effect of optic nerve stimulation on bipolar cell in the carp retina

The centrifugal innervation of the retina has been extensively described in birds, in which retinal centrifugal fibres originating in the nucleus isthmoopticus terminate directly on amacrine cells. Physiological role of these fibres has been shown to cause an increase in responsiveness of most ganglion cells, which is probably caused by suppression of the inhibitory surround of the cell receptive fields provided by amacrine cells. Recently,

Differences in kinetics between GABA_C and GABA_A receptors on carp retinal bipolar cells

The present work was undertaken to characterize kinetics, including activation, desensitization and deactivation, of responses mediated by GABAA and GABAc receptors on carp retinal bipolar cells, using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. It was revealed that the GABAC response was generally slower in kinetics than the GABAA response. Activation kinetics of both the receptors could be well fit by monoexponential functions with time constants r, being 44.57 ms (GABAC) and 10.86 ms (GABAA) respectively. Desensitization of the GABAA response was characterized by a fast and a slow exponential component with time constants of τfast = 2.16 s and τslow = 19.78 s respectively, whereas desensitization of the GABAc response was fit by a monoexponential function of the time constant T = 6.98 s. Deactivation at both the receptors was adequately described by biexponential functions with time constants being much higher for the GABAC response (τfast = 674.8 ms; τslow = 2 090 ms) than those for the GABAA response (τfast = 42.07 ms; τslow = 275.1 ms). These differences in kinetics suggest that GABAC and GABAA receptors may be involved in processing signals in different frequency domains.

Retinal bipolar cells——A model for the study of neuronal signal integration

Being the functional basis of neural networks, neuronal signal integration has been currently becoming a hot point of neuroscience research. Active and passive membrane properties of retinal bipolar cells, temporal and spatial distribution of synaptic inputs to these cells are described, and modulation of signal integration characteristics of these cells under different reti-

Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coated 316L stainless steel by arc ion plating as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Arc ion plating (AIP) is applied to form Ti/(Ti,Cr)N/CrN multilayer coating on the surface of 316L stainless steel (SS316L) as bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The characterizations of the coating are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Interfacial contact resistance (ICR) between the coated sample and carbon paper is 4.9 m Omega cm(2) under 150 N/cm(2), which is much lower than that of the SS316L substrate. Potentiodynamic and potentiostatic tests are performed in the simulated PEMFC working conditions to investigate the corrosion behaviors of the coated sample. Superior anticorrosion performance is observed for the coated sample, whose corrosion current density is 0.12 mu A/cm(2). Surface morphology results after corrosion tests indicate that the substrate is well protected by the multilayer coating. Performances of the single cell with the multilayer coated SS316L bipolar plate are improved significantly compared with that of the cell with the uncoated SS316L bipolar plate, presenting a great potential for PEMFC application. (C) 2016 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights reserved.

Effect of Terminal Design and Bipolar Plate Material on PEM Fuel Cell Performance

Bipolar plates perform as current conductors between cells, provide conduits for reactant gases, facilitate water and thermal management through the cells, and constitute the backbone of a fuel cell stack. Currently, commercial bipolar plates are made of graphite composite because of its relatively low interfacial contact resistance (ICR) and high corrosion resistance. However, graphite composite’s manufacturability, permeability, and durability of shock and vibration are unfavorable in comparison to metals. Therefore, metals have been considered as a replacement material for graphite composite bipolar plates. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of terminal connection design and bipolar plate material on PEM fuel cell overall performance. The study has indicated that single cell performance can be improved by combining terminals into metallic bipolar plates. This terminal design reduces the internal cell resistance and eliminates the need for additional terminal plates. The improved single cell performance by 18% and the increased savings in hydrogen consumption by 15% at the current density of 0.30 A/cm2 was attributed to the robust metal to metal contact between the terminal and the metallic bipolar plates. However, connecting metal terminal directly into graphite bipolar plates did not exhibit similar improvement in the performance of graphite fuel cells because of their brittleness that could have caused damage in the plates and poor contacts.

ESTABLISHMENT AND VERIFICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CURRENT LEAKAGE IN BIPOLAR MULTI－COMPARTMENT CELL

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Waste Water Treatment in Direct Borohydride Fuel Cell with Bipolar Membrane

It was established that application of bipolar membrane in a direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) with H2O2 co-generation enabled to keep constant pH in catholyte within 2.5 - 3.2 limits, which allowed us to carry out treatment of water polluted by organic compounds in fuel cell catholyte. Treatment of water was carried out by electro-Fenton and photo-electro-Fenton methods. With the view of efficiency, photo-electro-Fenton method of treatment was the most efficient, which enabled to decrease COD of catholytes containing (in each case) phenol, valsaren, 400 g/L dymethoate (BI-58) and valsaciper from 500 ppm to 30, 11, 9 and 3 ppm, respectively after 180 min treatment. By increasing the catholyte temperature from 20℃?to 40℃?in the same period, phenol COD fell to 5 ppm.

Glial Cell-Targeted Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review of Available Data and Clinical Perspectives

This paper is a systematic review of the treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic Google Scholar search aimed at treatment guidelines and clinical trials. The search for treatment guidelines returned 375 papers and was last performed from June 1, 2022 to August 30, 2022. The literature suggests that lithium helps control and alleviate severe mood episodes, and olanzapine is effective for acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Achieving effectiveness or remission is better with Cariprazine. Lurasidone improves cognitive performance. Quetiapine improves sleep quality and co-morbid anxiety. Lamotrigine helps delay depression, mania, and mild manic episodes. Antidepressants are best used in conjunction with mood stabilizers. For co-morbid treatment, carbamazepine and lithium in combination are more effective in the treatment of psychotic mania. Co-morbid anxiety treatment considers adjunctive olanzapine or lamotrigine. Co-morbid bulimia treatment considers a mood stabilizer. Co-morbid fatigue treatment considers a dawn simulator. For diet, pay attention to a healthy diet, patients can ingest probiotics and pay attention to the balance of fatty acids.

Postnatal development of rat retina:a continuous observation and comparison between the organotypic retinal explant model and in vivo development

The organotypic retinal explant culture has been established for more than a decade and offers a range of unique advantages compared with in vivo experiments and cell cultures.However,the lack of systematic and continuous comparison between in vivo retinal development and the organotypic retinal explant culture makes this model controversial in postnatal retinal development studies.Thus,we aimed to verify the feasibility of using this model for postnatal retinal development studies by comparing it with the in vivo retina.In this study,we showed that postnatal retinal explants undergo normal development,and exhibit a consistent structure and timeline with retinas in vivo.Initially,we used SOX2 and PAX6 immunostaining to identify retinal progenitor cells.We then examined cell proliferation and migration by immunostaining with Ki-67 and doublecortin,respectively.Ki-67-and doublecortin-positive cells decreased in both in vivo and explants during postnatal retinogenesis,and exhibited a high degree of similarity in abundance and distribution between groups.Additionally,we used Ceh-10 homeodomain-containing homolog,glutamate-ammonia ligase(glutamine synthetase),neuronal nuclei,and ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 immunostaining to examine the emergence of bipolar cells,Müller glia,mature neurons,and microglia,respectively.The timing and spatial patterns of the emergence of these cell types were remarkably consistent between in vivo and explant retinas.Our study showed that the organotypic retinal explant culture model had a high degree of consistency with the progression of in vivo early postnatal retina development.The findings confirm the accuracy and credibility of this model and support its use for long-term,systematic,and continuous observation.

Conductive and corrosion behaviors of silver-doped carbon-coated stainless steel as PEMFC bipolar plates

Ni–Cr enrichment on stainless steel SS316 L resulting from chemical activation enabled the deposition of carbon by spraying a stable suspension of carbon nanoparticles; trace Ag was deposited in situ to prepare a thin continuous Ag-doped carbon film on a porous carbon-coated SS316 L substrate. The corrosion resistance of this film in 0.5 mol·L^（-1） H_2SO_4 solution containing 5 ppm F- at 80°C was investigated using polarization tests. The results showed that the surface treatment of the SS316 L strongly affected the adhesion of the carbon coating to the stainless steel. Compared to the bare SS316 L, the Ag-doped carbon-coated SS316 L bipolar plate was remarkably more stable in both the anode and cathode environments of proton exchange membrane fuel cell（PEMFC） and the interface contact resistance between the specimen and Toray 060 carbon paper was reduced from 333.0 m？·cm^2 to 21.6 m？·cm^2 at a compaction pressure of 1.2 MPa.

Effect of annealing on two different niobium-clad stainless steel PEMFC bipolar plate materials

Niobium (Nb)-clad stainless steels(SS) produced via roll bonding are being considered for use in the bipolar plates of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) stacks. Because the roll bonding process induces substantial work hardening in the constituent materials, thermal annealing is used to restore ductility to the clad sheet so that it can be subsequently blanked, stamped and dimpled in forming the final plate component. Two roll bonded materials, niobium clad 340L stainless steel (Nb/340L SS) and niobium clad 434 stainless steel (Nb/434 SS) were annealed under optimized conditions prescribed by the cladding manufacturer. Comparative mechanical testing conducted on each material before and after annealing shows significant improvement in ductility in both cases. However, corresponding microstructural analyses indicate an obvious difference between the two heat treated materials. During annealing, an interlayer with thick less than 1 μm forms between the constituent layers in the Nb/340L SS, whereas no interlayer is found in the annealed Nb/434 SS material. Prior work suggests that internal defects potentially can be generated in such an interlayer during metal forming operations. Thus, Nb/434 SS may be the preferred candidate material for this application.

Optimal transcorneal electrical stimulation parameters for preserving photoreceptors in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary retinal disease that affects rod and cone photoreceptors,leading to progressive photoreceptor loss.Previous research supports the beneficial effect of electrical stimulation on photoreceptor survival.This study aims to identify the most effective electrical stimulation parameters and functional advantages of transcorneal electrical stimulation(tcES)in mice affected by inherited retinal degeneration.Additionally,the study seeked to analyze the electric field that reaches the retina in both eyes in mice and post-mortem humans.In this study,we recorded waveforms and voltages directed to the retina during transcorneal electrical stimulation in C57BL/6J mice using an intraocular needle probe with rectangular,sine,and ramp waveforms.To investigate the functional effects of electrical stimulation on photoreceptors,we used human retinal explant cultures and rhodopsin knockout(Rho^(-/-))mice,demonstrating progressive photoreceptor degeneration with age.Human retinal explants isolated from the donors’eyes were then subjected to electrical stimulation and cultured for 48 hours to simulate the neurodegenerative environment in vitro.Photoreceptor density was evaluated by rhodopsin immunolabeling.In vivo Rho^(-/-)mice were subjected to two 5-day series of daily transcorneal electrical stimulation using rectangular and ramp waveforms.Retinal function and visual perception of mice were evaluated by electroretinography and optomotor response(OMR),respectively.Immunolabeling was used to assess the morphological and biochemical changes of the photoreceptor and bipolar cells in mouse retinas.Oscilloscope recordings indicated effective delivery of rectangular,sine,and ramp waveforms to the retina by transcorneal electrical stimulation,of which the ramp waveform required the lowest voltage.Evaluation of the total conductive resistance of the post-mortem human compared to the mouse eyes indicated higher cornea-to-retina resistance in human eyes.The temperature recordings during and after electrical stimulation indicated no significant temperature change in vivo and only a subtle temperature increase in vitro(~0.5-1.5°C).Electrical stimulation increased photoreceptor survival in human retinal explant cultures,particularly at the ramp waveform.Transcorneal electrical stimulation(rectangular+ramp)waveforms significantly improved the survival and function of S and M-cones and enhanced visual acuity based on the optomotor response results.Histology and immunolabeling demonstrated increased photoreceptor survival,improved outer nuclear layer thickness,and increased bipolar cell sprouting in Rho^(-/-)mice.These results indicate that transcorneal electrical stimulation effectively delivers the electrical field to the retina,improves photoreceptor survival in both human and mouse retinas,and increases visual function in Rho^(-/-)mice.Combined rectangular and ramp waveform stimulation can promote photoreceptor survival in a minimally invasive fashion.

Analysis of multiple cell upset sensitivity in bulk CMOS SRAM after neutron irradiation

In our previous studies, we have proved that neutron irradiation can decrease the single event latch-up （SEL） sensitivity of CMOS SRAM. And one of the key contributions to the multiple cell upset （MCU） is the parasitic bipolar amplification, it bring us to study the impact of neutron irradiation on the SRAM＇s MCU sensitivity. After the neutron experiment, we test the devices＇ function and electrical parameters. Then, we use the heavy ion fluence to examine the changes on the devices＇ MCU sensitivity pre- and post-neutron-irradiation. Unfortunately, neutron irradiation makes the MCU phenomenon worse. Finally, we use the electric static discharge （ESD） testing technology to deduce the experimental results and find that the changes on the WPM region take the lead rather than the changes on the parasitic bipolar amplification for the 90 nm process.

燃料电池电极板材料工艺发展趋势

电极板是燃料电池的关键核心部件,起到分隔气体、提供反应界面、传导电流的作用。根据燃料电池应用工况的不同,电极板的材料选择与制造工艺路线也有所不同。材料工艺是决定燃料电池设计、质量、成本的核心要素。着重论述了金属、石墨、树脂作为电极材料的工艺路线。针对金属电极板材料,论述了车载、航空航天2种工况下不锈钢、钛材的成形设计准则、工艺路线、产品性能,并分析比较了不同成形方法中设备、模具工装和工艺路线的适用性。针对石墨电极材料,对比了硬石墨一次模压成形和柔性板石墨模压成形2种工艺,并根据各自的基材状态选择了合适的工艺路线,同时根据工艺路线的特点分析了产品的优缺点。在复合材料中主要选择了金属、石墨、树脂3种材料,根据制备原理,复合材料双极板有结构复合电极、材料复合电极和工艺复合电极3个研究方向。在结构复合电极方面,主要论述了石墨与金属复合的设计思路和结构特点;在材料复合电极方面,主要论述了热固性树脂和热塑性树脂与石墨复合的工艺路线和产品特点;在工艺复合电极方面,主要论述了微型燃料电池极板的制造理念和方法,并借鉴了微机械加工工艺路线,设计制造了复合工艺极板。最后展望了燃料电池电极板的箔材研发方向、级进模工艺复合生产发展方向和石墨极板设计策略及制备工艺发展方向,以及PPS聚苯硫醚、聚苯胺基PANI的导电阳极材料在微电极板中的应用。