The sound of blood:photoacoustic imaging in blood analysis

Blood analysis is a ubiquitous and critical aspect of modern medicine.Analyzing blood samples requires invasive techniques,various testing systems,and samples are limited to relatively small volumes.Photoacoustic imaging(PAI)is a novel imaging modality that utilizes non-ionizing energy that shows promise as an alternative to current methods.This paper seeks to review current applications of PAI in blood analysis for clinical use.Furthermore,we discuss obstacles to implementation and future directions to overcome these challenges.Firstly,we discuss three applications to cellular analysis of blood:sickle cell,bacteria,and circulating tumor cell detection.We then discuss applications to the analysis of blood plasma,including glucose detection and anticoagulation quantification.As such,we hope this article will serve as inspiration for PAI's potential application in blood analysis and prompt further studies to ultimately implement PAI into clinical practice.

Blood gas analysis as a surrogate for microhemodynamic monitoring in sepsis

BACKGROUND:Emergency patients with sepsis or septic shock are at high risk of death.Despite increasing attention to microhemodynamics,the clinical use of advanced microcirculatory assessment is limited due to its shortcomings.Since blood gas analysis is a widely used technique reflecting global oxygen supply and consumption,it may serve as a surrogate for microcirculation monitoring in septic treatment.METHODS:We performed a search using PubMed,Web of Science,and Google scholar.The studies and reviews that were most relevant to septic microcirculatory dysfunctions and blood gas parameters were identified and included.RESULTS:Based on the pathophysiology of oxygen metabolism,the included articles provided a general overview of employing blood gas analysis and its derived set of indicators for microhemodynamic monitoring in septic care.Notwithstanding flaws,several parameters are linked to changes in the microcirculation.A comprehensive interpretation of blood gas parameters can be used in order to achieve hemodynamic optimization in septic patients.CONCLUSION:Blood gas analysis in combination with clinical performance is a reliable alternative for microcirculatory assessments.A deep understanding of oxygen metabolism in septic settings may help emergency physicians to better use blood gas analysis in the evaluation and treatment of sepsis and septic shock.

An investigation of the effects of dust storms on rat lung using HRCT and blood gas analysis

The increasing intensity and frequency of sand-dust storms in China has led to greater prominence of associated environmentaland health issues. Many studies have focused on the health effects of air particulate contaminants, but fewformal investigations have studied the effects of sand-dust storms on human and animal health. The aim of this study wasto investigate the effects of dust storms on rat lung by using high resolution computed tomography （HRCT） and blood gasanalysis through a wind tunnel simulating. We found that the rat lung damage effects can be detected by the HRCT imagingafter exposure to sand-dust storm environments, but had no obvious result through blood gas analysis. Exposure durationspositively correlated with the damage degree to lung tissue. These will provide some evidence for clinical diagnosis ofnon-occupational pneumoconiosis.

Bioinformatics Analysis Raises Candidate Genes in Blood for Early Screening of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson＇s disease （PD） is a typical degenerative disease, which is characterized by the most obvious symptoms of movement dysfunction, including shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty in walking and gait. This disease can not be clearly identified through laboratory tests at present, thus application of high-throughput technique in studying the expression profiles of PD helps to find the genetic markers for its early diagnosis. Studies on expression profiles of neurodegenerative diseases have revealed the novel genes and pathways involved in the progress of illness. In this study, the expression profiles of PD in blood were compared, showing that 181 differentially expressed genes （DEG） exhibit a similar expression trend both in patients and in normal controls.

Hemodynamic Analysis and Diagnosis Based on Multi-Deep Learning Models

This study employs nine distinct deep learning models to categorize 12,444 blood cell images and automatically extract from them relevant information with an accuracy that is beyond that achievable with traditional techniques.The work is intended to improve current methods for the assessment of human health through measurement of the distribution of four types of blood cells,namely,eosinophils,neutrophils,monocytes,and lymphocytes,known for their relationship with human body damage,inflammatory regions,and organ illnesses,in particular,and with the health of the immune system and other hazards,such as cardiovascular disease or infections,more in general.The results of the experiments show that the deep learning models can automatically extract features from the blood cell images and properly classify them with an accuracy of 98%,97%,and 89%,respectively,with regard to the training,verification,and testing of the corresponding datasets.

Direct Analysis of Whole Blood by a Disposable Monolithic Column Mass Spectrometry Analysis Kit

A monolithic column-based mass spectrometry(MS)analysis kit was prepared for whole blood analysis with MS.The kit is disposable and can be used for purification,storage,transportation and direct analysis of whole blood.The kit mainly consists of a capillary for quantitative microsampling,a cation exchange monolithic column for purification and storage,and a syringe for loading sample.This kit is very friendly to various users that one can easily siphon the blood in the kit followed by rapid clean-up.We established a quantitative method using the kit with a limit detection as low as 0.33 nmol/L,and achieved more than five orders of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity compared to direct nanoelectrospray ionization MS analysis.The column can avoid analyte exposure to environment,which helps the storage of the sample for laboratory analysis.The relative standard deviation of immediate blood analysis and storage blood analysis within 10 d was less than 10%.This method has been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of procainamide hydrochloride in 2μL rat blood.These results indicate that this disposable kit does have the potential to achieve highly sensitive quantitative MS analysis in biological samples,which is expected to become a cost-effective and powerful tool for in vitro diagnostics.

Algorithm-based arterial blood sampling recognition increasing safety in point-of-care diagnostics

AIM To detect blood withdrawal for patients with arterial blood pressure monitoring to increase patient safety and provide better sample dating.METHODS Blood pressure information obtained from a patient monitor was fed as a real-time data stream to an experimental medical framework. This framework was connected to an analytical application which observes changes in systolic, diastolic and mean pressure to determine anomalies in the continuous data stream. Detection was based on an increased mean blood pressure caused by the closing of the withdrawal three-way tap and an absence of systolic and diastolic measurements during this manipulation. For evaluation of the proposed algorithm, measured data from animal studies in healthy pigs were used.RESULTS Using this novel approach for processing real-time measurement data of arterial pressure monitoring, the exact time of blood withdrawal could be successfully detected retrospectively and in real-time. The algorithm was able to detect 422 of 434(97%) blood withdrawals for blood gas analysis in the retrospective analysis of 7 study trials. Additionally, 64 sampling events for other procedures like laboratory and activated clotting time analyses were detected. The proposed algorithm achieved a sensitivity of 0.97, a precision of 0.96 and an F1 score of 0.97.CONCLUSION Arterial blood pressure monitoring data can be used toperform an accurate identification of individual blood samplings in order to reduce sample mix-ups and thereby increase patient safety.

Comparison of Hematological Parameters and Critical Value Analysis in the Prevention and Control of Thalassaemia in Hainan Li and Han Nationalities

Objective: To compare the distribution of “mean corpuscular hemoglobin”-MCV, “mean corpuscular volume”-MCH, “hemoglobin”-HGB, “hemoglobin A”-HbA and “hemoglobin A2”-HbA2 in α and β thalassemia hematology screening between Li and Han nationality, and analyze the best diagnostic cut-off value. Methods: Select 7816 middle school students from Li nationality area as the research object, collect peripheral blood for blood cell analysis, hemoglobin electrophoresis and thalassaemia gene detection, and compare the difference in hematological parameters of common thalassemia genotype between Li and Han nationalities. Taking the genetic test results as the gold standard, construct the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) of relevant hematology parameters, calculate the Youden index and take its maximum diagnostic cut-off point as the best critical value. Results: Comparison of hematological parameters of common thalassemia genotypes showed that the average value of MCH and MCV of -α3.7/-α4.2 type in Li nationality was lower than that of Han nationality, and the average value of HbA2 of CD41-42/βN type was higher than that of Han nationality, there was no significant difference among other genotypes. ROC curve analysis shows that the MCH, MCV, and HGB values have poor diagnostic efficiency for thalassaemia, HbA has a slightly better diagnostic efficiency for α thalassaemia, and the optimal cut-off values of HbA for Li and Han nationalities are 96.95% and 97.75%, respectively;HbA2 has better screening efficiency for β-thalassemia, and the optimal cut-off values of HbA2 for Li and Han nationalities are 4.20% and 3.45% respectively. Conclusion: In the prevention and control screening of thalassaemia in the Li and Han nationalities, hemoglobin electrophoresis technology has a better diagnostic efficiency.