Background:Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disease characterized by bone loss and decreased bone strength.However,current anti-resorptive drugs carry a risk of various complications.The deep learning-based efficacy pre...Background:Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disease characterized by bone loss and decreased bone strength.However,current anti-resorptive drugs carry a risk of various complications.The deep learning-based efficacy prediction system(DLEPS)is a forecasting tool that can effectively compete in drug screening and prediction based on gene expression changes.This study aimed to explore the protective effect and potential mechanisms of cinobufotalin(CB),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),on bone loss.Methods:DLEPS was employed for screening anti-osteoporotic agents according to gene profile changes in primary osteoporosis.Micro-CT,histological and morphological analysis were applied for the bone protective detection of CB,and the osteogenic differentiation/function in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMMSCs)were also investigated.The underlying mechanism was verified using qRT-PCR,Western blot(WB),immunofluorescence(IF),etc.Results:A safe concentration(0.25mg/kg in vivo,0.05μM in vitro)of CB could effectively preserve bone mass in estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and promote osteogenic differentiation/function of hBMMSCs.Both BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways participated in CB-induced osteogenic differentiation,further regulating the expression of osteogenesis-associated factors,and ultimately promoting osteogenesis.Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that CB could significantly reverse estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss,further promoting osteogenic differentiation/function of hBMMSCs,with BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways involved.展开更多
Glioma is the tumor with the highest incidence in the brain,and it is eager to seek new and efiective treatment.The interaction of ubiquitination and deubiquitination regulates many cell activities in organisms,and pa...Glioma is the tumor with the highest incidence in the brain,and it is eager to seek new and efiective treatment.The interaction of ubiquitination and deubiquitination regulates many cell activities in organisms,and participates in tumor occurrence,development,migration,invasion and other processes.This article summarized the progress of E3 ubiquitination ligase smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2(Smurf2)and glioma-related signaling pathways to assist clinical diagnosis and treatment of glioma.展开更多
二膦酸盐不仅特异性抑制破骨细胞,同时对成骨细胞也起一定的作用.用酶消化法取乳鼠颅盖骨进行成骨细胞培养,分为空白对照组、阿仑膦酸钠高、中、低剂量组.从BMP-2/Smads/Runx2/Osterix信号通路角度观察二膦酸盐对成骨细胞分化的作用.结...二膦酸盐不仅特异性抑制破骨细胞,同时对成骨细胞也起一定的作用.用酶消化法取乳鼠颅盖骨进行成骨细胞培养,分为空白对照组、阿仑膦酸钠高、中、低剂量组.从BMP-2/Smads/Runx2/Osterix信号通路角度观察二膦酸盐对成骨细胞分化的作用.结果显示:比色法结果显示干预2和4d后各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组的碱性膦酸酶(AKP)显著增加,其中中剂量组表达最高,各组明显高于空白对照组(p<0.05),第6天各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组AKP逐渐下降,与空白对照组比较,无统计学意义(p>0.05);ELISA结果显示随着天数增加各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组的BMP-2逐渐增加,其中中剂量组表达最高,各组明显高于空白对照组(p<0.05),干预2和4d后各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组的I型胶原(Collagen Type I)显著增加,其中中剂量组表达最高,各组明显高于空白对照组(p<0.05),第6天各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组Collagen Type I逐渐下降,空白对照组随着天数逐渐增加,但均低于同时期用药组(p<0.05);荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测结果显示BMP-2、Smad1/5、Runx2和Osterix mRNA表达在干预后,随着时间的延长,逐渐上升;阿仑膦酸钠组的含量高于同期的空白对照组.提示阿伦膦酸钠能刺激成骨细胞增殖,增强BMP、AKP活性,通过BMP-2/Smads/Runx2/Osterix通路上调相关基因表达,促进成骨细胞分化.展开更多
Peptides from Pilose antler aqueous extract(PAAE) have been shown to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not w...Peptides from Pilose antler aqueous extract(PAAE) have been shown to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, PAAE was isolated and purified to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying PAAE’s effects on BMSCs as well as its osteoprotective effects in ovariectomized rats. Our results showed that PAAE promoted proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs to become osteoblasts by enhancing ALP activity and increasing extracellular matrix mineralization. The trabecular microarchitecture of ovariectomized rats was also found to be protected by PAAE. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(Quantitative RT-PCR) results suggest that PAAE also increased the expression of osteogenic markers including, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2), osteocalcin(OCN), bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2), and collagen I(COL-I). Immunoblotting results indicated that PAAE upregulated the levels of BMP-2 and Runx2 and was associated with Smad1/5 phosphorylation. PAAE A at the concentration of 200μg·mL^-1 showed the strongest effect on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs after 48 h. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS), we identified the molecular weight of PAAE A and found that it is less than 3000 Da and showed several significant peaks. In conclusion, PAAE activates the BMP-2/Smad1, 5/Runx2 pathway to induce osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in BMSCs and can inhibit OVX-induced bone loss. These mechanisms are likely responsible for its therapeutic effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis.展开更多
Cardiac fibrosis is a cause of morbidity and mortality in people with heart disease.Anti-fibrosis treatment is a significant therapy for heart disease,but there is still no thorough understanding of fibrotic mechanism...Cardiac fibrosis is a cause of morbidity and mortality in people with heart disease.Anti-fibrosis treatment is a significant therapy for heart disease,but there is still no thorough understanding of fibrotic mechanisms.This study was carried out to ascertain the functions of cytokine receptor-like factor 1(CRLF1)in cardiac fibrosis and clarify its regulatory mechanisms.We found that CRLF1 was expressed predominantly in cardiac fibroblasts.Its expression was up-regulated not only in a mouse heart fibrotic model induced by myocardial infarction,but also in mouse and human cardiac fibroblasts provoked by transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).Gain-and loss-of-function experiments of CRLF1 were carried out in neonatal mice cardiac fibroblasts(NMCFs)with or without TGF-β1 stimulation.CRLF1 overexpression increased cell viability,collagen production,cell proliferation capacity,and myofibroblast transformation of NMCFs with or without TGF-β1 stimulation,while silencing of CRLF1 had the opposite effects.An inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)signaling pathway and different inhibitors of TGF-β1 signaling cascades,comprising mothers against decapentaplegic homolog(SMAD)-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways,were applied to investigate the mechanisms involved.CRLF1 exerted its functions by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.Furthermore,the SMAD-dependent pathway,not the SMAD-independent pathway,was responsible for CRLF1 up-regulation in NMCFs treated with TGF-β1.In summary,activation of the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis increased CRLF1 expression.CRLF1 then aggravated cardiac fibrosis by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.CRLF1 could become a novel potential target for intervention and remedy of cardiac fibrosis.展开更多
Inhibitory Smads(I-Smads),which belong to the Smad family and inhibit bone morphogenic protein 2(BMP2)signaling by a variety of mechanisms,can suppress innate immunity responses in vertebrates.However,there are no rep...Inhibitory Smads(I-Smads),which belong to the Smad family and inhibit bone morphogenic protein 2(BMP2)signaling by a variety of mechanisms,can suppress innate immunity responses in vertebrates.However,there are no reports for the role of Smad6 in immunity in mollusks.In this study,we showed that Smad6 of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii was located in the Smad6 cluster of the phylogenetic tree;mRNA expression of Smad6 and Smad3 was up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic:polycytidylic challenge;and transcript levels of Smad6 and Smad3 showed opposite patterns during wound healing.Under salinity stress,water inflow and outflow in the gills appear to be regulated by BMP2-Smads signals,and BMP2-Smads signaling may be closely related to the immune response.Our results indicate that Smad6 is involved in immunity,that it plays a positive role in the response to immune challenge and an inhibitory role during wound healing,and that Smad6 and Smad3 may work against each other.展开更多
The BMP signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating early embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.SMAD6 encodes a negative regulator of BMP,and rare variants of SMAD6 are recurrently found in individuals...The BMP signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating early embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.SMAD6 encodes a negative regulator of BMP,and rare variants of SMAD6 are recurrently found in individuals with birth defects.However,we observed that a subset of rare pathogenic variants of SMAD6 consistently exhibited positive regulatory effects instead of the initial negative effects on the BMP signaling pathway.We sought to determine whether these SMAD6 variants have common pathogenic mechanisms.Here,we showed that pathogenic SMAD6 variants accompanying this functional reversal exhibit similar increases in deamidation.Mechanistically,increased deamidation of SMAD6 variants promotes the accumulation of the BMP receptor BMPR1A and the formation of new complexes,both of which lead to BMP signaling pathway activation.Specifically,two residues,N262 and N404,in SMAD6 were identified as the crucial sites of deamidation,which was catalyzed primarily by glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2(GFPT2).Additionally,treatment of cells harboring SMAD6 variants with a deamidase inhibitor restored the inhibitory effect of SMAD6 on the BMP signaling pathway.Conversely,when wild-type SMAD6 was manually simulated to mimic the deamidated state,the reversed function of activating BMP signaling was reproduced.Taken together,these findings show that deamidation of SMAD6 plays a crucial role in the functional reversal of BMP signaling activity,which can be induced by a subset of various SMAD6 variants.Our study reveals a common pathogenic mechanism shared by these variants and provides a potential strategy for preventing birth defects through deamidation regulation,which might prevent the off-target effects of gene editing.展开更多
Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are ubiquitously-existing multipotent progenitors that can self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages including osteocytes,chondrocytes,adipocytes,tenocytes and myocytes.MSCs repre...Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are ubiquitously-existing multipotent progenitors that can self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages including osteocytes,chondrocytes,adipocytes,tenocytes and myocytes.MSCs represent one of the most commonly-used adult progenitors and serve as excellent progenitor cell models for investigating lineagespecific differentiation regulated by various cellular signaling pathways,such as bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs).As members of TGFb superfamily,BMPs play diverse and important roles in development and adult tissues.At least 14 BMPs have been identified in mammals.Different BMPs exert distinct but overlapping biological functions.Through a comprehensive analysis of 14 BMPs in MSCs,we demonstrated that BMP9 is one of the most potent BMPs in inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.Nonetheless,a global mechanistic view of BMP signaling in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs remains to be fully elucidated.Here,we conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic profiling in the MSCs stimulated by 14 types of BMPs.Hierarchical clustering analysis classifies 14 BMPs into three subclusters:an osteo/chondrogenic/adipogenic cluster,a tenogenic cluster,and BMP3 cluster.We also demonstrate that six BMPs(e.g.,BMP2,BMP3,BMP4,BMP7,BMP8,and BMP9)can induce ISmads effectively,while BMP2,BMP3,BMP4,BMP7,and BMP11 up-regulate Smad-independent MAP kinase pathway.Furthermore,we show that many BMPs can upregulate the expression of the signal mediators of Wnt,Notch and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.While the reported transcriptomic changes need to be further validated,our expression profiling represents the first-of-its-kind to interrogate a comprehensive transcriptomic landscape regulated by the 14 types of BMPs in MSCs.展开更多
基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation,Grant/Award Number:L222145 and L222030Emerging Engineering Interdisciplinary Project and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Grant/Award Number:PKU2022XGK008Peking University Medicine Fund of Fostering Young Scholars’Scientific&Technological Innovation,Grant/Award Number:BMU2022PY010。
文摘Background:Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disease characterized by bone loss and decreased bone strength.However,current anti-resorptive drugs carry a risk of various complications.The deep learning-based efficacy prediction system(DLEPS)is a forecasting tool that can effectively compete in drug screening and prediction based on gene expression changes.This study aimed to explore the protective effect and potential mechanisms of cinobufotalin(CB),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),on bone loss.Methods:DLEPS was employed for screening anti-osteoporotic agents according to gene profile changes in primary osteoporosis.Micro-CT,histological and morphological analysis were applied for the bone protective detection of CB,and the osteogenic differentiation/function in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMMSCs)were also investigated.The underlying mechanism was verified using qRT-PCR,Western blot(WB),immunofluorescence(IF),etc.Results:A safe concentration(0.25mg/kg in vivo,0.05μM in vitro)of CB could effectively preserve bone mass in estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and promote osteogenic differentiation/function of hBMMSCs.Both BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways participated in CB-induced osteogenic differentiation,further regulating the expression of osteogenesis-associated factors,and ultimately promoting osteogenesis.Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that CB could significantly reverse estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss,further promoting osteogenic differentiation/function of hBMMSCs,with BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways involved.
文摘Glioma is the tumor with the highest incidence in the brain,and it is eager to seek new and efiective treatment.The interaction of ubiquitination and deubiquitination regulates many cell activities in organisms,and participates in tumor occurrence,development,migration,invasion and other processes.This article summarized the progress of E3 ubiquitination ligase smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2(Smurf2)and glioma-related signaling pathways to assist clinical diagnosis and treatment of glioma.
文摘二膦酸盐不仅特异性抑制破骨细胞,同时对成骨细胞也起一定的作用.用酶消化法取乳鼠颅盖骨进行成骨细胞培养,分为空白对照组、阿仑膦酸钠高、中、低剂量组.从BMP-2/Smads/Runx2/Osterix信号通路角度观察二膦酸盐对成骨细胞分化的作用.结果显示:比色法结果显示干预2和4d后各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组的碱性膦酸酶(AKP)显著增加,其中中剂量组表达最高,各组明显高于空白对照组(p<0.05),第6天各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组AKP逐渐下降,与空白对照组比较,无统计学意义(p>0.05);ELISA结果显示随着天数增加各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组的BMP-2逐渐增加,其中中剂量组表达最高,各组明显高于空白对照组(p<0.05),干预2和4d后各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组的I型胶原(Collagen Type I)显著增加,其中中剂量组表达最高,各组明显高于空白对照组(p<0.05),第6天各剂量阿仑膦酸钠组Collagen Type I逐渐下降,空白对照组随着天数逐渐增加,但均低于同时期用药组(p<0.05);荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测结果显示BMP-2、Smad1/5、Runx2和Osterix mRNA表达在干预后,随着时间的延长,逐渐上升;阿仑膦酸钠组的含量高于同期的空白对照组.提示阿伦膦酸钠能刺激成骨细胞增殖,增强BMP、AKP活性,通过BMP-2/Smads/Runx2/Osterix通路上调相关基因表达,促进成骨细胞分化.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81473314)
文摘Peptides from Pilose antler aqueous extract(PAAE) have been shown to stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Here, PAAE was isolated and purified to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying PAAE’s effects on BMSCs as well as its osteoprotective effects in ovariectomized rats. Our results showed that PAAE promoted proliferation and differentiation of BMSCs to become osteoblasts by enhancing ALP activity and increasing extracellular matrix mineralization. The trabecular microarchitecture of ovariectomized rats was also found to be protected by PAAE. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(Quantitative RT-PCR) results suggest that PAAE also increased the expression of osteogenic markers including, alkaline phosphatase(ALP), runt-related transcription factor 2(Runx2), osteocalcin(OCN), bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2), and collagen I(COL-I). Immunoblotting results indicated that PAAE upregulated the levels of BMP-2 and Runx2 and was associated with Smad1/5 phosphorylation. PAAE A at the concentration of 200μg·mL^-1 showed the strongest effect on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs after 48 h. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS), we identified the molecular weight of PAAE A and found that it is less than 3000 Da and showed several significant peaks. In conclusion, PAAE activates the BMP-2/Smad1, 5/Runx2 pathway to induce osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization in BMSCs and can inhibit OVX-induced bone loss. These mechanisms are likely responsible for its therapeutic effect on postmenopausal osteoporosis.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Project of China(No.2018YFA0800404)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82100255 and 81970736)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Nos.2021M691459 and 2022T150299).
文摘Cardiac fibrosis is a cause of morbidity and mortality in people with heart disease.Anti-fibrosis treatment is a significant therapy for heart disease,but there is still no thorough understanding of fibrotic mechanisms.This study was carried out to ascertain the functions of cytokine receptor-like factor 1(CRLF1)in cardiac fibrosis and clarify its regulatory mechanisms.We found that CRLF1 was expressed predominantly in cardiac fibroblasts.Its expression was up-regulated not only in a mouse heart fibrotic model induced by myocardial infarction,but also in mouse and human cardiac fibroblasts provoked by transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1).Gain-and loss-of-function experiments of CRLF1 were carried out in neonatal mice cardiac fibroblasts(NMCFs)with or without TGF-β1 stimulation.CRLF1 overexpression increased cell viability,collagen production,cell proliferation capacity,and myofibroblast transformation of NMCFs with or without TGF-β1 stimulation,while silencing of CRLF1 had the opposite effects.An inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)signaling pathway and different inhibitors of TGF-β1 signaling cascades,comprising mothers against decapentaplegic homolog(SMAD)-dependent and SMAD-independent pathways,were applied to investigate the mechanisms involved.CRLF1 exerted its functions by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.Furthermore,the SMAD-dependent pathway,not the SMAD-independent pathway,was responsible for CRLF1 up-regulation in NMCFs treated with TGF-β1.In summary,activation of the TGF-β1/SMAD signaling pathway in cardiac fibrosis increased CRLF1 expression.CRLF1 then aggravated cardiac fibrosis by activating the ERK1/2 signaling pathway.CRLF1 could become a novel potential target for intervention and remedy of cardiac fibrosis.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2019A1515011968)the Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Guangzhou)(No.GML2019ZD0401)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System(No.CARS-49)the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province,China(No.2020B1212060058)。
文摘Inhibitory Smads(I-Smads),which belong to the Smad family and inhibit bone morphogenic protein 2(BMP2)signaling by a variety of mechanisms,can suppress innate immunity responses in vertebrates.However,there are no reports for the role of Smad6 in immunity in mollusks.In this study,we showed that Smad6 of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii was located in the Smad6 cluster of the phylogenetic tree;mRNA expression of Smad6 and Smad3 was up-regulated after lipopolysaccharide and polyinosinic:polycytidylic challenge;and transcript levels of Smad6 and Smad3 showed opposite patterns during wound healing.Under salinity stress,water inflow and outflow in the gills appear to be regulated by BMP2-Smads signals,and BMP2-Smads signaling may be closely related to the immune response.Our results indicate that Smad6 is involved in immunity,that it plays a positive role in the response to immune challenge and an inhibitory role during wound healing,and that Smad6 and Smad3 may work against each other.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2701101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82150008,81930036)+1 种基金Commission for Science and Technology of Shanghai Municipality(20JC1418500)Open Fund Project of Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences(YKY-KF202202)。
文摘The BMP signaling pathway plays a crucial role in regulating early embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.SMAD6 encodes a negative regulator of BMP,and rare variants of SMAD6 are recurrently found in individuals with birth defects.However,we observed that a subset of rare pathogenic variants of SMAD6 consistently exhibited positive regulatory effects instead of the initial negative effects on the BMP signaling pathway.We sought to determine whether these SMAD6 variants have common pathogenic mechanisms.Here,we showed that pathogenic SMAD6 variants accompanying this functional reversal exhibit similar increases in deamidation.Mechanistically,increased deamidation of SMAD6 variants promotes the accumulation of the BMP receptor BMPR1A and the formation of new complexes,both of which lead to BMP signaling pathway activation.Specifically,two residues,N262 and N404,in SMAD6 were identified as the crucial sites of deamidation,which was catalyzed primarily by glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2(GFPT2).Additionally,treatment of cells harboring SMAD6 variants with a deamidase inhibitor restored the inhibitory effect of SMAD6 on the BMP signaling pathway.Conversely,when wild-type SMAD6 was manually simulated to mimic the deamidated state,the reversed function of activating BMP signaling was reproduced.Taken together,these findings show that deamidation of SMAD6 plays a crucial role in the functional reversal of BMP signaling activity,which can be induced by a subset of various SMAD6 variants.Our study reveals a common pathogenic mechanism shared by these variants and provides a potential strategy for preventing birth defects through deamidation regulation,which might prevent the off-target effects of gene editing.
文摘Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are ubiquitously-existing multipotent progenitors that can self-renew and differentiate into multiple lineages including osteocytes,chondrocytes,adipocytes,tenocytes and myocytes.MSCs represent one of the most commonly-used adult progenitors and serve as excellent progenitor cell models for investigating lineagespecific differentiation regulated by various cellular signaling pathways,such as bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs).As members of TGFb superfamily,BMPs play diverse and important roles in development and adult tissues.At least 14 BMPs have been identified in mammals.Different BMPs exert distinct but overlapping biological functions.Through a comprehensive analysis of 14 BMPs in MSCs,we demonstrated that BMP9 is one of the most potent BMPs in inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.Nonetheless,a global mechanistic view of BMP signaling in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of MSCs remains to be fully elucidated.Here,we conducted a comprehensive transcriptomic profiling in the MSCs stimulated by 14 types of BMPs.Hierarchical clustering analysis classifies 14 BMPs into three subclusters:an osteo/chondrogenic/adipogenic cluster,a tenogenic cluster,and BMP3 cluster.We also demonstrate that six BMPs(e.g.,BMP2,BMP3,BMP4,BMP7,BMP8,and BMP9)can induce ISmads effectively,while BMP2,BMP3,BMP4,BMP7,and BMP11 up-regulate Smad-independent MAP kinase pathway.Furthermore,we show that many BMPs can upregulate the expression of the signal mediators of Wnt,Notch and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways.While the reported transcriptomic changes need to be further validated,our expression profiling represents the first-of-its-kind to interrogate a comprehensive transcriptomic landscape regulated by the 14 types of BMPs in MSCs.
