BN/Cu复合材料摩擦磨损性能与磨损机制研究

通过直流辅助热压烧结制备了氮化硼(BN)颗粒添加量为0.4%~1.2%(质量分数)的BN/Cu复合材料,采用立式销盘摩擦磨损试验机对其进行耐磨性检测,使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征材料磨损前后的表面形貌,同时分析了BN颗粒添加量对复合材料物理性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究结果表明:直流辅助热压烧结制备的复合材料致密度均可达到96%以上,导电率可达80%IACS以上。添加适量的BN颗粒,可以极大提升复合材料的摩擦磨损性能。当BN颗粒的添加量为0.8%时,由于摩擦过程中有润滑膜产生,复合材料的摩擦系数最为稳定,且摩擦磨损性能较为优异,主要由磨粒磨损和轻微的黏着磨损共同作用。

三维互穿结构Cu-W触头抗熔焊机理

触头闭合回跳电弧引起的开关电器动熔焊问题,直接影响大功率接触器的电寿命和可靠性。为此设计了2种三维互穿有序结构的四边形和菱形十二面体的Cu-W复合材料触头,围绕触头动熔焊过程中的电弧、熔池、液滴溅射及凝固相变降温等问题,建立触头熔池流体动力学模型和冷凝降温数学模型,研究了2种有序结构和商用无序结构的触头阳极在闭合回跳电弧作用下熔化温度分布、熔池喷溅形貌和接触区域金属凝固过程,通过模拟熔焊实验平台进行了熔焊力验证。结果表明,通过调节三维互穿有序W骨架结构,能够有效抑制熔池扩散和液态金属喷溅,并降低熔焊力,从而提高Cu-W复合材料的抗熔焊性能。

晶粒尺寸对界面含Cr-O-C防黏层Cu/Ni复合体拉伸性能的影响

通过分子动力学方法研究含Cr-O-C防黏层的具有不同晶粒尺寸的Cu/Ni复合体的拉伸变形。结果表明:当Cu/Ni复合体的晶粒尺寸大于12 nm时,不论界面不含Cr、O和C原子或含有定量Cr、O和C原子,复合体的屈服强度随着晶粒尺寸的减小呈现增大趋势,符合细晶强化规律,晶粒塑性变形主要受晶体内部的位错滑移控制,最大应力增加9.52%;当晶粒尺寸小于12 nm时,由于晶界所占比例的增加,拉伸过程的塑性变形更多受晶界变形控制,屈服强度下降。Cr-O-C界面弱化了Cu/Ni复合体的强度,随着界面上Cr、O和C原子数量的增加,Cu/Ni复合体的抗拉强度随之降低,最大应力下降56.40%,Cu/Ni复合体内部的位错数量也随之降低,转移到Ni表面的Cu原子数量随之减少。

激光熔覆(Ni60+NbC)+h-BN@Cu涂层组织与性能研究

目的通过添加铜包覆六方氮化硼(h-BN@Cu)粉末,改善激光熔覆Ni基NbC涂层的性能。方法采用激光熔覆技术,使用添加不同质量分数铜包覆六方氮化硼的镍基碳化铌复合粉末,在45钢基体表面沉积镍基复合涂层。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)设备,研究h-BN@Cu对Ni60/NbC的激光熔覆镍基复合涂层微观结构的影响,利用显微硬度计和布鲁克UMT-2摩擦磨损试验机及白光干涉模块,测量熔覆层的显微硬度、摩擦磨损系数和磨痕宽度。结果熔覆层中的主相为Ni-Cr-Fe,除此之外还存在FeNi_(3)、CrB、M_(7)C_(3)、NbC、M_(23)C_(6)、Cr_(2)Nb等多种相。研究发现,添加的润滑相h-BN@Cu与硬质相NbC会发生部分分解,Nb原子和B原子进入熔池,与熔池中的Cr原子反应,生成CrB、Cr_(2)Nb等,这些金属间化合物具有硬度高、耐磨性好等特点。当h-BN@Cu的质量分数为10%时,熔覆层的显微硬度为650HV1.0,摩擦系数为0.4,磨痕宽度为0.406 mm。结论相比于不添加h-BN@Cu的Ni60/NbC熔覆层,添加h-BN@Cu的Ni60/NbC熔覆层的平均硬度略微下降,但熔覆层硬质相分布更加均匀,此时硬度仍为45钢基体硬度的3.1倍,摩擦系数降低约27%,磨痕宽度减小约21%。

Mechanical properties of Cu based composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes

Cu based composites reinforced by 0%～25% (volume fraction) carbon nanotubes were prepared.The fracture behaviors and the rolling properties of the composites and the effects of the volume fraction of the carbon nanotubes were studied.The experimental results show that the fracture toughness of the composites is related to the pulling out and bridging of the carbon nanotubes in the fracture process.With the volume fraction of the carbon nanotubes increasing, the Vicker’s hardness and the compactness of the composites increase first and then decrease. The peaks of the hardness and the compactness occur at 12%～15% of volume fraction of carbon nanotubes.Some proper ratio of rolling reduction benefits to the comprehensive mechanical properties of the composites.

Effects of intermediate Ni layer on mechanical properties of Al–Cu layered composites fabricated through cold roll bonding

Layered composites have attracted considerable interest in the recent literature on metal composites. Their mechanical properties depend on the quality of the bonding provided by the intermediate layers. In this study, we analyzed the mechanical properties and bond strengths provided by the nickel layer with respect to its thickness and nature(either powder or coating). The results suggest that bond strength decreases with an increase in the content of nickel powder. At 0.3 vol% of nickel coating, we found the nature of nickel to be less efficient in terms of bond strength. A different picture arose when the content of nickel was increased and the bond strength increased in nickel coated samples. In addition, the results demonstrate that mechanical properties such as bend strength are strongly dependent on bond strength.

Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiC-TiB_2-Cu Composites

TiC-TiB2-Cu composites were produced by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis combined with pseudo hot isostatic pressing using Ti, B4C and Cu powders. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. The X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） results showed that the final products were only TiC, TiB2 and Cu phases. The clubbed TiB2 grains and spheroidal or irregular TiC grains were found in the microstructure of synthesized products. The reaction temperature and grain size of TiB2 and TiC particles decreased with increasing Cu content. The introduction of Cu into the composites resulted in a drastic increase in the relative density and flexual strength, and the maximum values were obtained with the addition of 20 wt pct, while the fracture toughness was the best when Cu content was 40 wt pct.

Thermal expansion and mechanical properties of high reinforcement content SiC_(p)/Cu composites fabricated by squeeze casting technology

High reinforcement content SiCp/Cu composites (φp=50%, 55% and 60%) for electronic packaging applications were fabricated by patent cost-effective squeeze-casting technology. The composites appear to be free of pores, and the SiC particles are distribute uniformly in the composites. The mean linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs, 20-100 ℃ ) of as-cast SiCp/Cu composites range from 8.8×10-6 ℃-1 to 9.9×10-6 ℃-1 and decrease with the increase of SiC content. The experimental CTEs of as-cast SiCp/Cu composites agree well with the predicted values based on Kerner model. The CTEs of composites reduce after annealing treatment due to the fact that the internal stress of the composite is released. The Brinell hardness increases from 272.3 to 313.2, and the modulus increases from 186 GPa to 210 GPa for the corresponding composites. The bending strength is larger than 374 MPa, but no obvious trend between bending strength and SiCp content is observed.

Reaction thermodynamics and kinetics on in situ Al_2O_3/Cu composites

The preferred internal oxidation of aluminum in Cu Al alloy was used to obtain in situ Al 2O 3/Cu composites. The reinforcement particles were mainly γ Al 2O 3, some θ Al 2O 3 and a little α Al 2O 3. Thermodynamics analyses show that the chemical reactions are 3Cu 2O+2Al=6Cu+Al 2O 3 or 3CuO+2Al=3Cu+Al 2O 3. A related equilibrium diagram was drawn. The experiments and investigation show that the formation rate of Al 2O 3 was controlled by the diffusion of oxygen in matrix.

Fabrication and Microstructure of BN Matrix Composites with Electrical Conductivity

BN ceramic is an advanced engineering ceramics with excellent thermal shock resistance, good workability and excellent dielectricity.TiB 2 ceramic has excellent electric conductivity,high melting points, and corrosion resistance to molten metal.Therefore,the composite consisting of BN and TiB 2 ceramics is expected to have a combination of above mentioned properties,thereby can be used as self heating crucible.In this paper,hot pressing technology was used to fabricate the high performance BN TiB 2 composite materials.microstructure and electric conducting mechanism were studied,and the relationship between the microstructure and physical property was discussed.The results show that the microstructure of composites has a great influence on the physical property of composites.The BN TiB 2 composites with excellent mechanical strength and stable resistivity can be obtained by optimizing the processing parameter and controlling the microstructure of composites.

A Novel Technique for Preparation of Electrically Conductive ABS/Cu Polymeric Gradient Composites

A novel technique for preparing functionally gradient electrically conductive polymeric composites was developed by using of solution casting technique on the principle of Stokes＇ law. Acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene/Cu （ABS/Cu） gradient polymeric composites were prepared successfully using this technique. The gradient structures, electrically conductive performance and mechanical properties of the ABS/Cu composites were investigated. Optical microscope observation shows that the gradient distribution of Cu particles in ABS matrix was formed along their thickness-direction. The electrically conductive testing results indicate that the order of magnitude of surface resistivity was kept in 10^15 Ω at ABS rich side, while that declined to 10^5 Ω at Cu particles rich side, and the percolation threshold was in the range of 2.82 vo1%- 4.74 vol% Cu content at Cu particles rich side. Mechanical test shows that the tensile strength reduced insignificantly as the content of Cu increases owing to the gradient distribution.

Anisotropic and asymmetric deformation mechanisms of nanolaminated graphene/Cu composites

We conducted molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of tension and compression along the <112> direction and MD simulations of compression along the <110> and <111> directions on nanolaminated graphene/Cu (NGCu) composites to investigate the effects of the incorporated graphene and the deformation mechanisms related to the loading direction. The deformation behavior and the defect structures were found to be strongly dependent on the loading conditions. An asymmetric tension-compression deformation behavior was thus found in graphene/Cu nanolaminates under the <112> loading, which was dominated by stacking faults and deformation twins formed by dislocation slide under tension and compression, respectively. High density and ordered nanotwins were formed at the graphene/Cu interfaces. Two different formation mechanisms of the twins were found under the <112> compression, and the nucleated twins were easy to be thickened with the assistance of the graphene wrinkles. Multiple twins were formed under the <110> compression by the dislocation cross-slip. This study provides a way to introduce graphene reinforcement and twin boundary to Cu matrix composites and design nanotwinned graphene/Cu composites with excellent mechanical performance.

La_(2)O_(3)掺杂Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料的制备与性能

铜合金作为热管理材料长期服役时,会出现冷-热循环条件下的结构性失效问题,因此考虑将具有低膨胀系数的MAX相材料引入到铜合金中,来降低复合材料的热膨胀性。Ti_(3)SiC_(2)是一种兼具陶瓷和金属的优良特性的三元层状陶瓷材料,具有自润滑、高韧性、高导电性等特点。作为增强相,Ti_(3)SiC_(2)能够提高Cu基复合材料的摩擦性能,降低复合材料的热膨胀系数,因此被应广泛用于电子封装材料、热管理材料等领域。本文将稀土氧化物La_(2)O_(3)引入到Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料中,研究了La_(2)O_(3)掺杂含量对Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料物相组成、表面形貌、显微硬度和摩擦因数等的影响。研究发现,利用热压烧结技术能够获得致密度较高的Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料,相对密度在98.5%以上。适量掺杂La_(2)O_(3)后,Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料的显微硬度有所增加,能够实现Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料的弥散强化。随着La_(2)O_(3)掺杂量增加,Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料的摩擦因数呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。在Cu基复合材料中添加Ti_(3)SiC_(2),能够起到润滑的作用,有利于降低摩擦因数。本研究可为Ti_(3)SiC_(2)/Cu复合材料的工程应用提供试验依据。

Wear Behavior of Cu Matrix Composites Reinforced with Mixture of Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes

In order to improve wear resistance and decrease the cost, carbon and carbon nanotubes reinforced copper matrix composites were fabricated by the power metallurgy method. The effects of carbon （carbon and carbon nanotubes） volume fraction and applied load on the friction coefficient and wear rate under dry sliding of the composites were investigated at room temperature. By scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, the worn surfaces and debris were observed, and wear mechanism was also analyzed and discussed. The experimental wear process consists of the run-in, steady wear and severe wear process with the increasing of sliding distance. Both the friction coefficient and wear rate of the composites first decrease and then increase with the increasing of carbon volume fraction. The minimum friction coefficient and wear rate are obtained when carbon is 4.0vo1%. The wear mechanisms of the composites change from the adhesive wear and delamination wear to abrasive wear with the increasing of carbon volume fraction.

Microstructure and property of sub-micro WC-10 %Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composites prepared by selective laser sintering

The WC-10%Co particulate reinforced Cu matrix composite material with a WC-Co∶Cu mass ratio of 20∶80 was successfully fabricated by selective laser sintering(SLS) process. The following optimal processing parameters were used: laser power of 700 W, scan speed of 0.06 m/s, scan line spacing of 0.15 mm, and powder layer thickness of 0.3 mm. The microstructure, composition, and phase of the laser processed material were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray(EDX) spectroscopy. The results show that the bonding mechanism of this process is liquid phase sintering. The Cu and Co act as the binder phase, while the WC acts as the reinforcing phase. The non-equilibrium effects induced by laser melting, such as high degrees of undercooling and high solidification rate, result in the formation of a metastable phase CoC0.25. The WC reinforcing particulates typically have three kinds of morphology. They are agglomerated and undissolved, incompletely separated and partially dissolved, separated and dissolved, which indicates that particle rearrangement acts as the dominant sintering mechanism for the larger WC, while dissolution-precipitation prevails for the smaller WC particles. Microhardness tester was used to determine the Vickers hardness across the cross-section of the laser sintered sample, with the average value being HV0.1268.5. However, the hardness varied considerably, which might be attributed to the WC segregation and the high solidification rate experienced by the molten pool.

层厚比对Cu-TiB2/Cu层状复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响

铜基复合材料由于优异的综合性能在电子封装、电接触等领域具有重要应用价值。然而,克服材料的强-塑性倒置关系一直面临着极大的挑战,层状构型设计被认为是解决该倒置难题的有效策略。本文采用粉末冶金并结合原位反应法,通过控制铺粉工艺,制备出Cu层与TiB2/Cu复合层交叠分布的Cu-TiB2/Cu层状复合材料。研究了Cu-TiB2/Cu层状复合材料的力学性能及断裂特征,并讨论了层状结构参数对材料综合性能的影响。当Cu层与TiB2/Cu复合层的层厚比为1∶3时,Cu-TiB2/Cu层状复合材料的极限抗拉强度(UTS)为315 MPa,断裂伸长率为18%,实现了良好的强塑性匹配。基于复合材料裂纹扩展路径表征与分析,揭示了层状构型设计在抑制裂纹扩展、促使裂纹偏转等方面的作用机制,为高强韧铜基复合材料的构型设计和性能优化提供新思路。

PTFE/Cu材料动态压缩特性

通过冷等静压和冷压烧结制备出六种不同密度的聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)/Cu复合材料,并采用霍普金森系统研究了密度和制备方法对PTFE/Cu动态力学性能影响。结果表明,冷压烧结试样在其烧结过程中发生纵向膨胀,导致密度降低,且试样表面生成一层金属膜;冷压烧结试样的动态压缩性能优于冷等静压试样;冷压烧结后的PTFE/Cu材料中PTFE晶体发育更好,对Cu颗粒包裹力更大,界面结合力更高,提升了冷压烧结PTFE/Cu材料的力学性能。

Effect of carbide formers on microstructure and thermal conductivity of diamond-Cu composites for heat sink materials

Diamond-copper composites were prepared by powder metallurgy,in which the diamond particles were pre-coated by magnetic sputtering with copper alloy containing a small amount of carbide forming elements(including B,Cr,Ti,and Si).The influence of the carbide forming element additives on the microstructure and thermal conductivity of diamond composites was investigated.It is found that the composites fabricated with Cu-0.5B coated diamond particles has a relatively higher density and its thermal conductivity approaches 300 W/(m·K).Addition of 0.5%B improves the interfacial bonding and decreases thermal boundary resistance between diamond and Cu,while addition of 1%Cr makes the interfacial layer break away from diamond surface.The actual interfacial thermal conductivity of the composites with Cu-0.5B alloy coated on diamond is much higher than that of the Cu-1Cr layer,which suggests that the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the interfacial layer is an important factor for improving the thermal conductivity of the diamond composites.

纳米Cu/多糖复合抗菌膜的制备与表征及其对冬枣黑斑病的防治效果

本研究以明胶和海藻酸钠为成膜基质,采用共混法将绿色合成的纳米Cu掺入多糖膜液,采用流延法制备纳米Cu/多糖复合膜。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、热重分析仪、紫外-可见近红外分光光谱仪、质构仪以及电感耦合等离子体质谱仪表征纳米Cu及纳米Cu/多糖复合膜的结构,探究薄膜的透光性、理化性能。测定膜的抗真菌活性,并应用到冬枣黑斑病防治,及测定薄膜Cu^(2+)迁移量。结果显示,绿色合成纳米Cu粒径约为44 nm,明胶/海藻酸钠薄膜可作为纳米Cu的优良载体。并且复合膜具有良好的热稳定性、阻隔性和机械性能。此外探究不同质量浓度纳米Cu/多糖复合膜对链格孢菌、镰刀孢菌及灰霉的抑菌性能,最高抑菌率分别为87.80%、77.73%、81.96%,具有良好的抗真菌效果及广谱性。其中对链格孢菌生物量的半抑制浓度为0.25 g/L,在贮藏10 d时,该质量浓度纳米Cu/多糖复合膜对感染黑斑病冬枣的防治效果为52.53%,发病率可有效降低53.16%,且Cu^(2+)迁移量为0.018 7 μg/mL。综上,本实验制备出了一种具有抗真菌活性生物可降解包装膜,为纳米Cu的应用提供了新思路,可为新型抗真菌保鲜材料开发提供理论依据。

Effect of alloying elements on mechanical properties in Cu-15%Cr in-situ composites

The effects of alloying elements on the mechanical properties as well as electrical conductivity in Cu-15%Cr(mass fraction) in-situ composites were systematically studied and high strength and high electrical conductive Cu base in-situ composites have been developed. The best combination is the addition of 0.1% to 0.2% Zr, Ti, or Sn in Cu-15%Cr in-situ composite, thermomechanical treatment to refine the microstructure and optimizing the precipitation of second phase. The strength is controlled by high density of dislocations in the Cu matrix, the lamellar spacing of the second phase, and the fine Cr precipitates. The aging treatment to reduce solute atoms has a beneficial effect on the increase of electrical conductivity. The addition of Zr, or Ti of about 0.15% to 0.2% promotes the precipitation of Cr particles.