Successful corneal solid tissue transplantation,beginning with penetrating keratoplasty(PKP),and evolving to include contemporary lamellar and endothelial keratoplasty,has been a tremendous advancement in the struggle...Successful corneal solid tissue transplantation,beginning with penetrating keratoplasty(PKP),and evolving to include contemporary lamellar and endothelial keratoplasty,has been a tremendous advancement in the struggle to combat corneal blindness.However,there remain patients with high-risk features predictive of transplant failure,for whom donor keratoplasty is not a viable option.Prosthetic corneas have therefore been developed in order to meet the needs of these patients.The Boston type I keratoprosthesis(BKPro)is the most widely used prosthetic cornea in the treatment of corneal blindness.In the years since the BKPro’s introduction,refinement of surgical technique and clinical management as well as improvements in prosthetic design have contributed to promising patient outcomes,particularly in the short term.As such,patients with keratoprosthesis implants continue to grow in number,and the indications for the BKPro have commensurately increased.However,risks of permanently blinding complications after implantation persist over all stages of follow-up.For the foreseeable future,the success of keratoprosthesis(KPro)implantation will continue to depend on refined patient selection,preoperative optimization,and incisive postoperative management.Here we explore indications,surgical technique and postoperative outcomes as well as several core tenants in the management of BKPro patients:limiting glaucomatous progression,controlling inflammation,and optimizing the ocular surface.The exquisite sensitivity of the BKPro-implanted eye to perturbations in any one of these areas showcases the intimate relationship between the prosthetic device and its surrounding environment.展开更多
Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach developed by M. A. K. Halli day. One of the focuses of SFG is register, which is composed of field, tenor and mode. Halliday part...Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach developed by M. A. K. Halli day. One of the focuses of SFG is register, which is composed of field, tenor and mode. Halliday particularly developed these three main parameters, which are useful for characterizing the nature of the social transaction of the participants. In this essay, the method of tenor is used for analyzing Barack Obama's speech on Boston Marathon bombing event to explore how Obama trans fers his ideas to audience in order to achieve his goals.展开更多
AIM To characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants. METHODS Six outreach sessions were held in various community v...AIM To characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants. METHODS Six outreach sessions were held in various community venues in the Greater Boston Area. Verbal consent was obtained from participants prior to starting each session. Each session included a pre-session questionnaire, followed by a teaching session, and then a post-session questionnaire. In person interpreters were present for translation during the teaching session and assistance for questionnaire completion when needed. The questions were developed based on the HBV clinical experience of physicians who serve largely immigrant populations. Questionnaires included Likerttype scale, open-ended, and true-false questions. All results were anonymous. RESULTS One hundred and one people participated in this study. Participants were 30% male with ages ranging from 19 to 87 years. The study population included immigrants from 21 countries, as well as seven United States-born participants. The greatest numbers of participants were from Somalia(44%), Morocco(10%), and Cameroon(8%). Pre session questionnaires revealed that 42% of participants were unaware that HBV can cause cancer, and 50% were unaware that therapies for HBV exist. Our brief teaching intervention led to improved scores on post session questionnaires. For example, at baseline, 58% of participants responded correctly to the question "HBV infection can cause scarring of the liver and liver cancer", whereas 79% of participants responded correctly after the teaching session(P = 0.01). Furthermore, the mean of total correct answers in the true or false portion of the questionnaire increased from 5.5 to 7.6(P < 0.001).CONCLUSION A teaching session targeting Boston Immigrants atrisk for HBV helped improve scores on HBV knowledge questionnaires. Outreach may empower at-risk patients to pro-actively seek HBV care.展开更多
美国马塞诸塞州水资源局（Mas-sachusetts Water Resources Authority,MWRA）已经选择Calgon Carbon公司向位于Marlboro市的John Carroll Water Treatment Plant厂提供紫外（UV）消毒体系。12个Sentinel Chevron48型反应器将在每天处理1...美国马塞诸塞州水资源局（Mas-sachusetts Water Resources Authority,MWRA）已经选择Calgon Carbon公司向位于Marlboro市的John Carroll Water Treatment Plant厂提供紫外（UV）消毒体系。12个Sentinel Chevron48型反应器将在每天处理17．0325亿L饮用水。展开更多
文摘Successful corneal solid tissue transplantation,beginning with penetrating keratoplasty(PKP),and evolving to include contemporary lamellar and endothelial keratoplasty,has been a tremendous advancement in the struggle to combat corneal blindness.However,there remain patients with high-risk features predictive of transplant failure,for whom donor keratoplasty is not a viable option.Prosthetic corneas have therefore been developed in order to meet the needs of these patients.The Boston type I keratoprosthesis(BKPro)is the most widely used prosthetic cornea in the treatment of corneal blindness.In the years since the BKPro’s introduction,refinement of surgical technique and clinical management as well as improvements in prosthetic design have contributed to promising patient outcomes,particularly in the short term.As such,patients with keratoprosthesis implants continue to grow in number,and the indications for the BKPro have commensurately increased.However,risks of permanently blinding complications after implantation persist over all stages of follow-up.For the foreseeable future,the success of keratoprosthesis(KPro)implantation will continue to depend on refined patient selection,preoperative optimization,and incisive postoperative management.Here we explore indications,surgical technique and postoperative outcomes as well as several core tenants in the management of BKPro patients:limiting glaucomatous progression,controlling inflammation,and optimizing the ocular surface.The exquisite sensitivity of the BKPro-implanted eye to perturbations in any one of these areas showcases the intimate relationship between the prosthetic device and its surrounding environment.
文摘Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach developed by M. A. K. Halli day. One of the focuses of SFG is register, which is composed of field, tenor and mode. Halliday particularly developed these three main parameters, which are useful for characterizing the nature of the social transaction of the participants. In this essay, the method of tenor is used for analyzing Barack Obama's speech on Boston Marathon bombing event to explore how Obama trans fers his ideas to audience in order to achieve his goals.
文摘AIM To characterize the understanding of hepatitis B virus(HBV) and determine if outreach improves HBV understanding among Greater Boston Area immigrants. METHODS Six outreach sessions were held in various community venues in the Greater Boston Area. Verbal consent was obtained from participants prior to starting each session. Each session included a pre-session questionnaire, followed by a teaching session, and then a post-session questionnaire. In person interpreters were present for translation during the teaching session and assistance for questionnaire completion when needed. The questions were developed based on the HBV clinical experience of physicians who serve largely immigrant populations. Questionnaires included Likerttype scale, open-ended, and true-false questions. All results were anonymous. RESULTS One hundred and one people participated in this study. Participants were 30% male with ages ranging from 19 to 87 years. The study population included immigrants from 21 countries, as well as seven United States-born participants. The greatest numbers of participants were from Somalia(44%), Morocco(10%), and Cameroon(8%). Pre session questionnaires revealed that 42% of participants were unaware that HBV can cause cancer, and 50% were unaware that therapies for HBV exist. Our brief teaching intervention led to improved scores on post session questionnaires. For example, at baseline, 58% of participants responded correctly to the question "HBV infection can cause scarring of the liver and liver cancer", whereas 79% of participants responded correctly after the teaching session(P = 0.01). Furthermore, the mean of total correct answers in the true or false portion of the questionnaire increased from 5.5 to 7.6(P < 0.001).CONCLUSION A teaching session targeting Boston Immigrants atrisk for HBV helped improve scores on HBV knowledge questionnaires. Outreach may empower at-risk patients to pro-actively seek HBV care.
文摘美国马塞诸塞州水资源局（Mas-sachusetts Water Resources Authority,MWRA）已经选择Calgon Carbon公司向位于Marlboro市的John Carroll Water Treatment Plant厂提供紫外（UV）消毒体系。12个Sentinel Chevron48型反应器将在每天处理17．0325亿L饮用水。
