Three decades and beyond:Breeding,biotech breakthroughs and future of China's GM insect-resistant cotton

Cotton(Gossypium spp.)is a pivotal crop in the global textile industry,providing essential natural fibers.Additionally,cottonseed offers significant value as a source of oil and as feed for livestock(Huang et al.2021;Wen et al.2023).The sector,dependent on cotton,features a comprehensive value chain extending from the processing of fibers to the production of finished textiles,and it employs tens of millions of individuals(Dorward et al.1970).

Permeability Logging:A Breakthrough from 0 to1

On March 3,2024,the prototype permeability logging instrument independently developed in China successfully completed its first downhole test in Ren 91 standard well in PetroChina Huabei Oilfield.In the open hole section at a depth of 3925 metres and at a temperature of 148℃,the device collected high-quality permeability logging data.This marks a key technological breakthrough from 0 to 1 in permeability logging,and lays the foundation for the next step in developing a complete set of permeability logging equipment.

Big Fish, Big Market Controversies and breakthroughs in salmon farming in China

On August 28,salmon industry insiders and consumers shared insights and analysis on the salmon market and consumption at the 7th Global Salmon Industry Development Summit.An important component of the 18th Shanghai International Fisheries Expo,the event attracted more than100 salmon farming companies from around the globe to exchange views on the current situation and future development of the industry.

Blasts Of Progress Xinjiang Bayi Iron and Steel's carbon reduction breakthroughs

Facing dual challenges of climate change and energy crisis,the global iron and steel industry has been seeking to balance efficiency with energy conservation and environmental protection.Could the realities of blast furnace operation possibly align with low-carbon circular development within China's iron and steel industry?Hydrogen-rich carbon circulating oxygen blast furnace (HyCROF)technology is gaining traction in the Chinese metallurgical industry.

A Review of the Research on the Influencing Factors of Enterprise Key Core Technology Breakthrough

The breakthrough of key core technology is a theoretical and practical strategic issue to realize the rise of the country.This paper analyzes the concept of key core technology and its breakthrough and analyzes its characteristics.Based on the perspective of participants,this paper summarizes the influencing factors of key core technology breakthroughs in enterprises:internal and external enterprises,universities and scientific research institutions,and government.This paper expands the relevant research on key core technology breakthroughs and provides inspiration for enterprises to carry out key core technology research and breakthrough practices.

Suggestions on Improving China’s Breakthrough Therapy Designation System

Objective To analyze the characteristics of breakthrough therapy designation(BTD)and its implementation in China,and to provide reference for the optimization of BTD system.Methods A comparative research method was used to study the content and implementation effect of BTD system in China and the relevant policies and implementation of the same procedures of drug regulatory authorities in the United States,Japan and the European Union.Then,the differences in policies and implementation results among these countries were analyzed to provide suggestions for the implementation and optimization of this system in China.Results and Conclusion China’s BTD system is implemented late and a small number of drugs has been approved.At the same time,there are problems such as insufficient guidance and communication from the agency to applicants,a broad application condition,single review mode,and lack of full-time personnel.Both the agencies and the applicants have limited experience due to the short implementation time of BTD system in China.There are still some problems despite we have learned a lot from the experience of other drug regulatory agencies.Therefore,based on our national conditions,we should strengthen the guidance of evaluation agency to applicants,optimize the eligibility criteria of BTD system,introduce the rolling review,and increase the number of professional liaisons,which can accelerate the development and marketing process of drugs with obvious clinical value,and finally to address unmet medical need.

A Numerical Simulation Study of Temperature and Pressure Effects on the Breakthrough Pressure of CO_(2)in Unsaturated Low-permeability Rock Core

Gas breakthrough pressure is a key parameter to evaluate the sealing capacity of caprock,and it also plays important roles in safety and capacity of CO_(2)geological storage.Based on the published experimental results,we present numerical simulations on CO_(2)breakthrough pressure in unsaturated low-permeability rock under 9 multiple P-T conditions(which can keep CO_(2)in gaseous,liquid and supercritical states)and thus,a numerical method which can be used to accurately predict CO_(2)breakthrough pressure on rock-core scale is proposed.The simulation results show that CO_(2)breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time are exponential correlated with P-T conditions.Meanwhile,pressure has stronger effects on experimental results than that of temperature.Moreover,we performed sensitivity studies on the pore distribution indexλ(0.6,0.7,0.8,and 0.9)in van Genuchten-Muale model.Results show that with the increase ofλ,CO_(2)breakthrough pressure and breakthrough time both show decreasing trends.In other words,the larger the value ofλis,the better the permeability of the caprock is,and the worse the CO_(2)sealing capacity is.The numerical method established in this study can provide an important reference for the prediction of gas breakthrough pressure on rock-core scale and for related numerical studies.

Simulation of thermal breakthrough factors affecting carbonate geothermalto-well systems

Fractures play a pivotal role in carbonate thermal storage systems,serving as primary hydraulic conductivity channels that significantly influence thermal breakthrough times and heat extraction efficiency in geothermal-to-well systems.Their impact is critical for well placement and system life prediction.This paper focuses on a geothermal-to-well system within the carbonate reservoir of the Wumishan formation in the Rongcheng geothermal field,Xiong'an new area.It employs a combination of field tests and numerical simulations to determine the permeability of the reservoir and the evolution of fractures between wells.It also examines the influence of fracture width and roughness coefficient on the seepage and temperature fields under various injection scenarios and predicts thermal breakthrough times for production wells.The results show:Higher permeability is observed near well D16 compared to well D22 within the studied geothermal-to-well systems.Wider fractures between wells result in faster temperature decline in production wells.Lower injection flow rates lead to slower temperature reduction in injection wells.The use of roughness coefficients minimizes temperature variations in production wells.This study not only offers guidance for the development and utilization of the geothermal well system,but also contributes to a deeper understanding of the groundwater seepage and heat transfer process influenced by fractures.

Postvaccination breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections among adults in Malaysia and attitudes towards future vaccination

Objective:To determine the frequency and severity of the breakthrough infections and the associated factors in Malaysia.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted among the adult general population in Malaysia who completed at least one dose of vaccination.The validated online questionnaires were used for data collection between December 2022 to February 2023.The participants were recruited by a convenient sampling method.The data were analysed by descriptive statistics,and logistic regression by using SPSS(Version 27).Qualitative data from open-ended questions were analysed as thematic analysis by using RQDA software.Results:A total of 524 participants'data were analyzed and 77.5%of them completed three doses of COVID-19 vaccination.Breakthrough infections after vaccination were reported in 57.3%of the participants.Age group of 18 and 30 years(aOR 2.32,95%CI 1.01-5.32)and other ethnicities(aOR 2.00,95%CI 1.02-3.93)significantly associated with the occurrence of breakthrough infections.A total of 35.5%of the participants were not willing to take another booster dose in the future because of their attitudes towards fear of long-term side effects,lack of trust to the vaccine,less susceptibility to severe infection,belief in natural immunity,and myths.Conclusions:Future public health policies and interventions should be focused on disseminating the information about safety of booster doses of vaccine,management and re-assurance of side effects,and targeted vaccination to the working(younger age group)and ethnic minorities.

A breakthrough in cotton transformation technology

A new cotton transformation method was developed by Ge and colleagues at Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,and this work was published in a recent issue of the Journal of Integrative Plant Biology(Ge et al.2023;https://doi.org/10.1111/jipb.13427).This method is a milestone progress in the development of cotton transformation technologies,as it can be used to transform different genotypes and species of cotton such as Gossypium hirsutum,Gossypium barbadense,and Gossypium arboreum.This method is fast,user friendly,and the transformation efficiency is equivalent to or superior to other cotton transformation methods.

Diagnostic Method and Adaptability Analysis of Multiple Water Breakthroughs in Horizontal Well in Combined Well Pattern

The combined well pattern has been widely used in reservoir development, with a common pattern being a horizontal well in the center for oil production and multiple vertical wells around for water injection. For this type of well pattern, determining the horizontal well is affected by which injection wells, especially when the injecting water breaks through, accurately determining the direction of water inflow will provide an important basis for targeted water well measures. Based on the production performance data of horizontal wells, the semi logarithmic relationship curves of water-oil ratio, derivative water-oil ratio, and cumulative production were used for the first time to determine the breakthrough problem of water injection in the surrounding water injection wells of horizontal wells based on their response characteristics. The adaptability of this method under different influencing factors was analyzed. Introducing the parameter of cumulative production not only preserves the variation trend of the derivative of water-oil ratio with time, but also facilitates the processing of actual production data.

NEXT-LEVEL TECHNOLOGY Construction of the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway required overcoming world-level challenges with myriad technological breakthroughs

When the sun rises,high-speed trains are already lined up for departure from Halim Station of the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway(HSR)in Indonesia.After seven years of preparation,the first Chinese-built high-speed railway in Indonesia and the Southeast Asian region finally set off,ending ages of anticipation.

Baseline HBV DNA level is the most important factor associated with virologic breakthrough in chronic hepatitis B treated with lamivudine

AIM: To identify the factors associated with virologic breakthrough and to select a subgroup of patients who respond well to lamivudine without developing virologic breakthrough (VBT). METHODS: Of 79 patients who had received lamivudine therapy for 9-57 mo, 34 were HBeAg-positive and 45 were HBeAg-negative, 24 developed virologic breakthrough and 55 did not. Clinical and virologic factors were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The median duration of therapy was 25 (9-57) mo. Virologic breakthrough was defined as a > 1 log HBV DNA increase following initial suppression. When several factors, including gender, duration of infection, baseline HBV DNA, and baseline ALT in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis patients were analyzed by logistic regression, the most important predictor of virologic breakthrough was the baseline HBV DNA (r2 = 0.12, P < 0.05). When HBeAg-postitive chronic hepatitis patients were divided into two groups by a point of 6.6 log HBV DNA, the incidence of virologic breakthough between two groups was significantly different. CONCLUSION: Lamivudine may remain an effective first line therapy for those HBeAg-positive patients with a baseline HBV DNA < 6.6 log10 copies/mL.

Research on Mechanisms of Steam Breakthrough and Profile Control Design for Steam Soaking Well

Scaled physical model tests for steam breakthrough were conducted based on the analysis of mechanisms and influence factors of steam breakthrough. Physical simulation results showed that at the initial steam breakthrough, preferential flow channels were formed in narrow sand packs and most residual oil left in these channels was immobile. This shortened the steam breakthrough time of follow-up steam flooding and decreased the increment of oil recovery efficiency. Steam breakthrough occurred easily for a smaller producer-injector spacing, and a bigger difference in physical properties between fluids and rock. Steam breakthrough is more likely to occur at a larger formation permeability （k）, greater steam displacement velocity （u） and smaller producer-injector spacing （L）. Steam breakthrough time is a function of the parameter group （uk/L）, i.e. tb=3.2151 （uk/L）^-0.5142. A non piston-like displacement model was built based on steam breakthrough observation for a steam stimulated well in the Jinglou Oilfield, Henan Oilfield Company. The steam volume swept in different directions could be obtained from inter-well permeability capacity and breakthrough angle, and the steam swept pore volume （SSPV） was also determined. Numerical simulation showed that steam sweep efficiency reached its peak value when a slug of profile control agent （slug size 10%-15% SSPV） was set at one half of the inter-well spacing. Field test with 12.5% SSPV of profile control agents in the Jinglou Oilfield achieved success in sealing breakthrough channels and good production performance of adjacent producers.

Revisiting normal perfusion pressure breakthrough in light of hemorrhage-induced vasospasm

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations(AVMs) have abnormally enlarged arteries and veins prone to spontaneous hemorrhage.Immediately following surgical excision of a cerebral AVM,even normal brain tissue surrounding the lesion is subject to hemorrhage,a phenomenon termed normal perfusion pressure breakthrough(NPPB) syndrome.According to this theory,arteries supplying cerebral AVMs become dilated and lose their capacity to dilate or constrict to autoregulate pressure.Acutely after removal of a cerebral AVM,excessive blood pressure in these arterial feeders can cause normal brain tissue to bleed.However,this theory remains controversial.We present a patient with a cerebral AVM that demonstrated cerebrovascular reactivity and argues against an assumption underlying the theory of NPPB syndrome.

Relationship between serum b2-microglobulin levels and virological breakthrough in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients,under long-term treatment schedules including lamivudine

AIM: Predictive value of serum b2-microglobulin (b2m)levels for virological breakthrough (VB) in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients under long-term treatment schedules including lamivudine (LAM).METHODS: Serum b2m levels were calculated during treatment in 25 CHB patients under long-term LAM monotherapy (group A) and 12 patients under initial interferon plus LAM treatment followed by LAM monotherapy (group B), using the MEIA technology. We used Cox proportional hazard models in order to investigate the association between serum b2m levels and VB.RESULTS: Seven of 25 patients (28%), 9/25 (36%) and 14/25 (56%) from group A and 0/12, 2/12 (16.6%) and 3/12 (25%) from group B exhibited VB at months 12, 24 and 36 of treatment, respectively. All patients, from both groups, who did not show VB exhibited b2m elevation in mo 3. The duration of b2m elevation was significantly longer in the virological responder's subgroup from group A than the non-responder's one (7.3±2.6 vs 3.8±3.4 mo,P = 0.02). In comparison to group A patients whose b2m levels were increased at 3 mo, patients whose b2m levels were decreased had 4.6 times higher risk of experiencing VB (RR = 4.6, P = 0.024). When baseline variables were simultaneously included in the same Cox model, decreased b2m status was still associated with increased risk of VB (RR = 12.2, P = 0.03).CONCLUSION: In HBeAg-negative CHB patients under either long-term LAM monotherapy or initial combination treatment, serum b2m levels at 3 mo of treatment,compared to baseline ones, might be a predictor of risk for VB.

Numerical modeling of thermal breakthrough induced by geothermal production in fractured granite

It is well known that the complicated channeling of fluid flow and heat transfer is strongly related with the intricate natural fracture system.However,it is still challenging to set up the fracture network model which is strong heterogeneous.Compared with other methods(e.g.equivalent continuum model(ECM),discrete fracture model(DFM),and ECM-DFM),the fracture flow module in the COMSOL Multiphysics simulator is powerful in definition of fractures as the inner flow boundary existing in the porous media.Thus it is selected to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer in the geothermal-developed fractured granite of Sanguliu area located at Liaodong Peninsula,Eastern China.The natural faults/fractures based on field investigation combined with the discrete fracture network(DFN)generated by the MATLAB are used to represent the two-dimensional geological model.Numerical results show that early thermal breakthrough occurs at the production well caused by quick flow of cold water along the highly connected fractures.Suitable hydraulic fracturing treatments with proper injection rates,locations,etc.can efficiently hinder the thermal breakthrough time in the natural fracture system.Large well spacing helps the long-term operation of geothermal production,but it is highly dependent on the geometrical morphology of the fracture network.The enhancement of reservoir properties at the near-well regions can also increase the geothermal production efficiency.The results in this study can provide references to achieve a sustainable geothermal exploitation in fractured granitic geothermal reservoirs or hot dry rocks at depth.

Breakthrough of shallow shale gas exploration in Taiyang anticline area and its significance for resource development in Zhaotong, Yunnan Province, China

Based on exploration and development results and evaluation of marine shale gas in South China in the past ten years, in view of the features of "high maturity, strong tectonic reformation and high shear stress" of the shale in Zhaotong exploration zone in the Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau, as well as the key issues of long time diffusion and leakage of shallow shale gas, and the preservation conditions, the factors controlling shallow shale gas sweet spot and key zone selection evaluation technology of shale gas are investigated. From 2017 to 2018, the first significant exploration breakthrough was made in the Taiyang anticline at a buried depth of 700 to 2 000 m, discovering large-scale proved geological reserves of shallow shale gas. By examining the accumulation conditions and sweet spot control factors of the shallow shale gas in this area, it is found that the accumulation and productivity potential of shale gas in the mountainous area with complex structure outside basin are controlled by five factors:(1) The gas-rich area has weak tectonic reformation and good preservation conditions on the whole, taking on typical anticline trap occurrence mode.(2) The gas-rich area is in over-pressure state and high in shale gas content.(3) The gas-rich area has high quality shale and thus superior source rock condition.(4) The gas-rich area has high quality reservoirs dominated by class I.(5) The shale gas reservoir in the gas-rich area has high content of brittle minerals and small difference between maximum and minimum horizontal stresses which are conducive to hydraulic fracturing. The innovative practice and core technologies formed during the exploration and production capacity construction of shallow shale gas in the Zhaotong demonstration zone have great reference significance for shallow shale gas exploration and development in other areas.

A novel method for predicting breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoirs

Dimensional analysis and numerical simulations were carried out to research prediction method of breakthrough time of horizontal wells in bottom water reservoir. Four dimensionless independent variables and dimensionless time were derived from 10 influencing factors of the problem by using dimensional analysis. Simulations of horizontal well in reservoir with bottom water were run to find the prediction correlation. A general and concise functional relationship for predicting breakthrough time was established based on simulation results and theoretical analysis. The breakthrough time of one conceptual model predicted by the correlation is very close to the result by Eclipse with less than 2% error. The practical breakthrough time of one well in Helder oilfield is 10 d, and the predicted results by the method is 11.2 d, which is more accurate than the analytical result. Case study indicates that the method could predict breakthrough time of horizontal well under different reservoir conditions accurately. For its university and ease of use, the method is suitable for quick prediction of breakthrough time.

Effect of Thermal Regeneration on the Breakthrough Performance of Ceramsite Saturated with Methylene Blue

The regeneration of a spent packing is crucial with respect to the development of circular economy and abstemious society.Thus,the effects of regeneration temperature,resistant time,heating rate,and regeneration cycle on the breakthrough performance of methylene blue(MB)dye⁃exhausted ceramsite in a two⁃stage fixed⁃bed column were studied in this work.Results illustrate that the ceramsite exhibited excellent potential regeneration properties under the following optimal regeneration conditions:treatment temperature was 600°C,resistant time was 15 min,heating rate was 20℃/min,regeneration cycle was over 9 cycles,and the breakthrough time,saturation time,regeneration efficiency(RE),and regeneration loss rate(RLR)were 540 min,1020 min,64.61%,and 17.73%,respectively.The RE declined by 35.14%in over 1 cycle,while the RLR increased by 3.15 times in over 9 cycles.Besides,Thomas model was suitable to describe the two⁃stage fixed⁃bed column adsorption and thermal regeneration process with R2=0.978.In conclusion,a thorough understanding of the regeneration behavior of the two⁃stage fixed⁃bed column packed with ceramsite provides reference to obtain an effective and feasible regeneration approach,and it is beneficial for further application in water treatment.