Diaspore characteristics and ecological adaptation of Bromus tectorum L.from different distribution regions

The invasion of nonnative plants is considered one of the main threats to the structure and function of North American ecosystems. Moreover, they can alter ecosystem processes and reduce biodiversity. In arid and semi-arid region of North America, the species of European annual grass Bromus tectorum L. is an outstanding example of these problems, which not only increase the fire density and change the fire regime, but replace native communities. Therefore, there are amount of researches on B. tectorum, including resource acquisition, water use efficiency and growth. Whereas the relevant research on the morphology of diaspore is scare. Diaspores have a fundamental role in seed germination and seedling establishment. Besides, as an important link between different generations, diaspores have a vital significance on individual reproduction and population extension. Hence, dias- pores under selection for studying have an important implication. This study compares differences in seed mor- phology for Bromus tectorum collected from the United States, Kazakhstan, and Xinjiang of China. The following indices of B. tectorum diaspores were analyzed： size, thickness of covering layers, and micromorphological char- acteristics of the base, middle and transition area of diaspores as well as of the awn. Micromorphology of the lemma and the cross-section of the diaspore were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that thick- ness of the lemma and the palea of diaspores from B. tectorum-infested grasslands in the United States were re- duced （P〈0.05）, likely because of environmental influences. This reduction facilitated the germination of diaspores and lowered the resistance of B. tectorum to adverse environmental conditions. The length of the awn also in- creased significantly （P〈0.05）, which helped in dispersal and anchoring of diaspores. Therefore, B. tectorum adapted ecologically to its new environment in the United States by strengthening its establishment ability. However, the defense capability of B. tectorum decreased. These results fit the evolution of increased competitive ability hy- pothesis （EICA） of invasive species. Analysis of various cells on the lemma revealed that prickle densities and col- lapsed, long epidermal cells were easily influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and moisture because of the physiologic function of these structures on silicon accumulation. However, the form and the position of silica cells, which were not greatly influenced by environmental factors, might be genetically controlled. Studying these structures at the microscopic level helps define the relationship between the diaspore and its environment. This study has a reference value for future studies on B. tectorum.

The Changes in Anti-oxidant Activity of Roots in Wintering Period under Single Sowing of Alfalfa and Mixed Sowing of Alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss

This paper aimed to study the change in MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activity of roots in wintering period under single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss.By the single sowing of 4 alfalfa varieties with different cold resistance and mixed sowing of alfalfa varieties and Bromus inermis Leyss,the changes in MDA content,SOD,POD and CAT activity of alfalfa roots throughout the wintering period were measured.Results indicated that after single sowing of alfalfa and mixed sowing of alfalfa and Bromus inermis Leyss,the MDA content of roots showed an up-down-up trend with temperature; the CAT activity increased with the decreasing temperature but decreased when the temperature rose in the spring of the following year; the SOD and POD activity showed an increasing trend with sharp decline in temperature,and decreased when the temperature continued to decline,but increased with alfalfa reviving in the following year.The enzymic activity of the same variety under mixed sowing was higher than under single sowing.The membership function was used for comprehensive evaluation of cold resistance,and the cold resistance under different treatments was in the order of Wega7F + Bromus inermis Leyss >Wega7F > Xunlu + Bromus inermis Leyss > Xunlu > Aohan + Bromus inermis Leyss > Aohan > WL319HQ + Bromus inermis Leyss > WL319HQ.This was of great significance to the study on cold resistant alfalfa breeding and cultivation in cold areas of northern China.

The Allelochemicals Effect of Zygophyllum album on Control of Bromus tectorum

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential allelopathic effects of different concentrations of Zygophyllum album （donor species） aqueous extract （2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10%） on germination percentage, plumule and radicle length ofBromus tectorum （weed） and Triticum aestivum （crop species） under laboratory conditions to have the greatest inhibitory allelopathic effect on the recipient species in mixed culture compared to that pure culture. The germination percentage, plumule and radicle length ofB. tectorum in mixed culture was completely inhibited at the highest concentration of aqueous extracts of the donor species level the exerted weak measures as affected by the highest concentration level of donor in pure culture. This inhibition was markedly in obvious B. tectorum that is more sensitive to tested donor. The domineering effect of aqueous extract of the donor was more prominent on weeds than crop species. The variant response to the allelopathic substance could be related to the species specific growth regulatory effect of allelochemicals and concentration dependent. There is possibility of using these allelochemicals directly or as structural leads for the discovery and development of environment friendly herbicides to control weeds.

温度和光照对3种雀麦属(Bromus)植物种子萌发的影响

旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)原产于欧亚大陆,18世纪传入北美,并成为该地区的入侵植物。然而,同为雀麦属的扁穗雀麦(Bromus catharticus)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)并不具有旱雀麦的入侵性。本研究设置高温、低温和黑暗等处理,探讨温度和光照对3种植物种子萌发的影响,旨在从种子萌发的角度揭示旱雀麦的入侵性。结果表明:温度和光照对旱雀麦和扁穗雀麦种子的发芽率均无明显影响(p>0.05);高温和黑暗处理显著提高了无芒雀麦种子的发芽率(p<0.05),对旱雀麦、扁穗雀麦和无芒雀麦种子的发芽势、发芽指数、日均发芽率、发芽系数、发芽峰值和发芽值有一定的促进作用,而低温处理则表现出相反的效应;高温和黑暗处理对3种植物种子的平均发芽天数和萌发持续时间有一定降低的作用,而低温处理则表现出相反的效应。同一处理下旱雀麦种子萌发各项指标均优于另两种植物,这可能是旱雀麦具有较强入侵性的重要原因。

沙地雀麦(Bromus ircutensis Kom.)染色体核型分析

沙地雀麦是禾本科雀麦属多年生优良饲用牧草,是雀麦属牧草的重要抗性育种材料。本试验采用根尖染色体压片法,对来自内蒙古浑善达克沙地的沙地雀麦的染色体数目和核型进行分析,为其遗传育种研究提供理论基础。结果显示,沙地雀麦体细胞有28条染色体,核型公式为2n=2x=28=28m,染色体相对长度为L+5M2+8M1,属于1A类型,核型不对称系数(AS.K%)为53.51%,是比较古老或原始的植物。研究结果对沙地雀麦的杂交利用及新品种培育具有重要指导意义。

原生地和入侵地旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)幼苗生理特性比较

以来自中国准噶尔盆地(原生地)和美国大盆地(入侵地)的一年生禾本科植物旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum)为研究对象,对比分析了不同来源地之间旱雀麦幼苗生理特性的差异。结果表明:(1)来自大盆地旱雀麦的主要光合作用指标均极显著地高于准噶尔盆地旱雀麦,具体表现为:净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、瞬时水分利用效率及最大净光合速率均存在显著性差异(p<0.01),而胞间CO2浓度及其他光合作用参数的差异不显著(p>0.05);(2)叶绿素荧光参数方面,调节性能量耗散量子产量、非调节性能量耗散量子产量以及非光化学淬灭系数表现出显著差异(p<0.05),其他荧光参数的差异不显著(p>0.05);(3)来自大盆地旱雀麦幼苗叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b的含量以及叶片含氮量均高于准噶尔盆地旱雀麦,但差异并不显著(p>0.05)。总体来说,来自大盆地旱雀麦幼苗在生理特性方面要比准噶尔盆地旱雀麦具有一定的优势。

Responses of Caryopsis Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Development to Sand Water Content of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. and Bromus inermis Leyss.

Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. （Gramineae） and Bromus inermis Leyss. （Gramineae）, two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandland of China, to different sand water content （SWC; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%） were studied comparatively. The results showed that the germination responses of the two grasses to SWC were similar （i.e. caryopses could not germinate when the SWC was below 3%; at SWC ranging from 3% to 12%, the higher the SWC, the higher the germination percentage; and at a SWC of 12%-20%, germination reached similarly high percentages）. At a sand burial depth of 0.5 cm, the threshold of SWC for seedling emergence was 6% forA. cristatum and 8% forB. inermis; at 12%-20% SWC, the seedling emergence of both species reached similarly high percentages. The seedling growth responses of these two species to SWC gradients were different. For A. cristatum, the biomass of seedlings increased with SWC from 6% to 12%, and decreased with SWC from 12% to 20%. For B. inermis, the biomass of seedlings always increased with SWC from 8% to 20%. The results also showed that the seedlings of both species allocated more biomass to the roots with decreases in SWC. The SWC changes from April to October in natural microhabitats of both species suggested that the SWC may play an important role in caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of the two grasses. The responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of these two species to SWC may determine their distribution pattems in the Otindag Sandland.

扁穗雀麦种子落粒性和适宜采收期的研究

试验对江夏和黔南两个扁穗雀麦（Bromus cartharticus Vahl）品种种子成熟过程中鲜干重、含水量和落粒性变化进行了研究,结果表明,两个扁穗雀麦品种的鲜重变化呈单峰曲线,干重在花后第22天达最大值。种子含水量在发育成熟过程中呈先上升后逐渐降低的趋势,落粒率的变化规律与之完全相反,且两指标呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）。两品种相比,黔南较早出现落粒,但落粒率在花后第26天均高达65%以上,综合考虑,扁穗雀麦在种子含水量为30%~48%时收获可获最佳产量和品质。

根际促生菌对扁穗雀麦老化种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨根际促生菌在种子引发中的作用,以吲哚乙酸（IAA）、赤霉素（GA3）和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸脱氨酶（ACCD）为筛选指标,从扁穗雀麦（Bromus cartharticus,Vahl）幼苗根系中分离出可修复种子老化的植物根际促生菌BCR5,同时采用四因素四水平正交试验设计,分析了人工老化时间（A,24 h、48 h、72 h、96 h）、菌浓度（B,1×10^6cfu/mL、1×10^7cfu/mL、1×10^8cfu/mL、1×10^9cfu/mL）、种子引发方法（C,H2O引发、MgSO_4引发、H2O2引发、不引发）和引发时间（D,6 h、12 h、18 h、24 h）对扁穗雀麦老化种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：BCR5结合其他种子引发方法混合处理可降低丙二醛（MDA）含量,一定程度上恢复种子活力,提高老化种子的发芽率,并促进胚根和胚芽的伸长;菌浓度（B）是影响老化种子萌发和胚根伸长的主要因素,引发时间（D）主要影响胚芽生长;用菌株BCR5处理扁穗雀麦老化种子的最优方法为人工老化时间72 h、菌浓度1×107cfu/mL,结合H_2O_2引发处理18 h。此外,试验结果还表明适宜的人工老化处理可打破扁穗雀麦种子休眠。

青藏高原旱雀麦群体对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性研究

采用整株植物测定法和培养皿种子测定法检测青藏高原18个旱雀麦(Bromus tectorum Linn)群体对高效氟吡甲禾灵的抗药性。整株测定结果表明,祁连冰沟的旱雀麦抗性较高,抗性倍数为11.40,EC50为215.794 0μg/m^2;培养皿种子测定结果表明,祁连冰沟的旱雀麦抗性倍数为12.56,EC50为17.827 6μg/m^2,喷雾剂量达到推荐剂量的4倍,说明祁连冰沟种群对高效氟吡甲禾灵已产生抗性。

氮磷肥对扁穗雀麦鲜草产量和蛋白质含量的影响

采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究氮磷肥对江夏扁穗雀麦(Bromus cartharticus Vahl.)鲜草产量和蛋白质含量的影响。结果表明,氮肥的影响作用大于磷肥,且差异达极显著水平(P<0.01)。随着施氮量的增加,鲜草产量表现为增加趋势,但在不同的施量水平下增加幅度略有不同;对于粗蛋白质含量而言,施氮量在108.7~434.8 kg/hm^2之间表现为增加,之后随着施肥量的增加蛋白质含量降低。磷肥对江夏扁穗雀麦鲜草产量有增加作用,但影响差异不显著。磷氮肥对江夏扁穗雀麦粗蛋白质含量存在互作,当处于低氮水平时,增施磷肥可促进其蛋白质含量增加,但在中、高氮水平下则表现为先增后减的趋势。综合考虑产量和品质,江夏扁穗雀麦施氮量以中等水平为宜(217.4~434.8 kg/hm^2),而施少量磷肥(250.0 kg/hm^2)可与氮素共同改善牧草品质。

Study on Evapotranspiration Regularity of 3 Forages in Eastern Qinghai Province

The transpiration rate and transpiration quantity＇of whole plants and foliages of Bromus innerrnis, Medicago sativa and Agropyron cristatum are measured by using improved quick and continuous weighting after being cut off method （QCWC）. The results show that transpiration rate of branches and foliages of Agropyron cristatum is highest in 3 forages, Medicago sativa is second and Bromus innermis is lowest. From July to September, the average transpiration quantity of whole plants and foliages of 3 forages is highest in August, September is second and July is lowest.

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, N content, and nitrogen fixation of alfalfa and smooth bromegrass grown alone or in mixture in greenhouse pots

Planting grass and legume mixtures on improved grasslands has the potential advantage of realizing both higher yields and lower environmental pollution by optimizing the balance between applied N fertilizer and the natural process of legume biological nitrogen fixation. However, the optimal level of N fertilization for grass-legume mixtures, to obtain the highest yield, quality, and contribution of N2 fixation, varies with species. A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to study the temporal dynamics of N2 fixation of alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） grown alone and in mixture with smooth bromegrass （Bromus inermis Leyss.） in response to the addition of fertilizer N. Three levels of N （0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1） were examined using 15N-labeled urea to evaluate N2 fixation via the 15N isotope dilution method. Treatments were designated NO （0.001 g per pot）, N75 （1.07 g per pot） and N150 （2.14 g per pot）. Alfalfa grown alone did not benefit from the addition of fertilizer N; dry matter was not significantly increased. In contrast, dry weight and N content of smooth bromegrass grown alone was increased significantly by N application. When grown as a mixture, smooth bromegrass biomass was increased significantly by N application, resulted in a decrease in alfalfa biomass. In addition, individual alfalfa plant dry weight （shoots＋roots） was significantly lower in the mixture than when grown alone at all N levels. Smooth bromegrass shoot and root dry weight were significantly higher when grown with alfalfa than when grown alone, regardless of N application level. When grown alone, alfalfa＇s N2 fixation was reduced with N fertilization （R2=0.9376,P=0.0057）. When grown in a mixture with smooth bromegrass, with 75 kg ha-1 of N fertilizer, the percentage of atmospheric N2 fixation contribution to total N in alfalfa （%Ndfa） had a maximum of 84.07 and 83.05% in the 2nd and 3rd harvests, respectively. Total 3-harvest %Ndfa was higher when alfalfa was grown in a mixture than when grown alone （shoots： ｜t｜=3.39, P=0.0096; root： ｜t｜=3.57, P=0.0073）. We believe this was due to smooth bromegrass being better able to absorb available soil N （due to its fibrous root system）, resulting inlower soil N availability and allowing alfalfa to develop an effective N2 fixing symbiosis prior to the 1st harvest. Once soil N levels were depleted, alfalfa was able to fix N2, resulting in the majority of its tissue N being derived from biological nitrogen fixation （BNF） in the 2nd and 3rd harvests. When grown in a mixture, with added N, alfalfa established an effective symbiosis earlier than when grown alone; in monoculture BNF did not contribute a significant portion of plant N in the N75 and N150 treatments, whereas in the mixture, BNF contributed 17.90 and 16.28% for these treatments respectively. Alfalfa has a higher BNF efficiency when grown in a mixture, initiating BNF earlier, and having higher N2 fixation due to less inhibition by soil-available N. For the greatest N-use-efficiency and sustainable production, grass-legume mixtures are recommended for imDrovino orasslands, usino a moderate amount of N fertilizer （75 kq N ha-l） to provide optimum benefits.

Annual-perennial plant relationships and species selection for desert restoration

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and management of indigenous arid land ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated microclimates and fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We conducted a quantitative literature review of studies that compared exotic annual plant abundance among native perennial plant species and interspace （open areas） microsites in North America＇s Mojave Desert, where exotic plant invasion has corresponded with increasing extent of wildfire and broad-scale ecosystem transformation. Ten studies compared exotic annual plant abundance between inter- spaces and below a total of 36 native perennial species. These studies revealed that： （1） With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported a greater abundance of exotic annuals than interspaces, indicating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. （2） Exotic species abundance varied by orders of magnitude among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. （3） Distributions of dominant exotic species varied, where Bromus rubens displayed a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than did Schismus spp. and Erodium cicutarium that often were most abundant in interspaces. Results suggest that the degree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consideration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and restoration projects.

Explaining patterns of species dominance in the shrub steppe systems of the Junggar Basin(China) and Great Basin(USA)

Natural scientists have long recognized that regions with similar climate tend to have similar vegetation.Preliminary observations suggest that shrub steppe communities of the western US and western China may be two such regions with similar annual precipitation,temperature,land use,and vegetation.These cold dry shrub steppes have traditionally been grazed.Despite these similarities,patterns of species dominance are different.Annual species that are rare in China become dominant when introduced to the United States.The objective of this study was to investigate how climate,land use and community structure may explain these patterns of species dominance.Community structure and grazing intensity were measured at 5 sites in each region.This information was combined with a broader review of the literature describing the history of grazing in both basins.Climate was analyzed based on a spatially-gridded,interpolated weather time series （monthly records） and climatological summary （1961-1990 mean conditions） data set from the Climate Research Unit.We found that differences in summer precipitation and winter minimum temperature,land use intensity,and shrub size may all contribute to the dominance of annual species in the Great Basin,particularly Bromus tectorum.In particular,previous work indicates that summer precipitation and winter temperature drive the distribution of Bromus tectorum in the Great Basin.As a result,sites with wet summers and cold springs,similar to the Chinese sites,would not be expected to be dominated by Bromus tectorum.A history of more intense grazing of the Chinese sites,as described in the literature,also is likely to decrease fire frequency,and decreases litter and shrub dominance,all of which have been demonstrated to be important in Bromus tectorum establishment and ultimate dominance.Further research is necessary to determine if other annuals that follow the same pattern of scarcity in the Junggar Basin and dominance in the Great Basin are responding to the same influences.

Forage Production and Selection for Vigor in Meadow and Hybrid Bromegrass in the Northern Great Plains

Meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehmann) is an important forage crop in Canada and the Intermountain West, but it has not been extensively evaluated in the northern Great Plains (NGP). Our objectives were to 1) evaluate meadow, smooth, and hybrid bromegrasses for forage production under intensive management in eastern South Dakota, and 2) evaluate the effect of selection for vigor in multiple environments on forage production of meadow bromegrass. Thirteen populations (7 meadow bromegrass, 5 hybrid bromegrass, and 1 smooth bromegrass) were evaluated for 4 yrs (2005-2007, 2009) at Brookings, SD. Biomass at anthesis was greater for smooth (6.75 Mg ha-1) than for meadow or hybrid brome (5.4 Mg ha-1) in 2005, but production at anthesis during 2006 and 2007 was similar for meadow and smooth bromegrass. Regrowth harvested during July and October 2005 and November 2006 was greater for meadow than smooth or hybrid bromegrass. Forage production at anthesis in 2009, after rest (i.e., no cutting) and fertilization in 2008, was 4.2 Mg ha-1 for meadow bromegrass compared with 3.3 Mg ha-1 and 2.6 Mg ha-1 for hybrid and smooth bromegrass, respectively. Smooth and hybrid bromegrasses had more leaves·tiller-1 than meadow bromegrass. After 6 yrs, meadow bromegrass had higher tiller density and greater potential for tolerating multiple harvests during a growing season than did smooth or hybrid bromegrass. Selection for vigor in multiple environments in North America resulted in experimental populations of meadow bromegrass with superior forage yield compared with ‘Fleet’ on marginal crop land in the northern Great Plains.

Elevation difference of Ca^(2+) levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass and induced cold-tolerant enhancement under different controlled chilling temperatures

The changes of Ca2＋ levels in young leaf cells of bromegrass under different controlled chilling temperatures were inves- tigated by an antimonite precipitation cytochemical method. The main results were as follows： under 25/20℃ （day/night） tempera- ture and 14 h photoperiod, electron-dense Ca2＋ antimonite precipitates, indicators of Ca2＋ localization, were mainly localized in the vacuoles, cell walls and intercellular spaces; few Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the cytosol and nuclei. After a 3℃ chilling treatment for 3 h, many Ca2＋ precipitates appeared in the cytosol and nuclei, indicating that Ca2＋ influx had occurred in the cytosol and nuclei. When the 3℃ treatment was prolonged to 8 h, more Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in both the cytosol and nuclei decreased markedly after a 24 h treatment and most Ca2＋ deposits were returned to the vacuoles and intercellular spaces after an 8 d treatment. When bromegrass was exposed to 7℃ for 3 h, the Ca2＋ distribution in the cells had no visible changes, compared with that of the 25/20℃ grown control plants. However, when the chilling treatment of 7℃ was prolonged to 8 h, a Ca2＋ influx occurred, where many Ca2＋ deposits were observed in the nuclei and cytosol. More Ca2＋ deposits appeared in the nuclei and cytosol after a 24 h treatment, but the amount of Ca2＋ deposits in the cytosol and nuclei was reduced markedly after an 8 d treatment. After a 14 d treatment, the remaining low level of Ca2＋ was recovered in both the cytosol and nuclei and the Ca2＋ deposits were again located in the vacuoles and the intercellular spaces. The dynamics of subcellular Ca2＋ localization in young leaf cells of bromegrass during a 12℃ chilling treatment were similar to those of the 7℃ treatment. Besides, the results showed that the frost tolerance ofbromegrass exposed to 3℃ for 8 d increased by 6℃, for 7℃ and 8 d by 4℃ and for 12℃ and 14 d by 3℃, compared with the controls. Finally, the relationship between different Ca2＋ dynamics and induced frost tolerance was also explored.

Competition of Squirreltail with Cheatgrass at Three Nitrogen Levels

Squirreltail (Elymus elymoides [Raf] Swezey) can grow in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) stands, and has reduced the biomass production of cheatgrass in its immediate vicinity. A field experiment was conducted to determine: 1) if competition for nitrogen resources occurs between seedlings of squirreltail and seedlings of cheatgrass, under low, medium, and high nitrogen levels, and;2) if competition for nitrogen resources in the seedling stage is a mechanism that allows squirreltail to establish in cheatgrass stands. Five accessions of squirreltail were each seeded with a single accession of cheatgrass in a cultivated field near Ephraim, Utah in the fall of 1995 and again in 1996. A completely randomized strip-plot design with 3 replications was used including the 5 joint seedings as well as pure seedings of each accession of both species. Three nitrogen levels representing high, medium (control), and low were applied. The study was replicated over 2 years in different areas of the same field. Harvests of above-ground biomass of squirreltail and cheatgrass within each treatment were conducted in July of 1996 and 1997. Using biomass production as a measure of efficient nitrogen use, cheatgrass competed for and used nitrogen resources more efficiently than squirreltail when nitrogen was not limiting. All squirreltail accessions were able to compete for and use nitrogen more efficiently than cheatgrass when there was low availability of nitrogen. Some accessions of squirreltail competed for nitrogen resources more efficiently than others both in the control and at the reduced nitrogen level. White Rocks and Sublette squirreltail accessions were the best competitors with cheatgrass at the low nitrogen level reducing the cheatgrasss biomass by as much as 75% and 67% respectively. An intermediate competitor with cheatgrass was the Gunnison accession. The Washakie and Pueblo accessions were poor competitors with cheatgrass at low nitrogen levels.

染色体

W941514 用于检测小麦中的黑麦染色体的优化荧光原位杂交程序[刊,英]/Nkongolo,K.K.…//Genome.-1993,36(4).-701～705W941515 研究小麦族叶绿体染色体组的工具:一种 EcoR Ⅰ染色体图、一个检出的缺失和支持雀麦属(Bromus)作为外集团的证据[刊,英]/Kellogg,E.A.//American Journal of Botany.-1992,79(2).

Combining Ability in Mixtures of Prairie Grass and Clovers

Our objective was to evaluate the combining ability among cultivars of forage species, commonly sown in temperate regions of Argentina using a short rotation system. Three genetically diverse cultivars of prairie brome grass (Bromus catharticus, cv Copetona, cv ?andú and cv Tango), a white clover cultivar (Trifolium repens, cv Lucero) and a red clover cultivar (T. pratense, cv Tropero) were evaluated. A randomized complete block design experiment was established in 2005. The treatments included five monocultures and ten binary mixtures. The experiment was harvested 6 times over an 18-month period. Cumulative dry matter yield (kg?ha–1) was calculated as the sum of the six individual harvests. Diallel analysis provided estimates of the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). Red clover in monoculture and mixtures produced the highest yields, with significant positive GCA effects (P P P P < 0.01). Given the short-term nature of this study, we must limit our inference to short-term pastures (<2 years). Under these conditions, red clover had the best combination with prairie brome grass.