Study on Butachlor Microemulsion

[Objective] The properties of butachlor microemulsion were studied for developing a new formulation of new pesticides.[Method]AT method was used to determine the pseudo-ternary phase diagram to confirm the formulation of butachlor microemulsion.Through the measurement of electrical conductivity,the W/O and O/W types in microemulsion region of butachlor/emulsifier/water system were confirmed and the change of phase behavior during preparation process was discussed.[Result]The dilution stability,low temperature stability,heat stability,ageing stability,density and viscosity etc.of butachlor microemulsion met the requirement of the experiments,which demonstrated the qualified quality of butachlor.The density decreased linearly with the increase of temperature and the change of viscosity with temperature conformed to Andrade equation.[Conclusion]The research was helpful to the application of butachlor microemulsion in pesticide formulation.

Biodegradation of acetanilide herbicides acetochlor and butachlor in soil

The biodegradation of two acetanilide herbicides, acetochlor and butachlor in soil after other environmental organic matters addition were measured during 35 days laboratory incubations. The herbicides were applied to soil alone, soil SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) mixtures and soil HA (humic acid) mixtures. Herbicide biodegradation kinetics were compared in the different treatment. Biodegradation products of herbicides in soil alone samples were identified by GC/MS at the end of incubation. Addition of SDBS and HA to soil decreased acetochlor biodegradation, but increased butachlor biodegradation. The biodegradation half life of acetochlor and butachlor in soil alone, soil SDBS mixtures and soil HA mixtures were 4.6d, 6.1d and 5.4d and 5.3d, 4.9d and 5.3d respectively. The biodegradation products were hydroxyacetochlor and 2 methyl 6 ethylaniline for acetochlor, and hydroxybutachlor and 2,6 diethylaniline for butachlor.

The Toxic Mechanism of High Lethality of Herbicide Butachlor in Marine Flatfish Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

The toxic mechanism of herbicide butachlor to induce extremely high lethality in marine flatfish flounder, Paralichthys Olivaceus, was analyzed by histopathological examination, antioxidant enzymes activities and ATP content assay. Histopathological examination of gill, liver and kidney of exposed fishes showed that gill was a target organ of butachlor. The butachlor seriously impaired the respiration of gills by a series of lesions such as edema, lifting and detachment of lamellar epithelium, breakdown of pillar cells, and blood congestion. The dysfunction of gill respiration caused suffocation to the exposed flounder with extremely high acute lethality. Antioxidant enzyme activity assay of the in vitro cultured flounder gill （FG） ceils exposed to butachlor indicated that butachlor markedly inhibited the antioxidant enzyme activities of Superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and glutathione peroxidase （GPX）. Furthermore, along with the decline of antioxidant enzyme activities, ATP content in the exposed FG cells decreased, too. This infers that the oxidative stress induced by butachlor can inhibit the production of cellular ATP. Similar decrease of ATP content was also observed in the exposed flounder gill tissues. Taken together, as in FG cells, butachlor possibly induced a short supply of ATP in pillar cells by inhibiting the antioxidant enzyme activities and then affecting the contractibility of the pillar cells, which in turn resulted in the blood congestion and suffocation of exposed flounder.

Effects of butachlor on microbial enzyme activities in paddy soil

This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor( n butoxymethl chloro 2', 6' diethylacetnilide) on microbial respiration, nitrogen fixation and nitrification, and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil. The results showed that after application of butachlor with concentrations of 5.5 μg/g dried soil, 11.0 μg/g dried soil and 22.0 μg/g dried soil, the application of butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations. The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0 μg/g dried soil of butachlor. The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by butachlor. The soil respiration was depressed within a period from several days to more than 20 days, depending on concentrations of butachlor applied. Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil.

Genotoxicity of the Pesticide Dichlorvos and Herbicide Butachlor on Rana zhenhaiensis Tadpoles

Genotoxicity of dichlorvos and butachlor on erythrocytes of Rana zhenhaiensis tadpoles was investigated by the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis assay or comet assay.Tadpoles were treated for 24h in the laboratory with different concentrations of the testing agents,2.256,4.512,6.768,9.024,11.280mg/L for dichlorvos and 0.292,0.584,0.876,1.168,1.460mg/L for butachlor,to use the comet Assay to test for the significance of dosage responsiveness to an increase in DNA damage,asmeasured by themean DNA tail length-to-width ratio.The concentrations of 4.512mg/L dichlorvos and 0.876mg/L butachlor resulted in highly significant increases in DNA damage of the tadpoles.There were linear correlations between themean DNA tail length-to-width ratio and the concentrations of the two test substances.Our results showed that the two commonly used agricultural chemicals caused dose dependent DNA damage of amphibians,and that comet assaymight be a useful tool formeasuring DNA damage of tadpoles exposed in the field.

RELEASE OF ^(14)C—BUTACHLOR AND ^(14)C—OXADIAZON FROM CR FORMULATIONS INTO WATER

^(14)C-butachlor and ^(14)C-oxadiazon could be released from four kinds of CR formulations into water respectively, and the release percentage of each herbicide increased with time, which could be expressed by regression equations (very obvious positive relationship). The release percentages of ^(14)C-herbicides from CR formulations were related to herbicide CR formulation and water type. Total recovery including ^(14)C-released and ^(14)C-left in formulations for each ^(14)C-herbicide was high at the 56th day after treatment. Some of the released ^(14)C-butachlor in water could be hydrolysed although under dark condition. The rate of hydrolysis was influenced by water type and formulations.

Determination of herbicides atrazine and butachlor in soil by high performance liquid chromatography

A Liquid Chromatographic procedure was described for simultaneous determination atrazine and butachlor in soil with a diode-array-detector(DAD).Unequivocal identification by Rt alone,however,is sometimes difficult. The UV spectra offer a viable alternative to Rt.The distinct differences in Rt and UV of the peaks are noteworthy. UV spectra are extremely helpful and served to accurately identify the various component. Soil samples containing herbicide residues were extracted on a shaker using dichloromethane. The extractions were finally concentrated to 1 ml by a K-D concentrator then the residues were quantitated by peak height. Detection limits for atrazine and butachlor were 0.1 ppb and 0.8 ppb respectively. Fortified at 5.0 ng,10. 0 ng, and 50.0 ng levels,the recoveries of atrazine (n= 8)were 88.4%,95. 1% and 91. 6%. Fortified at 10. 0 ng,50. 0 ng and 80.0 ng levels,the recoveries of butachlor (n=8) were 89. 8%,91.2% and 87.4%,respectively.

Adsorption of Herbicide Butachlor in Cultivated Soils of Golestan Province, Iran

Butachlor is a non-ionic herbicide that has been applied widely for agriculture, especially in paddy fields. Through batch equilibration experiments, the adsorption characteristics of butachlor were investigated in eight cultivated soil samples collected from Golestan Province, Iran. The data obtained from adsorption equilibrium experiments fitted the linear equation very well. Results showed that butachlor had weak to moderate adsorption capability in different soils. Trend of butachlor adsorption was similar to the order of abundance of organic carbon in the soils. The Gibbs free energy values were found negative and adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic in nature. Statistical analysis showed that organic carbon, CEC (cation exchange capacity), and the Rt ratio (ratio of TNV to organic matter content) were the more effective parameters governing butachlor retention and mobility in soils.

Optimization of Solid Phase Microextraction Procedure Followed by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector for Pesticides Butachlor and Chlorpyrifos

In this study, headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by gas chromatography using electron capture detection system (GC-ECD) were developed for the determination of chloraacetanilide (butachlor) and chlorpyrifos presented in biological samples. Different parameters affecting the extraction procedure were optimized including extraction time (30 minutes), extraction temperature (80°C), sample volume (3 mL), sample pH (2), added NaCl (0.3 gram) and sample stirring rate (400 rpm). Different concentrations of 1 - 100 ng/ml were applied for butachlor and a linear calibration curve was obtained. Furthermore, a similar linearity was obtained for chlorpyrifos, using a concentration range of 1 - 250 ng/ml. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained for butachlor and chlorpyrifos were 0.088 and 0.53 ng/ml respectively. The optimized methods for both compounds were validated using two concentrations of 25 and 50 ng/ml in spiked urine samples. Obtained recoveries of spiked urine samples were 83.06% - 99.8% with RSD of lower than 11%. Optimized technique was simple, inexpensive, solvent free and fast in comparison with other conventional methods and had compatibility with the chromatographic analytical system. This method offers low detection limits to analyze pesticides in urine samples that are very important in the exposure monitoring in occupational health.

生物炭影响地带性土壤等温吸附丁草胺的特征及关键机制

为解析土壤理化性质与生物炭添加效果之间的相关性,明确生物炭影响地带性土壤等温吸附丁草胺的特征及关键机制,本研究采用9种不同理化性质地带性土壤,加入系列用量稻壳生物炭,考察了丁草胺在生物炭-土壤混合体中的等温吸附特征。结果表明:在不同生物炭添加剂量条件下,丁草胺在土壤中的吸附等温线均遵循Freundlich吸附模型,生物炭添加显著增加了9种地带性土壤对丁草胺的吸附能力[模型平衡常数(Kf)增加],降低了线性吸附的程度[模型指数(1/n)降低]。生物炭添加剂量越高,丁草胺吸附容量越大。热力学计算结果显示,在0.5%~2%生物炭添加条件下,丁草胺在地带性土壤中的吉布斯自由能为-16.30~-21.67 kJ·mol^(-1),表明吸附过程是自发且有利的。皮尔森相关性分析结果表明,土壤有机碳与Kf增长率呈显著负相关,说明土壤可溶性有机质抑制生物炭对丁草胺的吸附。多元线性回归方程分析结果显示,当土壤未添加生物炭时,土壤有机碳、pH、黏粒、粉粒4种土壤理化性质对Kf值的解释能力高达99%,而当生物炭添加为0.5%、1%、2%时,土壤有机碳、pH、黏粒、粉粒4种土壤理化性质对Kf值的解释能力分别下降至83%、70%、90%。通径系数研究表明,生物炭添加剂量从0上升至1%时,土壤黏粒和土壤粉粒对丁草胺吸附的直接作用系数增大,而有机碳和pH对丁草胺吸附的直接作用系数减小。研究表明,生物炭输入改变了丁草胺的吸附特征,土壤黏粒和土壤粉粒等土壤质地因素对丁草胺吸附产生重要影响。

除草剂丁草胺对泥鳅体内6种代谢与免疫相关酶的抑制作用

目的研究除草剂丁草胺对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)体内重要器官过氧化物酶(POX)、非特异性酯酶(NSE)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)等6种代谢与免疫相关酶活力的影响。方法将泥鳅暴露在不同浓度的丁草胺中96 h,解剖取其心脏、肝胰脏、鳃、头肾、胃和肠等6种器官,采用冰冻切片、酶组织化学及光密度分析技术检测酶活力变化。结果POX在头肾中活性显著较高,其余器官中活性均较低;高浓度丁草胺显著抑制头肾POX活性,但显著促进肝胰脏、胃和肠POX活性。NSE在肝胰脏中活性显著较高,心脏中活性显著较低;高浓度丁草胺对除心脏和胃以外的体内器官NSE活性具有显著抑制作用。ALP在胃中活性显著较高,心脏和头肾中未检测出明显的酶活性;高浓度丁草胺显著抑制胃和肠ALP活性,对肝胰脏和鳃ALP活性无显著影响。ACP在胃和肠中活性显著较高,心脏中活性显著较低;高浓度丁草胺显著抑制肝胰脏、鳃、头肾、胃和肠ACP活性,对心脏ACP活性无显著影响。SDH在心脏中活性显著较高,鳃和头肾中未检测出明显的酶活性;高浓度丁草胺显著抑制心脏、肝胰脏和胃SDH活性,对肠SDH活性无显著影响。ATPase在心脏中活性显著较高,头肾和肠中活性显著较低;高浓度丁草胺显著抑制心脏、肝胰脏和头肾ATPase活性,但对胃和肠ATPase活性具有显著促进作用。结论丁草胺可能通过抑制心脏SDH和ATPase活性影响泥鳅的血液循环,通过抑制胃和肠ALP和ACP活性降低泥鳅对营养物质的消化和吸收能力,通过抑制肝胰和头肾NSE、ACP和ATPase活性损害泥鳅的解毒与免疫防御功能。

Responses of butachlor degradation and microbial properties in a riparian soil to the cultivation of three different plants

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the biodegradation dynamics and related microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition in a riparian soil planted with different plants such as Phragmites australis,Zizania aquatica,and Acorus calamus.The results showed that there were significant differences in microbial degradation dynamics of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils among the three riparian plants.A.calamus displays a significantly higher degradation efficiency of butachlor in the rhizosphere soils,as compared with Z.aquatica and P.australis.Half-life time of butachlor degradation in the rhizospheric soils of P.australis,Z.aquatica,and A.calamus were 7.5,9.8 and 5.4 days,respectively.Residual butachlor concentration in A.calamus rhizosphere soil was 35.2% and 21.7% lower than that in Z.aquatica and P.australis rhizosphere soils,respectively,indicating that A.calamus showed a greater improvement effect on biodegradation of butachlor in rhizosphere soils than the other two riparian plant.In general,microbial biomass and biochemical activities in rhizosphere soils were depressed by butachlor addition,despite the riparian plant types.However,rhizospheric soil microbial ecophysiological responses to butachlor addition significantly （P 0.05） differed between riparian plant species.Compared to Z.aquatica and P.australis,A.calamus showed significantly larger microbial number,higher enzyme activities and soil respiration rates in the rhizosphere soils.The results indicated that A.calamus have a better alleviative effect on inhibition of microbial growth due to butachlor addition and can be used as a suitable riparian plant for detoxifying and remediating butachlor contamination from agricultural nonpoint pollution.

丁草胺暴露对雄性褐菖鮋精细胞发育的干扰

丁草胺是全球范围内使用最广泛的酰胺类除草剂之一。目前丁草胺对非目标生物的潜在毒性研究较多,但有关丁草胺对近海鱼类生殖毒性的研究鲜有报道。以近海鱼类褐菖鮋为研究对象,探讨丁草胺对海洋鱼类精细胞发育的影响及机制。以环境浓度(2、20和200 ng·L^(-1))的丁草胺对雄性褐菖鮋暴露50 d后,其精巢成熟精细胞数量下降,发育早期阶段的精原细胞与精母细胞数量上升,精巢雄激素睾酮(T)水平下降,Caspase-3活性上升,γ-谷酰胺转移酶(γ-GT)活性下降。相对荧光定量PCR分析结果显示,促卵泡激素受体基因(FSHRβ)与促黄体生成激素受体基因(LHRβ)mRNA表达量被抑制。这表明,丁草胺对雄性褐菖鮋有明显的生殖毒性,精巢支持细胞功能被抑制引起睾酮水平降低,进而导致精子发生被抑制。精巢细胞凋亡也是原因之一。

环境浓度的丁草胺暴露对雌性褐菖鲉卵巢发育的干扰

丁草胺是使用最广泛的酰胺类除草剂之一,目前丁草胺对鱼类的生殖毒性研究集中于淡水种类,近海鱼类鲜有报道。本研究以分布于我国东南海域的近海经济鱼类褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)为受试对象,探讨丁草胺对海洋鱼类卵巢发育的影响及机制。褐菖鲉在以环境相关浓度(2、20、200 ng/L)的丁草胺暴露50 d后,褐菖鮋卵巢生殖细胞发育受到不同程度抑制,卵巢17β-雌二醇(E2)水平下降,Caspase-3活性上升。相对定量PCR分析结果显示,卵巢芳香化酶基因(CYP 19 s)及雌激素受体基因(ERβ)表达量下降。结果表明:丁草胺对褐菖鮋具有明显的生殖毒性,卵巢CYP 19 s基因与ERβ基因表达被抑制而导致卵巢雌激素水平的下降引起卵细胞在发育早期的细胞凋亡是主要原因。

Determination of 2 Amides Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products by Terahertz Time-domain Spectroscopy

[Objective] The aim was to explore the application of terahertz （THz） technique in pesticide recognition and residue determination. [Method] THz far-infrared spectral characteristics of 2 herbicides （butachlor and metolachlor） were measured by THz time-domain spectroscopy （THz-TDS） under conditions of room temperature and nitrogen,meanwhile their refractive index and absorption coefficient between 0.2 and 2.2 THz were calculated by using models based on Fresenl equations. [Result] The 2 pesticides both had a series of different characteristic absorption peaks between 0.2 and 2.2 THz,respectively. Their molecular structures were similar,but there were great difference in absorption and refractive index spectrum between them. [Conclusion] THz-TDS technique is feasible to detect pesticide residues,especially there is a greater advantage in identifying the structure of similar substances.

丁草胺对褐菖鲉肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

为探究丁草胺对褐菖鲉组织抗氧化系统的影响,以环境浓度水平的丁草胺对褐菖鲉进行50 d的暴露,检测其肝脏谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的变化.结果显示:GSH含量在丁草胺暴露后呈下降趋势,且各浓度处理实验组均与对照组存在显著性差异(P<0.05);MDA含量呈升高趋势,其中低浓度组升高不显著(P>0.05),而中浓度组与高浓度组均出现显著性升高(P<0.05);GST活性呈下降趋势,其中低浓度组下降不显著(P>0.05),而中浓度组与高浓度组均出现显著性下降(P<0.05);SOD活性在低浓度组上升但不显著(P>0.05),而中、高浓度组均出现显著性下降(P<0.05).实验结果表明,丁草胺暴露会导致褐菖鲉机体组织抗氧化防御系统的功能出现损伤.

丁草胺和乙草胺对蚯蚓CAT和SOD活性的影响

研究土壤中丁草胺和乙草胺对蚯蚓抗氧化酶系CAT和SOD的影响.结果表明,随着暴露时间的延长,蚯蚓体组织的CAT和SOD活性先增大后降低,与对照相比,蚯蚓CAT和SOD活性表现为低浓度诱导和高浓度抑制;在一定暴露时间内,随着丁草胺和乙草胺浓度的增加,CAT和SOD活性呈抛物线型剂量-效应相关关系;丁草胺和乙草胺暴露浓度与蚯蚓CAT和SOD活性均呈现出抛物线型暴露时间-胁迫效应的相关关系.不同酶对毒性效应的响应域值不同,其敏感性大小为:SOD>CAT.根据两个指标对污染物浓度响应域值的不同,建立剂量-效应关系与时间-效应关系.

丁草胺对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

在模拟土壤生态系统中研究了丁草胺对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响。试验表明,低浓度(2mg/kg)和中等浓度(4mg/kg)丁草胺对微生物数量影响不大;而高浓度(10mg/kg)处理则有明显抑制效应,但在21d后也基本恢复到对照水平。丁草胺对土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶均产生了一定的抑制作用,并随浓度升高而增强,随着时间的延长,抑制作用逐渐消失,酶活性恢复至对照水平。丁草胺对土壤过氧化氢酶的影响与其他酶不同,表现出一定的刺激作用。

除草剂对水稻土微生物的影响

以阿特拉津、丁草胺和甲磺隆 3种除草剂为例 ,采用熏蒸提取法和BIOLOG碳素利用法研究了土壤中除草剂污染与水稻土微生物之间的关系及其环境意义 .结果表明以 10mg·kg-1含量施入水稻土的甲磺隆在施用初期导致微生物生物量下降 ,随培养时间的推移 ,生物量有所恢复 ;相同浓度的阿特拉津和丁草胺对水稻土微生物生物量影响不明显 .BIOLOG数据显示 ,3种除草剂施用初期 (第 2d)微生物碳源利用多样性变化不明显 ,随着培养时间的增加微生物碳源利用多样性发生变化 ,变化趋势因除草剂类型不同而异 :甲磺隆除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性先有明显降低 ,培养后期呈上升趋势 ;阿特拉津和丁草胺除草剂污染水稻土微生物碳源利用多样性基本不受影响 .

丁草胺在环境中降解行为的研究进展

丁草胺是一种酰胺类除草剂 ,杀草活性高 ,选择性好 ,是我国用量最大的除草剂之一 ,大量使用对环境造成了一定的影响。综述丁草胺在土壤环境和水环境中降解方面的研究进展 ,分析影响丁草胺降解的主要因素。在土壤环境中 ,丁草胺的微生物降解、光解为主要的降解途径 ,土壤湿度、有机质及重金属是影响丁草胺在土壤中降解的重要因素。光解和水解是丁草胺在水体中降解的主要途径。不同的光源、光敏剂、催化剂、氧化剂及某些农药对丁草胺在水中的光解有不同程度的影响 ,而温度和 pH是影响丁草胺水解的主要因素。