Identification of key taste components in Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.fruit using non-targeted metabolomics

Among the numerous fruit species of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.,‘LR’(white flesh)and‘BR’(pink flesh)are two kinds of local strains with high edibility.In order to study the metabolic causes of taste differences,we performed the non-targeted metabonomics analysis of‘LR’and‘BR’using LC-MS/MS.541 metabolites were totally identified,and 45 kinds of metabolites(carbohydrates,fatty acids,flavonoids and terpenoids,etc.)were different between the two strains.The results indicate L-sorbose,D-(+)-glucose,citric acid,L-phenylalanine and oleamide,α-eleostearic acid were the main primary metabolites.The significant difference existed in pathways of unsaturated fatty acids between the studied two strains by pathway enrichment analysis.The results demonstrate that the different in composition,as well as the abundance of primary and secondary metabolites may be the potential causes of taste differences,which provides a new insight into the possible metabolic factors setting off the changing taste of B.ramiflora.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant profile of methanolic extract of seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.

Objective: To analyze the phytochemical constituents responsible for the plausible antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of the seed, pulp and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. Methods: Fresh seed, pulp, and peel of Baccaurea ramiflora fruits were extracted with methanol(MEBRse, MEBRpu, MEBRpe) and evaluated by phytochemical analysis for their content of innumerable metabolites(primary and secondary) viz. carbohydrates, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and fixed oils. The antioxidant efficacy was assessed through different assay methods viz. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity(TAC) and reducing power capacity(RPC). Estimation of total phenolic content(TPC), and total flavonoid content(TFC) was also done to confirm the presence of these phytochemicals. Results: It was revealed from the phytochemical analysis of MEBRse that alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, phenols, and flavonoids were present, while that of MEBRpu showed the existence of carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, saponins, flavonoids, and fixed oils. Presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids were found in the MEBRpe. A significant antioxidant activity was revealed by the MEBRpu [EC_(50):(27.612 ± 1.375) μg/mL], compared to MEBRpe, and MEBRse in DPPH assay. The ranking order for RPC was MEBRpu > MEBRpe > MEBRse respectively. The EC_(50) value of TAC of the MEBRpu, MEBRpe, and MEBRse were(25.107 ±0.744) μg/mL,(241.127 ± 7.463) μg/mL and(372.364 ± 11.030) μg/mL, respectively. Quantity of TPC and TFC were the highest in the MEBRpu(124.360 ± 2.078 mg GAE/g and 107.527 ±1.900 mg QRE/g extract) rather than MEBRpe and MEBRse extracts. Conclusions: This study suggests that MEBRpu has a significantly higher antioxidant property than MEBRpe and MEBRse. These extracts might be advantageous in prevention or decelerating the progress of different diseases related to oxidative-stress/damage. Moreover, detailed analysis of these extracts is required to identify the presence of promising compound(s) responsible for their antioxidant activity.

Species and Occurrence Regularity of Diseases and Insect Pests Harming Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. in Guangxi

[Objectives]The paper was to understand the species and harm of diseases and insect pests of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.in Guangxi,and to provide basis for the prevention and control of diseases and insect pests.[Methods]From 2018 to 2021,a systematic investigation on diseases and insect pests of B.ramiflora was conducted in Dongxing City,Fangchenggang City,Longzhou County,Pingxiang City,Jingxi City and Napo County in Guangxi.[Results]There were 22 species of diseases and insect pests that harmed B.ramiflora in Guangxi,7 of which were diseases and 15 were insect pests.Leaf blight(Fuasrium spp.)was the main disease at seedling stage,causing severe damage,and anthracnose(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.)caused moderate damage.Cyclosia papilionaris Drury and Chrysochus chinensis Baly had high frequency of occurrence,wide damage area and severe damage.Cyclosia panthono Stoll and Lcerya aegyptiaca Douglas caused moderate damage,while other insect pests caused light damage.[Conclusions]The study lays a foundation for the scientific prevention and control of B.ramiflora diseases and insect pests,and promotes the sustainable and rapid development of B.ramiflora industry in Guangxi.

<i>Baccaurea ramiflora</i>: Isolation of Aldehydes and in Vitro Biological Investigations

The stem bark of Baccaurea ramiflora was studied. Four aldehydes named as 3 methoxy 4 hydroxy-cinnamaldehyde (coniferyl aldehyde);3, 4, 5 trimethoxy cinnamaldehyde;3, 4, 5 trimethoxy benzaldehyde and 3,4 dimethoxy benzaldehyde) (veratraldehyde) have been isolated and then identified by NMR spectroscopy. All of them are first time reported for this plant. Here in vitro biological investigations include antioxidant and cytotoxicity study. Among all fractions, the chloroform soluble fraction exhibited strong free radical scavenging activity having IC50 value of 12.87 μg/ml compared to BHT (IC50 value 5.64 μg/ml). On the contrary, aqueous soluble fraction exhibited most toxicity towards brine shrimp compared with vincristine sulphate having LC50 value of 1.44 and 0.9258 μg/ml respectively.

木奶果果实的常规营养成分分析与比较

为系统分析评价不同品种木奶果果实的营养价值,以红皮木奶果、黄皮木奶果、绿皮木奶果果实为材料,运用常规营养成分检测方法对3种果实中果皮、种子、果肉的净质量及有机物、水分、灰分含量进行测定,对果汁中可溶性蛋白质等营养成分进行测定与分析。结果表明:3个品种的木奶果果汁可溶性蛋白质的含量分别为0.0321、0.0778和0.281 mg·g^(-1)(黄皮木奶果<绿皮木奶果<红皮木奶果)。可溶性糖含量分别为61.4625、94.2125和125.5458μg(红皮木奶果<绿皮木奶果<黄皮木奶果),三者差异极显著。可溶性淀粉含量分别为0.0271%、0.0318%、0.0542%(黄皮木奶果<绿皮木奶果<红皮木奶果)。因此,绿皮木奶果单个果实质量最大,出汁率最高,含有较高的可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖和可溶性淀粉,甜度高,口感酸,风味足;黄皮木奶果与绿皮木奶果相似,但出汁率较低;红皮木奶果的出汁率、可食率和可溶性糖偏低,但其可溶性淀粉含量偏高,其果肉的可溶性蛋白更高。

木奶果根、叶、果实中挥发油化学成分的对比研究

首次采用水蒸汽蒸馏法从大戟科木奶果根、叶和果实中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱对挥发油化学成分进行分析。木奶果根中提取的挥发油分离出37个峰,鉴定出34种化合物,占总油量的98.46%,木奶果叶的挥发油与木奶果根中相同的有10种,占相对含量的76.66%。木奶果果实的挥发油与木奶果根中相同的有7种,占相对含量的69.82%。本研究结果为木奶果根、叶和果实的综合开发利用提供理论依据。

木奶果花色苷提取纯化及其抗氧化活性研究

采用溶剂提取法提取木奶果果肉中的花色苷,得到最佳提取工艺条件为:提取溶剂为用1%HCl酸化过的乙醇溶液,溶剂浓度为60%,料液比为1∶20(g/mL),提取时间为45min,提取温度为50℃;采用大孔树脂法分离和纯化提取物中的花色苷,5种大孔树脂静态吸附率大小顺序为:AB-8(92.80%)>D101(91.90%)>NKA-Ⅱ(90.80%)>X-S(90.50%)>D-151(88.20%)>D-280(83.40%);选用D-101和AB-8两种对花色苷吸附率较高的树脂进行解吸率实验,选择乙醇为洗脱液,当乙醇浓度为60%时,D-101和AB-8的洗脱率分别为82.06%和84.32%;采用DPPH自由基法测定木奶果中花色苷的抗氧化活性,当花色苷的浓度为5.70μg/mL时,自由基清除率最高达到90.00%,IC50为3.35μg/mL,表现为较强的抗氧化活性。

木奶果果皮多酚提取工艺优化及其体外抗氧化活性研究

研究木奶果果皮多酚水浴振荡辅助提取工艺及其体外抗氧化活性。在单因素试验基础上,采用响应面法优化木奶果果皮多酚的水浴振荡辅助乙醇提取工艺,并以V_C为对照,对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除能力进行探讨。结果表明:采用优化后的工艺条件,提取时间63 min、提取温度65℃、乙醇浓度66%、液料比42∶1(m L/g),木奶果果皮多酚提取量为31.2 mg/g,与模型预测值31.0 mg/g相近,最佳工艺实用性强。体外抗氧化活性实验表明,木奶果果皮多酚对于DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的IC50值分别为12.3、2.35、0.141 mg/m L,最高清除率分别为90.6%、99.1%和61.9%,说明木奶果果皮多酚具有很强的抗氧化活性。

木奶果根中的新倍半萜内酯

目的研究木奶果Baccaurea ramiflora根的化学成分。方法采用各种色谱技术进行分离纯化,通过理化常数和UV、IR、ESI-MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、Dept90、Dept135、1H-1HCOSY、1H-1HNOESY、HMQC、HMBC光谱分析鉴定化合物结构。结果分离和鉴定出一种新化合物。结论该化合物为新化合物,命名为表二氢羟基马桑毒素。

木奶果播种育苗技术及苗期生长节律

介绍了木奶果的种子处理、播种和育苗技术,并用Logistic方程对木奶果(Baccaurea ramiflora)1年生容器实生苗的苗高、地径年生长节律进行拟合。结果表明,1年中,苗高生长有1次生长高峰,地径生长有2次生长高峰,Logistic方程拟合效果显著。采用有序样本聚类分析对木奶果容器苗苗期日生长率进行分析,将苗木生长划分为生长初期、缓生期、速生期、生长后期4个阶段,并根据不同阶段的生长特性提出相应的育苗措施。

不同处理对木奶果种子萌发的影响

研究不同木奶果种质、不同种子处理方法、播后观测时间三因素对木奶果种子发芽率的影响。结果表明,除了不同种质和不同观测时间二者交互作用对木奶果种子发芽率影响不显著外,其它单因素和交互作用均极显著影响木奶果种子发芽率;红皮木奶果种子萌发率高于白皮木奶果;红皮木奶果果实剥皮清洗种子发芽率最高,为79.86%,而白皮木奶果果实剥皮清洗种子发芽率最低,为38.78%。

主成分分析法在枝花木奶果优树选择中的应用

采用5株优势木对比法,并利用主成分分析法对海南岛不同地区的野生枝花木奶果进行优树选择。变异系数分析结果表明:28个初选优树个体间的13项选优性状既存在显著差异性,又存在稳定性。总体来看,树木的健康状况和产量在不同个体间的表型变异大,而果实形态及其果肉物质含量则表型变异小,树形态的表型变异居中,具备了进行选优的丰富差异性,同时又存在稳定的特征。根据各性状的负荷值,第一主成分与总糖(0.892)、胸径树高比(0.631)存在较强的正相关,与总酸(-0.795)存在较强的负相关,且贡献率达到22.083%,明显高于第二主成分,因此选择胸径株高比、总糖以及总酸作为枝花木奶果表型因子选择的主要指标,即选优的标准。计算基于13个性状指标的候选优树的综合得分,得到28株初选优树的综合得分排序,选出优良单株共5株,依次分别为M5,M3,M1-3,M1,M5-1。

气相色谱-质谱法分析木奶果挥发油的化学成分

采用水蒸汽蒸馏法从大戟科木奶果中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱对挥发油的化学成分进行了分析。鉴定出19种化合物,占总油量的100%,用面积归一化法测定了各成分的相对百分含量。木奶果挥发油主要成分为正十六碳酸、丁基甲氧基苯、9,12-十八碳二烯酸,分别占挥发油总量的29.53%、17.47%和11.59%,三者占其总量的58.59%。

木奶果茎叶的化学成分研究

采用常压柱色谱和重结晶相结合的分离方法,从木奶果的茎叶提取物的乙酸乙酯部分中分离得到8个化合物,通过波谱方法及与已知样品对照的手段鉴定它们为(2S,3S,4R)-2-[(2R)-2-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol(1),Aralia cerebroside(2),(24S)-24-ethylcholesta-3β,5α,6β-triol(3),Stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one(4),7-oxo-β-sitosterol(5),7α-methoxy-sigmast-5-en-3β-ol(6),β-sitosterol(7),daucosterol(8)。化合物1-6为首次从该种植物中发现的。

6个品系木奶果光合生理特性分析

【目的】考察不同品系木奶果的光合生理特性差异,为进一步选育优良木奶果品种及其在大田推广栽培提供科学依据。【方法】采用便携式光合仪CIRAS-3测定6个品系木奶果嫁接苗叶片的气体交换参数,记录各光合生理参数,分析与比较不同品系木奶果的光合生理特性差异。【结果】在6个品系木奶果的光合生理参数中,蒸腾速率(T_(r))、胞间二氧化碳浓度(C_(i))、气孔导度(G_(s))、水蒸气压亏缺(VPD)、水分利用效率(WUE)、气孔限制值(L_(s))和羧化效率(CE)在品系间差异明显,其中,T_(r)为2.83~3.98 mmol/(m^(2)·s),C_(i)为260.70~287.10μmol/mol,G_(s)为81.10~128.90 mmol/(m^(2)·s),VPD为3.12~3.64 mb,WUE为1.26~1.87μmol/mmol,L_(s)为0.25~0.32μmol/(m^(2)·s),CE为0.017%~0.025%;而净光合速率(P_(n))为4.56~6.48μmol/(m^(2)·s),光能利用效率(LUE)为0.0038~0.0054μmol/mmol,二者在品系间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。6个品系木奶果的光合生理指标间存在明显的相关性,其中,P_(n)与LUE(r=1.000**)和CE(r=0.972**)、LUE与CE(r=0.972**)、C_(i)与L_(s)(r=-0.997**)呈极显著相关(P<0.01);T_(r)与G_(s)(r=0.911*)、C_(i)与WUE(r=-0.834*)呈显著相关(P<0.05)。聚类分析结果表明,6个品系木奶果可聚类为光合生理特性较优的景洪5号、毛感3号和上念1号及光合生理特性一般的滩冷1号、坡那1号和兴隆2号两类品系。【结论】不同品系木奶果苗木的光合生理特性存在差异,其中景洪5号、毛感3号和上念1号较适宜在大田推广栽培,人工栽培管理过程中应根据其不同的光合特性采取相应的防晒保湿措施。

木奶果种质资源的遗传多样性分析及DNA指纹图谱构建

【目的】对来自广西、云南、海南和广东的63份木奶果种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,并构建对应的DNA指纹图谱,为木奶果种质资源的分类鉴定、保护和利用提供理论参考。【方法】选取3份地理位置相差较远的种质,从75条SCoT引物中筛选出条带清晰、重复性好和多态性丰富的引物,对63份供试种质进行多态性扩增,利用Popgene 1.32和NTsys 2.10e进行遗传多样性和聚类分析,并依据扩增结果构建DNA指纹图谱。【结果】筛选出的6条SCoT引物从63份木奶果种质资源中共扩增出192条带,其中多态性条带188条,多态性比率为97.86%;每条引物扩增的条带数为26~36条,平均为32条,多态性条带数为26~36条,平均每条引物可扩增出31.33条多态性条带,多态性比率为90.00%~100.00%;多态性信息含量值(PIC)为0.9052~0.9527,平均0.9319,Shannon’s信息指数(I)在0.2459~0.3878,Nei’s基因多样性(H’)为0.1476~0.2412,等位基因数(Na)为1.9000~2.0000,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.2324~1.3700。6条SCoT引物扩增出的多态性条带存在明显差异,单条引物可区分的种质份数为49~63份,平均为58份。供试材料间的遗传相似系数(GS)为0.5781~0.9115,平均为0.7496,在遗传相似性系数为0.7100处被分为5个组,其中A组为2份广西的种质、B组为1份广西的种质;C组为4份云南的种质;D组为海南和广东的全部种质;E组为剩余的50份种质。将进一步筛选出的5条SCoT引物(SCoT32、SCoT66、SCoT68、SCoT73和SCoT74)用于初步构建63份木奶果种质资源的DNA指纹图谱,每份种质均有唯一对应的图谱。【结论】供试的63份木奶果种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,种质间的亲缘关系与地域有一定的相关性。所筛选的6条SCoT引物具有较强的多态性,适用于木奶果种质资源的评价鉴定、遗传多样性分析及指纹图谱构建等研究。

木奶果果酒加工工艺优化

以新鲜木奶果为原料,通过单因素和正交试验,对木奶果果酒加工工艺进行研究。结果显示,木奶果果酒的最佳发酵初始条件为:初始糖度20°Bx,初始pH4.5,酵母菌接种量1.0 g/L,主发酵时间9 d。在此最佳工艺条件下进行发酵,所得木奶果果酒酒精度为12.56%vol,感官评分为92分,残糖为6.59 g/L(以葡萄糖计),总酸为11.82 g/L(以柠檬酸计),酒体呈淡棕红色,澄清透明,果香浓郁,口感细腻。

二氧化氯对木奶果保鲜效果的影响

以木奶果为试材,采用质量浓度分别为25、50、75、100 mg/L的ClO2进行处理,并在4℃条件下贮藏,定期测定不同处理果实的品质和生理指标。结果表明:ClO2处理可延缓木奶果果实硬度、可滴定酸和VC含量的下降以及可溶性固形物含量的升高,抑制木奶果果实失重率、果皮褐变指数、果皮细胞膜透性的增大,促进POD和CAT活性增加,抑制PPO活性,从而显著提高果实的商品品质和耐贮性。不同质量浓度ClO2处理对木奶果的贮藏效果存在显著差异,其中50 mg/L ClO2处理效果最好。

蒽酮法测定木奶果果实中可溶性糖含量的研究

采用蒽酮法测定木奶果果实中可溶性糖含量,建立木奶果果实中可溶性糖含量的测定方法。结果表明：吸光度值与标准葡萄糖含量的线性关系较好（R2=0.9974）,平均回收率为97.70%（n=8,RSD=2.18%）。测定出5种来源的木奶果果实中可溶性糖含量在10.11%-12.35%之间,平均含量为11.00%。蒽酮法测定木奶果果实中可溶性糖含量快速、准确、稳定性好,作为木奶果果实中可溶性糖含量的测定方法可行。

野生木奶果的开发利用研究进展

对木奶果的生物学特性、种质资源、繁殖方式及其药用价值等进行论述,分析木奶果当前开发利用的价值所在,提出加强对其开发利用的渠道,为木奶果的推广利用提供一定的科学依据。