Geographical Distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains and vip3 Genes in Different Climatic Zones in China

Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins(VIPs), a large family of insecticidal proteins, are produced from Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) during the vegetative growth stage. VIPs represent the second generation of bio-insecticides that confer a wider insecticidal spectrum and have stronger activity. This work compared the geographical distribution of Bt strains and their vip3 genes in different climatic zones in China, the tropical(Hainan Province), subtropical(Guangxi Province) and temperate zones(Heilongjiang Province). A total of 156 Bt strains were isolated from 841 soil samples in Hainan Province tropical region, 356 Bt strains from 1 420 soil samples in Guangxi Province and 167 Bt strains from 1 010 soil samples in different geographical regions in Heilongjiang Province. Twenty-two out of 156 strains from tropical Hainan Province and two out of 356 from subtropical Guangxi Province were found to express vip3 genes, while vip3 genes were not expressed from temperate zone in Heilongjiang Province. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism(RFLP) was used to identify different types of vip3 genes that were within the same family and three fulllength vip3 genes were isolated. The genes cloned from Bacillus thuringiensis strain SL3 expressed in the transformed E. coli BL21 strain. Through SDS-PAGE, 88.6 ku insecticidal protein was expressed. The bioassays used two-instar larva of Lepidoptera insects(Spodoptera exigua and Agrotis ipsilon) were performed. The results of the bioassays showed that the protein strongly inhibited the body weight increasement on Spodoptera exigua and Agrotis ipsilon in a standard bioassay. Taken together, the results indicated that the distribution of Bt strains and vip3 genes had regional preference. Tropical and subtropical regions were the rich resources of Bt strains and vip3 genes compared with temperate region. These results would undoubtedly facilitate the studies of insecticidal proteins and expand the list of the pest-killing candidates to make fully use of the extremely rich microbial resources. The new vip3 genes isolated in the current study might also help resolve the emerging insecticidal resistance problems.

八字地老虎高毒力苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)菌株的筛选

摘要：苏云金杆菌是应用最广泛的昆虫病原微生物。文章采用叶片浸渍法，室内用50株Bt菌株对4～5日龄八字地老虎幼虫进行生物测定。结果表明，菌株Btl5、Bt43、Bt47、Bt65、Bt66对八字地老虎幼虫有较高毒力，其中以茵株Btl5毒力最高，其对低龄八字地老虎幼虫杀虫效果可达90％~X上，在第5、7、10天毒力回归方程分别为产28．61353x一177．58825（,-=0．944799），y=37．42650x一226．25199（r=0．983670），y=36．72547x一206．81374（r=0．931267）；其中Lcso分别为9~10’、2．4~10’、0．98~10’efu·mL～。在5×10。、1~10。efu·mL。浓度下，其LT50、u、，o和u、，0分别为2．23、2．75、3．73d；4．28、6．19、10．55d。表明该菌株是一株对八字地老虎有很好生物防治应用前景的Bt菌株。

A Novel Bacillus thuringiensis Cry57 Protein Domain Swap Influence on Insecticidal Activity

Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） is widely used in insecticides. Bt is a gram positive sporulation bacterium belonging to Bacillaceae family. It produces different insecticidal proteins like Cry toxin, Vip toxin, β-exotoxin and chitinase, etc. Bt insecticidal crystal proteins （ICPs） are not homologous to other known Vip protein and then act against lepidopteran, dipteran, coleopteran and nematodeslarvae via a unique process. In this experiment, modern high-throughput sequencing technique and sequencing were used and the whole genome sequence of BtLTS290 was obtained. The results compared to the database of GenBank showed that there was a cry57 gene in the genome sequence of BtLTS290. A novel cry57 gene was cloned and named cry57Ab1 （accession number is KF638650） by International Nomenclature Committee of Bt Endotoxin. cry57Ab1 gene could be expressed with the molecular weight of 90 ku. Cry57Ab1 protein had no obvious activity against Spodoptera exigua and Helicoverpa armigera. And Cry57Ab1 protein had a slight insecticidal activity against Ostrinia furnacalis and Plutella xylostella. Furthermore, the domain Ⅱof Cry57Ab1 and Cry1Bb were exchanged by overlapping extension PCR. SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular weight of Cry57Ab/1Bb/57Ab was about 90 ku. The insecticidal activity of Cry57Ab1 protein and Cry57Ab/1Bb/57Ab recombinant protein were determined. The results showed that the insecticidal activity of the recombinant protein to Spodoptera exigua and Helicoverpa armigera was very low, and the corrected mortality was less than 10%. The insecticidal activities against Ostrinia furnacalis and Plutella xylostella were reduced. The corrected mortality of Ostrinia furnacalis was 4.4%, and the corrected mortality rate for Plutella xylostella was 6.7%. Domain Ⅱof cry toxin played a key role on affecting host specifcity.

Evaluation of Cuban Bacillus thuringiensis(Berliner,1911)(Bacillales:Bacillacea)isolates with larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti(Linnaeus,1762)(Diptera:Culicidae)

Objective:To evaluate 11 Cuban native Bacillus(B.)thuringiensis isolates in order to select one with the best larvicidal activity against Aedes(Ae.)aegypti and low cytotoxicity.Methods:The cry and cyt genes of the isolates(A21,A51,L95,L910,M29,R84,R85,R87,R89,U81 and X48)were amplified by PCR.The influence of organic matter and NaCl on the larvicidal activity was tested by bioassays.Cytotoxicity was assayed on peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice.Results:The cyt1(Aa,Ab,Ba),cyt2,cry4aA,cry4Ba,cry11(Aa,Ba,Bb)and cry10 genes were identified in all native Cuban isolates.The larvicidal activity(LC_(90))of seven isolates was affected by the presence of organic matter in the water,while A21,A51,L910,R84,U81 and X48 had better LC_(50),LC_(90),LC_(95) than the 266/29-Ⅶ-98 control strain.The LC_(50) of two isolates was affected by the presence of NaCl and A21,A51,R85 isolate had better larvicidal activity than the 266/29-Ⅶ-98 control strain.In terms of toxicity against macrophages,the extracts of nine isolates were less cytotoxic than the control strains.Conclusions:Native isolate A21 had the main virulence factors against Ae.aegypti larvae,displayed a good larvicidal activity in presence of different factors related with Ae.aegypti breeding sites,and had low citotoxicity against macrophages.These results can contribute to the improvement of existing biological control strategies and the development of new biolarvicides.

对黄曲条跳甲高毒力Bt菌株的鉴定及田间药效评价

为了探索蔬菜害虫黄曲条跳甲的生物防治措施,从海南省土壤中分离出的一株对黄曲条跳甲高毒力Bt菌株BS128,根据形态学和分子水平鉴定,明确该菌株属于苏云金芽胞杆菌,含有cry8Ga新型杀虫编码基因。通过室内生物活性评价,苏云金芽胞杆菌BS128菌悬液对黄曲条跳甲3 d的LC50值为60.0093μg/mL,250μg/mL BS128菌悬液9000 mL/hm^(2)土壤处理对黄曲条跳甲防治效果为67.66%(15 d),250μg/mL BS128菌悬液9000 m L/hm^(2)叶面喷雾对黄曲条跳甲7 d和10 d防效分别为61.86%和62.16%。结果显示2株Bt菌株土壤处理防治跳甲效果不低于叶面喷雾防治效果。我们认为利用Bt防治黄曲条跳甲更适用土壤处理,一方面重视了土壤中黄曲条跳甲幼虫的防治,可以减缓苗期成虫的危害;另一方面Bt在土壤中更利于发挥作用,持效期长,避免了叶面喷施Bt受到高温或者强紫外线照射失活。

Genetic transformation of Pinus taeda by particle bombardment

A protocol is presented for genetically engineering loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) using particle bombardment. This protocol enabled the routine transformation of loblolly pine plants that were previously difficult to transform. Mature zygotic embryos were used to be bombarded and to generate organogenic callus and transgenic regenerated plants. Plasmid pB48.215 DNA contained a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) cryIAc coding sequence flanked by the double cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and nopaline synthase (Nos) terminator sequences, and the selectable marker gene, neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) controlled by the promoter of the nopaline synthase gene was introduced into loblolly pine tissues by particle bombardment. The transformed tissues were proliferated and selected by kanamycin resistance conferred by the introduced NPTII gene. Shoot regeneration was induced from the kanamycin-resistant callus, and transgenic plantlets were then produced. The presence of the introduced genes in the transgenic loblolly pine plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) analysis, by Southern blot analysis, and insect feeding assays. The recovered transgenic plants were acclimatized and then established in soil.

我国不同森林立地带Bt分离株杀虫晶体蛋白及基因分析

利用苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCR RFLP鉴定体系和SDS PAGE方法分析了来自我国不同森林立地带土壤中的 72株苏云金芽孢杆菌的cry1、cry2、cry3、cry4、cry5、cry8、cry9、cry10、cry11、cry1I等 10类基因类型和表达蛋白 ,并进行了杀虫活性的生物测定。研究表明 :同时含有cry1,cry2 ,cry1I 3类基因的有 2 1株菌 ,6株菌含有cry1,cry2类基因 ,4株菌含有cry1和cry1I类基因 ,只含有cry1基因的有 1株 ,cry2类基因的 4株 ,36株菌不含所鉴定的 10类cry基因。同时证明 ,绝大多数含有cry1基因的菌株表达了 130kDa蛋白 ,含有cry2基因的菌株表达了 6 0kDa蛋白。生物活性测定表明 ,共同含有cry1Aa、cry1Ac和cry2基因的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫具有较强的杀虫活性 ,只含有单一基因和不含上述基因的菌株杀虫活性较弱。

31株苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白基因型鉴定及表达产物研究

利用已建立的苏云金芽孢杆菌cry基因的PCR RFLP鉴定体系 ,鉴定了 31株Bt菌株的cry基因类型 ,并进行了SDS PAGE分析和杀虫生物活性测定。研究表明 :2 5株含cry1基因 ,表达蛋白 1 30～ 1 50kD ;其中 1 6株含有对鞘翅目和鳞翅目害虫皆有活性的cry1I基因 ,其表达蛋白为 81kD ;1 5株同时含有cry1和cry2基因 ( 1 3株表达蛋白约为 60kD) ;1 0株含有未知待定基因 ;6株不含所鉴定的cry基因 (其中 2株有表达产物 )。室内生物测定表明 :cry1、cry2基因表达的菌株对鳞翅目害虫具有高杀虫活性 ,7株对舞毒蛾和膜翅目———杨叶蜂幼虫具有较高杀虫活性 ;含有cry1Aa、cry1Ac、cry2或cry1Ab、cry1Ac、cry2基因组合的菌株对棉铃虫幼虫均显示杀虫活性 ,其中 6、1 2、30号菌株毒力最强。不含上述cry基因的菌株均无杀虫活性。以上结果证明 ,通过cry基因类型鉴定和表达产物的SDS PAGE分析可以预测菌株的杀虫活性。

苏云金杆菌对甜菜夜蛾毒性的筛选

测定了 10 0株野生型苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株对夜蛾科甜菜夜蛾幼虫的毒力活性 ,经回归分析 ,2 3株对甜菜夜蛾初孵幼虫的毒力与浓度有高相关性 (R >0 .90 ) ,按LC50 计算 ,CN73活性最强 ,LC50 达 2 .393微升培养液 /克饲料 ( μL/g) ;另有 2 3株进行了不同浓度下校正死亡率的比较 ,得到高毒株 13株 ,CN33在 5μL/g浓度下校正死亡率达到 10 0 %。该结果为进一步研究奠定了基础。

苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白对棉铃虫活性分析

利用已克隆的5种Bt Cry基因Cry2Ab4、Cry1Ia8、Cry1Ie1、Cry1Ca7、Cry1Cb2和1种野生菌株HD-73(Cry1Ac)表达的6种Bt Cry杀虫晶体蛋白,对棉铃虫进行生物活性分析,并将Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白分别与其它5种Cry蛋白按1:1的比例组合,对棉铃虫进行生物活性测定。结果表明,单独使用Cry1Ac时对棉铃虫活性最高,LC50为3.16μg·mL-1,其次为Cry2Ab4。Cry1Ac与Cry2Ab4组合对棉铃虫也有较高的活性,LC50为48.70μg·mL-1,该组合对棉铃虫的共毒系数为1.21,有相加作用。Cry1Ac与这5种蛋白的组合对棉铃虫都有较高的毒力。

武夷山土壤中分离的Bt杀蚊新菌株

本研究对武夷山的5份土壤样本进行苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)菌株的分离,获得2株Bt新菌株,编号分别为QQ3和QQ17。生物测定结果表明,QQ17对白纹伊蚊有很高的杀虫活性,校正死亡率达95.6%,超过标准菌株Bt H-14;SDS-PAGE结果显示,QQ17菌株含多种杀蚊蛋白。因此该新菌株将会是一个很好的生物杀蚊制剂候选菌株。

响应面分析法优化耐高温蛋白酶发酵培养基

采用响应面分析方法对产耐高温蛋白酶的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringien- sis)FZ62发酵培养基进行优化．首先,进行发酵培养基碳源、氮源及初始pH值的单因素筛选,优化结果表明最适氮源为酵母粉、碳源是葡萄糖,初始pH值范围6-8．在此基础经响应面法优化,发酵培养基最佳组合为:酵母粉2．04%,葡萄糖为0．10%,初始pH7．07．经以上优化后发酵水平比初始设计提高了3．22倍．

产耐温蛋白酶苏云金芽孢杆菌FS140液体发酵条件优化

应用快速有效的数学统计方法对苏云金芽孢菌FS140耐温蛋白酶的发酵条件进行优化.首先采用二水平Plackett-Burman设计对影响产酶的8因素进行筛选,获得培养基成分中3个重要影响的因子:黄豆饼粉、酵母粉、葡萄糖;再利用响应面分析法对该3个因素进行3水平的优化,获得它们的最佳组合:黄豆饼粉1.8%、酵母粉0.36%、葡萄糖0.14%.优化后产酶水平达到837.71U mL-1,与响应面数学模型的预测值只有1.34%的误差.同时进行了发酵温度、初始pH、摇瓶装量与接种量等发酵条件的优化,FS140最终发酵产酶水平达918.91U mL-1.

苏云金芽孢杆菌S1478-1分离株的特性鉴定及cry1Ac同源基因克隆

本研究对从海南岛尖峰岭热带雨林自然保护区的土壤样品中分离出的Bt菌株S1478-1进行了特性鉴定,研究表明S1478-1分离株菌落形态和生长特征和Bt参照菌株HD73极其相似。16SrDNA序列分析表明,S1478-1分离株与其它B.thuringiensis、B.cereus和B.anthracis的16SrDNA序列相似性达到99%。分离株能产菱形伴胞晶体,SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳分析表明,菌株在生长后期,形成芽孢同时分泌130kD大小的晶体蛋白。生物测定表明S1478-1分离株对小菜蛾具有很高的毒杀活性,LC50值高达5.159×108cfu/mL。初步显示S1478-1分离株可作为防治鳞翅目害虫的生物农药菌株。利用PCR-RFLP方法鉴定S1478-1分离株含有cry1Ac同源基因,以PCR粘性端克隆方法扩增全长基因,序列测定表明该基因ORF为3537bp,编码1178个氨基酸,推定的编码蛋白分子量为133.3kD,与其它cry1Ac基因序列最高达到99%同源,因此,该基因可作为杀虫工程菌及培育转基因抗虫作物的候选基因。

Bt菌株DQ89的sip基因的克隆、表达及杀虫活性分析

苏云金芽胞杆菌Bacillus thuringicnsis(Bt)是一种广泛存在于自然界中的生防微生物,其杀虫活性主要来源于杀虫基因编码的内毒素(insecticidal crystal proteins,ICPs)、营养期杀虫蛋白(vegetative insecticidal protein,VIP)和分泌期杀虫蛋白(secreted insecticidal protein,Sip),相比于以上2种杀虫蛋白,Sip的研究相对较少。本研究从实验室中的Bt野生菌株中克隆sip基因,其中编号为DQ89的Bt菌株成功克隆得到1188 bp大小的sip基因,编码395个氨基酸,与已知的Sip1A蛋白的相似性为87%,序列提交到Gen Bank并获得登录号KP114614。将该基因在大肠杆菌中表达的蛋白进行生物活性测定,结果显示其对大猿叶甲Colaphellus bowringi Baly具有一定的杀虫活性,其LC50为1.542μg/m L。

二化螟高毒力苏云金杆菌菌株的筛选

以高毒力苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt）为供试菌株,以二化螟为试虫,初步研究了30个Bt菌株对1-2龄二化螟幼虫的毒力效果,进而以筛选出的5株较高青力Bt菌株进行2-3龄二化螟幼虫青力试验,以筛选出适合黑龙江省二化螟防治的Bt菌株。结果表明：Bt14菌株在饲喂菌液168h后,二化螟的校正死亡率可达90%以上,毒力回归方程为y=0.6121x＋0.8789,R2=0.9989,LC50=5.4×106芽孢/mL,致死剂量与其它菌株差异显著,表明该菌株对防治二化螟具有很好的应用前景。

对美国白蛾高毒力苏云金杆菌菌株的筛选

为获得对美国白蛾（Hyphantria cunea（Drury））高毒力苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis，Bt）菌株，本研究以43株Bt自然分离株为材料，经初步筛选和LC50测定得到了对美国白蛾幼虫高毒力菌株Bt S-19，在此基础上对该菌株的生物学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明，野生株间对美国白蛾活性差异明显，LC50测定结果经DPS软件分析，菌株Bt S-19活性最好，处理72h后对初孵幼虫LC50值为1．8×10^5cells／mL，浓度对数回归方程为Y=1．0829＋0．7444X，相关系数为0．9888，明显好于标准菌株HD-1；对二龄、三龄、四龄和五龄幼虫72h的Lc50值分别为2．3×10^5、8．1×10^5、1．3×10^6和3．1×10^6cells／mL。光学显微镜下观察发现该菌株晶体为小菱形，生长对数期为2～5h。推断该菌株是一株对美国白蛾有应用潜力的Bt野生株。

几株高效苏云金杆菌菌株对玉米螟、棉铃虫、粘虫和黄地老虎的毒力测定

本文以玉米螟、棉铃虫、粘虫和黄地老虎为供试昆虫，对筛选出的７株高效苏云金杆菌菌株的孢晶制剂进行了毒力测定。以ＬＣ５０为衡量各菌株的毒效指标，属血清型Ｈ６的“Ｇ０２”菌株对上述４种供试昆虫的毒力最高，属血清型Ｈ３ａ３ｂ的“８０－１”菌株对棉铃虫和粘虫的毒力也高于“ＨＤ－１”菌株。

苏云金杆菌辅助蛋白P20对营养期杀虫蛋白Vip3A表达的影响

为检测苏云金杆菌辅助蛋白P20对Vip3A表达和杀虫活性的影响,将p20基因与vip3A基因相连构建了重组质粒pHVP20,然后电激转化至Bt中进行了共表达,以仅携带vip3A基因的质粒pHPT3作为对照质粒。Westernblot结果显示,当vip3A基因和p20基因在Bt无晶体缺陷株CryB中共表达时,Vip3A蛋白的最大表达量约是其在CryB(pHPT3)菌株中单独表达的1.5倍。生物测定结果表明,CryB(pHVP20)和CryB(pHPT3)菌株对初孵斜纹夜蛾幼虫的LC50值分别为48.79μg/mL和78.00μg/mL,这说明P20蛋白可以促进vip3A基因在Bt中的表达,但对提高Vip3A蛋白的杀虫毒力没有显著性帮助。

河北省不同生态区的苏云金杆菌资源调查

在河北省６个生态区共采集土样４６３７个，从中分离获得２４１株苏云金杆菌，平均分出率为５．２％。从苏云金杆菌在河北省６个生态区的分布上分析，南太行山东麓暖温半干旱区苏云金杆菌分出率最高，达９．８％；冀中凉温半干旱区苏云金杆菌种类最多，有５种Ｈ血清型分布。对分离菌株鞭毛血清型鉴定结果表明，河北省有Ｈ１、Ｈ３、Ｈ４、Ｈ５、Ｈ６、Ｈ１０及Ｈ１１型的苏云金杆菌分布，其中Ｈ１１型为我国首次分离。通过对２４１株苏云金杆菌的生物测定，筛选出１０余株对玉米螟、棉铃虫和粘虫的高毒力菌株。