Satellite microwave instruments have different field of views(FOVs)in different channels.A direct average technique(“direct method”)is frequently used to generate gridded datasets in the earth science community.A la...Satellite microwave instruments have different field of views(FOVs)in different channels.A direct average technique(“direct method”)is frequently used to generate gridded datasets in the earth science community.A large FOV will measure radiance from outside the area of a designated grid cell.Thus,the direct method will lead to errors in a measurement over a grid cell because some pixels covering areas outside of the cell are involved in the averaging process.The Backus−Gilbert method(BG method)is proposed and demonstrated to minimize those uncertainties.Three sampling resolutions(6.5 km×6.0 km,11.5 km×6.0 km,13.0 km×6.0 km)are analyzed based on the scanning characteristics of the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)Microwave Imager(GMI)18.9-GHz channel.Brightness temperatures(TBs)at 0.5 km×0.5 km resolution over eastern China are used to obtain synthetic 18.9-GHz TBs at the three sampling resolutions.The direct and BG methods are both applied to create a 25 km×25 km gridded dataset and their related uncertainties are analyzed.Results indicate the error variances with the direct method are 3.00,3.68 and 4.99 K2 at the three sampling resolutions,respectively.By contrast,the BG method leads to a much smaller error variance than the direct method,especially over areas with a large TB gradient.Two GMI orbital measurements are applied to verify the BG method for gridding process is reliable.The BG method could be utilized for general purpose of creating a gridded dataset.展开更多
Complex System Modeling,Simulation and Optimization Language(CoSMSOL)is problem-oriented and designed to run on multi-core computers.This paper provides the system environment of CoSMSOL and proposes the modeling meth...Complex System Modeling,Simulation and Optimization Language(CoSMSOL)is problem-oriented and designed to run on multi-core computers.This paper provides the system environment of CoSMSOL and proposes the modeling methods of complex system,language text specification,function library,algorithm library,parallel simulation algorithms and intelligent optimization algorithms which support continuous system,discrete system and agent systems.Also,we developed a simulation language compiler of CoSMSOL,which is employed in two case studies generating a multi-entity war gaming system and an aerodynamic spacecraft model.The two cases illustrate main functions and implementation processes of CoSMSOL.The results validate that CoSMSOL is useful to model agent-based system and aerospace system.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2018YFC1507200 and 2017YFC1501402)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)program(Grant No.2019QZKK0104)+1 种基金an NSFC Project(Grant Nos.91837310,41675041,and 41620104009)the Key Research and Development Projects in Anhui Province(Grant No.201904a07020099),and CLIMATE-TPE(ID 32070)under the framework of the ESA-MOST Dragon 4 program.
文摘Satellite microwave instruments have different field of views(FOVs)in different channels.A direct average technique(“direct method”)is frequently used to generate gridded datasets in the earth science community.A large FOV will measure radiance from outside the area of a designated grid cell.Thus,the direct method will lead to errors in a measurement over a grid cell because some pixels covering areas outside of the cell are involved in the averaging process.The Backus−Gilbert method(BG method)is proposed and demonstrated to minimize those uncertainties.Three sampling resolutions(6.5 km×6.0 km,11.5 km×6.0 km,13.0 km×6.0 km)are analyzed based on the scanning characteristics of the Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM)Microwave Imager(GMI)18.9-GHz channel.Brightness temperatures(TBs)at 0.5 km×0.5 km resolution over eastern China are used to obtain synthetic 18.9-GHz TBs at the three sampling resolutions.The direct and BG methods are both applied to create a 25 km×25 km gridded dataset and their related uncertainties are analyzed.Results indicate the error variances with the direct method are 3.00,3.68 and 4.99 K2 at the three sampling resolutions,respectively.By contrast,the BG method leads to a much smaller error variance than the direct method,especially over areas with a large TB gradient.Two GMI orbital measurements are applied to verify the BG method for gridding process is reliable.The BG method could be utilized for general purpose of creating a gridded dataset.
文摘济阳坳陷罗家地区页岩储层的固有各向异性及水平层理发育使得储层呈现VTI(vertical transversely isotropy)各向异性,而VTI各向异性背景下垂直裂缝的发育使得储层进一步呈现等效正交各向异性特征。本文以正交各向异性介质作为罗家页岩油储层模型,在岩石物理建模中应用Backus平均理论将测井尺度的VTI各向异性粗化至地震尺度,并利用Schoenberg理论在VTI各向异性背景中引入垂直裂缝,进而得到正交各向异性等效介质模型,同时考虑裂缝尺度和流体填充等因素。之后,应用各向异性反射率法进行全波场地震正演模拟,计算正交各向异性页岩油储层AVAZ(amplitude versus azimuth)响应,通过振幅的方位特征进行储层裂缝识别。计算结果表明,PP波、PSV波和PSH波方位振幅响应各不相同,且方位振幅分布图的拟合形状可反映裂缝的发育方向,为页岩油储层中裂缝的地震识别提供依据。
文摘Complex System Modeling,Simulation and Optimization Language(CoSMSOL)is problem-oriented and designed to run on multi-core computers.This paper provides the system environment of CoSMSOL and proposes the modeling methods of complex system,language text specification,function library,algorithm library,parallel simulation algorithms and intelligent optimization algorithms which support continuous system,discrete system and agent systems.Also,we developed a simulation language compiler of CoSMSOL,which is employed in two case studies generating a multi-entity war gaming system and an aerodynamic spacecraft model.The two cases illustrate main functions and implementation processes of CoSMSOL.The results validate that CoSMSOL is useful to model agent-based system and aerospace system.
