Bacterial Cellulose/Zwitterionic Dual-network Porous Gel Polymer Electrolytes with High Ionic Conductivity

Bacterial cellulose(BC)was innovatively combined with zwitterionic copolymer acrylamide and sulfobetaine methacrylic acid ester[P(AM-co-SBMA)]to build a dual-network porous structure gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs)with high ionic conductivity.The dual network structure BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)gels were formed by a simple one-step polymerization method.The results show that ionic conductivity of BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)GPEs at the room temperature are 3.2×10^(-2) S/cm@1 M H_(2)SO_(4),4.5×10^(-2) S/cm@4 M KOH,and 3.6×10^(-2) S/cm@1 M NaCl,respectively.Using active carbon(AC)as the electrodes,BC/P(AM-co-SBMA)GPEs as both separator and electrolyte matrix,and 4 M KOH as the electrolyte,a symmetric solid supercapacitors(SSC)(AC-GPE-KOH)was assembled and testified.The specific capacitance of AC electrode is 173 F/g and remains 95.0%of the initial value after 5000 cycles and 86.2%after 10,000 cycles.

Enhanced Dye Adsorption and Bacterial Removal of Magnetic Nanoparticle-Functionalized Bacterial Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Utilizing biomass waste as a potential resource for cellulose production holds promise in mitigating environmental consequences.The current study aims to utilize pineapple biowaste extract in producing bacterial cellulose acetate-based membranes with magnetic nanoparticles(Fe_(3)O_(4)nanoparticles)through the fermentation and esterification process and explore its characteristics.The bacterial cellulose fibrillation used a high-pressure homogenization procedure,and membranes were developed incorporating 0.25,0.50,0.75,and 1.0 wt.%of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as magnetic nanoparticle for functionalization.The membrane characteristics were measured in terms of Scanning Electron Microscope,X-ray diffraction,Fourier Transform Infrared,Vibrating Sample Magnetometer,antibacterial activity,bacterial adhesion and dye adsorption studies.The results indicated that the surface morphology of membrane changes where the bacterial cellulose acetate surface looks rougher.The crystallinity index of membrane increased from 54.34%to 68.33%,and the functional groups analysis revealed that multiple peak shifts indicated alterations in membrane functional groups.Moreover,adding Fe_(3)O_(4)-NPs into membrane exhibits paramagnetic behavior,increases tensile strength to 73%,enhances activity against E.coli and S.aureus,and is successful in removing bacteria from wastewater of the river to 67.4%and increases adsorption for anionic dyes like Congo Red and Acid Orange.

Carboxylic bacterial cellulose fiber-based hydrogel electrolyte with imidazole-type ionic liquid for dendrite-free zinc metal batteries

Aqueous zinc metal batteries are regarded as the most promising energy storage system due to their advantages of high safety,low cost,and high theoretical capacity.However,the growth of dendrites and the occurrence of side reactions hinder the development of zinc metal batteries.Despite previous attempts to design advanced hydrogel electrolytes,achieving high mechanical performance and ionic conductivity of hydrogel electrolytes has remained challenging.In this work,a hydrogel electrolyte with an ionic crosslinked network is prepared by carboxylic bacterial cellulose fiber and imidazole-type ionic liquid,following by a covalent network of polyacrylamide.The hydrogel electrolyte possesses a superior ionic conductivity of 43.76 mS cm^(−1),leading to a Zn^(2+)migration number of 0.45,and high mechanical performance with an elastic modulus of 3.48 GPa and an elongation at breaking of 38.36%.More importantly,under the anion-coordination effect of the carboxyl group in bacterial cellulose and[BF4]−in imidazole-type ionic liquid,the solvation sheath of hydrated Zn^(2+)ions and the nucleation overpotential of Zn plating are regulated.The results of cycled testing show that the growth of zinc dendrites is effectively inhibited and the generation of irreversible by-products is reduced.With the carboxylic bacterial cellulose-based hydrogel electrolyte,the Zn||Zn symmetric batteries offer good cyclability as well as Zn||Ti batteries.

The use of bacterial cellulose from kombucha to produce curcumin loaded Pickering emulsion with improved stability and antioxidant properties

Curcumin is a bioactive molecule with limited industrial application because of its instability and poor solubility in water.Herein,curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsion was produced using purified bacterial cellulose from fermented kombucha(KBC).The morphology,particle size,stability,rheological properties,and antioxidant activities of the curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsion were investigated.The fluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscopy images showed that the curcumin-loaded Pickering emulsion formed circular droplets with good encapsulation.The curcumin-load Pickering emulsion exhibited better stability under a wide range of temperatures,low p H,sunlight,and UV-365 nm than the free curcumin,indicating that the KBC after high-pressure homogenization improved the stability of the CPE.The encapsulated curcumin retained its antioxidant capacity and exhibited higher functional potential than the free curcumin.The study demonstrated that the KBC could be an excellent material for preparing a Pickering emulsion to improve curcumin stability and antioxidant activity.

Bacterial Cellulose Nanofibers as Reinforcement for Preparation of Bamboo Pulp Based Composite Paper

Bamboo fibers(BFs),with features of renewability and biodegradability,have been widely used in paper-making products.In order to improve the mechanical properties and water absorption behaviors of the BF paper,bacterial cellulose nanofibers(BCNFs)as environmentally friendly nano-fibrillated cellulose(NFC)were combined with BFs.The structures and properties of the BF/BCNF composite paper were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transforms infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,mechanical tests,pore size tests,and water absorption tests.The results indicated that the addition of BCNFs could significantly improve the water absorption capacity and mechanical properties.The water absorption ratio of the BF/BCNF composite paper with a BCNF mass fraction of 9%comes to 443%,about 1.33 times that of the pure BF paper.At the same BCNF content,the tensile strength of the BF/BCNF composite paper in dry and wet states was 12.37 MPa and 200.9 kPa,respectively,increasing by 98.24%and 136.91%as compared with that of the BF paper.

A Mini-review for the Application of Bacterial Cellulose-based Composites

Countries are duly focusing more on biomass resources because of the increasing oil crisis.Owing to their excellent properties,such as natural characteristics,good mechanical performance,and outstanding chemical properties,cellulose-based materials are highly valued as promising bioderived nanomaterials,especially bacterial cellulose(BC).The main advantage lies in eliminating the problem of removing lignin and hemicellulose from woody cellulose.Moreover,the use of BC reduces the consumption of wood,the excessive use of which aggravates global warming.Herein,we summarize the applications of BC composites in filter,medical,and conductive materials,and other fields.This review contributes to further expand the applications of this renewable polymer.

Thermodynamics and kinetics of adsorption for heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions onto surface amino-bacterial cellulose

Amino-bacterial cellulose（amino-BC） was prepared by chemical modification of bacterial cellulose（BC）.The adsorption characteristics and mechanism of amino-BC were studied.The results show that adsorption data can be fitted well by Langmuir equation and the pseudo-second order kinetics,indicating that the adsorption of amino-BC would obey monolayer molecule adsorption and the main action was chemisorption.Meanwhile,the adsorption process was studied by the Elovich equation and the intra-particle diffusion model,indicating that the absorption characteristics of metal ions on amino-BC is controlled by both film diffusion and particle diffusion.The increase of reaction temperature will accelerate the adsorbing rate because of endothermic reaction.

Difficulties in the Use of Ground Bacterial Cellulose(BC)as Reinforcement of Polylactid Acid(PLA)Using Melt-Mixing and Extrusion Technologies

Bacterial cellulose (BC) was ground to make the material suitable for compounding with polylactid acid (PLA). The content of BC in PLA was changed between 5 and 20 wt%. By increasing the BC content of the composite DSC measurements showed an increase of crystallinity (χ c ). Annealing at 90?C resulted in a further increase of χ c . Analysis of the dynamic mechanical behavior showed a sharp decline of the storage module (G’) above the glass transition temperature (T g ) while such a sharp decline did not occur for annealed samples. This indicates that the stiffness of PLA even above T g can be improved by BC and annealing.

Removing Cd^(2+) by Composite Adsorbent Nano-Fe_3O_4/Bacterial Cellulose

A new composite adsorbent, nano-Fe3O4/bacterial cellulose（BC）, was prepared through blending method. The process of adsorbing Cd2＋ including its isotherm and kinetics measured was studied. The results show that the adsorption efficiency is improved because of huge surface area and surface coordination of nano-Fe3O4 particles. Its adsorption capacity is 27.97 mg/g and the maximum of Cd2＋ removal is 74%. The adsorption kinetics can be described by pseudo-second rate model and the adsorption equilibrium by Langmuir type. The superparamagnetism of nano-Fe3O4 particles can help to solve the difficult separation of single BC adsorbent and lead to the quick separation of composite adsorbent from the liquid if a magnetic field was applied. Cd2＋ can be desorbed effectively by EDTA and HCl from the composite adsorbent, which can make it be reused.

Layer-by-Layer Assembled Bacterial Cellulose/Graphene Oxide Hydrogels with Extremely Enhanced Mechanical Properties

Uniform dispersion of two-dimensional(2 D) graphene materials in polymer matrices remains challenging. In this work, a novel layer-by-layer assembly strategy was developed to prepare a sophisticated nanostructure with highly dispersed 2 D graphene oxide in a three-dimensional matrix consisting of onedimensional bacterial cellulose(BC) nanofibers. This method is a breakthrough, with respect to the conventional static culture method for BC that involves multiple in situ layer-by-layer assembly steps at the interface between previously grown BC and the culture medium. In the as-prepared BC/GO nanocomposites, the GO nanosheets are mechanically bundled and chemically bonded with BC nanofibers via hydrogen bonding,forming an intriguing nanostructure. The sophisticated nanostructure of the BC/GO leads to greatly enhanced mechanical properties compared to those of bare BC. This strategy is versatile, facile, scalable, and can be promising for the development of high-performance BC-based nanocomposite hydrogels.

CoN_(x)C active sites-rich three-dimensional porous carbon nanofibers network derived from bacterial cellulose and bimetal-ZIFs as efficient multifunctional electrocatalyst for rechargeable Zn–air batteries

In this work, a CoNxC active sites-rich three-dimensional porous carbon nanofibers network derived from bacterial cellulose and bimetal-ZIFs is prepared via a nucleation growth strategy and a pyrolysis process.The material displays excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction, reaching a high limiting diffusion current density of -7.8 mA cm^(-2), outperforming metal–organic frameworks derived multifunctional electrocatalysts, and oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction with low overpotentials of 380 and 107 mV, respectively. When the electrochemical properties are further evaluated, the electrocatalyst as an air cathode for Zn-air batteries exhibits a high cycling stability for63 h as well as a maximum power density of 308 mW cm^(-2), which is better than those for most Zn-air batteries reported to date. In addition, a power density of 152 mW cm^(-2) is provided by the solid-state Zn-air batteries, and the cycling stability is outstanding for 24 h. The remarkable electrocatalytic properties are attributed to the synergistic effect of the 3 D porous carbon nanofibers network and abundant inserted CoNxC active sites, which enable the fast transmission of ions and mass and simultaneously provide a large contact area for the electrode/electrolyte.

Bacterial nanocellulose production and biomedical applications

Bacterial nanocellulose(BNC)is a homopolymer ofβ-1,4 linked glycose,which is synthesized by Acetobacter using simple culturing methods to allow inexpensive and environmentally friendly small-and large-scale production.Depending on the growth media and types of fermentation methods,ultra-pure cellulose can be obtained with different physio-chemical characteristics.Upon biosynthesis,bacterial cellulose is assembled in the medium into a nanostructured network of glucan polymers that are semitransparent,mechanically highly resistant,but soft and elastic,and with a high capacity to store water and exchange gasses.BNC,generally recognized as safe as well as one of the most biocompatible materials,has been found numerous medical applications in wound dressing,drug delivery systems,and implants of heart valves,blood vessels,tympanic membranes,bones,teeth,cartilages,cornea,and urinary tracts.

First Otoliths/Collagen/Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites as a Potential Scaffold for Bone Tissue Regeneration

In the present work, we report the first bionanocomposite material formed by otoliths/ collagen/ bacterial cellulose (BC) networks (OCBC). This biomaterial is an osteoinductor or be, stimulates the bone regeneration, enabling bigger migration of the cells for formation of the bone tissue regeneration mainly because nanotolith are rich in minerals considered essential to the bone mineralization process on a protein matrix (otolin). The objective in this study was to analyze the regeneration capacity of bone defects treated with this bionanocomposite. Histological experiments shows bone tissue formation with high regularity, higher osteoblast activity and osteo-reabsorption activities areas. The results suggest the potential for this new biomaterial as a scaffold for bone tissue regeneration.

Nanofibrillation of Bacterial Cellulose Using High-Pressure Homogenization and Its Films Characteristics

The microstructure of bacterial cellulose nanofibers(BCNs)film affects its characteristic.One of several means to engineer the microstructure is by changing the BCNs size and fiber distribution through a high-pressure homogenizer(HPH)process.This research aimed to find out the effects of repetition cycles on HPH process towards BCNs film characteristics.To prepare BCNs films,a pellicle from the fermentation of pineapple peels waste with Acetobacter xylinum(A.xylinum)was extracted,followed by crushing the pellicle with a high-speed blender,thereafter,homogenized using HPH at 150 bar pressure with variations of 5,10,15,and 20 cycles.The BCNs films were then formed through the casting process and drying in the oven at 60°C for 8 h followed by structural,morphological,and optical properties investigation using X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectrometer along with BCNs films porosity,tensile and roughness test.The research showed that the effect of HPH cycle on BCNs resulted in the highest film tensile strength by 109.15 MPa with the lowest surface roughness(Ra)of 0.93±0.10μm at 10 cycles.The HPH process is effective in controlling BCNs film porosity level.The HPH cycles influence the crystalline index and crystallite size,slightly.

Antibacterial Properties of Novel Bacterial Cellulose Nanofiber Containing Silver Nanoparticles

In this work,we describe a novel facile method to prepare long one-dimensional hybrid nanofibers by using hydrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers(BCF)as a template.Silver(Ag)nanoparticles with an average diameter of 1.5 nm were well dispersed on BCF via a simple in situ chemical-reduction between AgNO3and NaBH4at a relatively low temperature.A growth mechanism is proposed that Ag nanoparticles are uniformly anchored onto BCF by coordination with BC-containing hydroxyl groups.The bare BCF and as-prepared Ag/BCF hybrid nanofibers were characterized by several techniques including transmission electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analyses,and ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)absorption spectra.The antibacterial properties of Ag/BCF hybrid nanofibers against Escherichia coli(E.coli,Gram-negative)and Staphylococcu saureus(S.saureus,Gram-positive)bacteria were evaluated by using modified Kirby Bauer method and colony forming count method.The results show that Ag nanoparticles are well dispersed on BCF surface via in situ chemical-reduction.The Ag/BCF hybrid nanofiber presents strong antibacterial property and thus offers its candidature for use as functional antimicrobial agents.

Bacterial Cellulose Templated p-Co3O4/n-ZnO Nanocomposite with Excellent VOCs Response Performance

In this work,p-type Co3O4 decorated n-type ZnO(Co3O4/ZnO)nanocomposite was designed with the assistance of bacterial cellulose template.Phase composition,morphology and element distribution were investigated by XRD,SEM,HRTEM,EDS mapping and XPS.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)sensing measurements indicated a noticeable improvement of response and decrease of working temperature for Co3O4/ZnO sensor,in comparison with pure ZnO,i.e.,the response towards 100 ppm acetone was 63.7(at a low working temperature of 180℃),which was 26 times higher than pure ZnO(response of 2.3 at 240℃).Excellent VOCs response characteristics could be ascribed to increased surface oxygen vacancy concentration(revealed by defect characterizations),catalytic activity of Co3O4 and the special p-n heterojunction structure,and bacterial cellulose provides a facile template for designing diverse functional heterojunctions for VOCs detection and other applications.

Natural ECM-Bacterial Cellulose Wound Healing—Dubai Study

Bacterial cellulose (BC) can be used in wide area of applied scientific, especially for tissue regeneration and regenerative medicine, lately, bacterial cellulose mats are used in the treatment of skin conditions such as burns and ulcers, because of the morphology of fibrous biopolymers serving as a support for cell proliferation, its pores allow gas exchange between the organism and the environment. Moreover, the nanostructure and morphological similarities with collagen make BC attractive for cell immobilization, cell support and Natural Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Scaffolds. In this scope, Natural ECM is the ideal biological scaffold since it contains all the components of the tissue. The development of mimicking biomaterials and hybrid biomaterial can further advance directed cellular differentiation without specific induction. The extracellular matrix (ECM) contains several signals that are received by cell surface receptors and contribute to cell adhesion and cell fate which control cellular activities such as proliferation, migration and differentiation. As such, regenerative medicine studies often rely on mimicking the natural ECM to promote the formation of new tissue by host cells, and characterization of natural ECM components is vital for the development of new biomimetic approaches. In this work, the bacterial cellulose fermentation process is modified by the addition of vegetal stem cell to the culture medium and natural materials before the bacteria are inoculated. In vivo behavior using natural ECM for regenerative medicine is presented.

Bacterial Cellulose-Silver Antibacterial Composites：Effects of Drying Processes of Bacterial Cellulose

A type of antibacterial bacterial cellulose(BC) film was prepared for potential uses as wound dressing.In order to obtain a high antibacterial effect,some forms of BC films,including the wet and dried ones were utilized as the template to in situ synthesize silver nanoparticles(AgNPs).The effects of drying methods including freeze-drying,heat drying and air drying,on the microstructures and physical properties of BC,as well as the silver contents and the antibacterial performances of the BC/AgNPs composites were investigated.It was found that the AgNPs impregnated on the dried BC films were inclined to achieve a faster silver releasing rate than the wet one,which was suitable for acute traumas treatment.

Biorefinery of bacterial cellulose from rice straw:enhanced enzymatic saccharification by ionic liquid pretreatment

The pretreatment of rice straw is often used to enhance the hydrolysis. 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride （ [ AMIM ] C1） is a kind of low viscous, nontoxic and recyclable ionic liquid. It was used to treat rice straw and improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw in this study. The factors influencing the pretreatment were as follows： the dosage of rice straw in [ AMIM ] Cl, crush mesh of rice straw, pretreatment temperature and time. After the pretreatment with a 3 % （the weight ratio of rice straw to ionic liquid） rice straw dosage in [AMIM]Cl at 110 ℃ for 1 h, the yield of reducing sugar of regenerated rice straw by 33 U/mL cellulase hydrolysis was 53.3 %, which was two times higher than that of un-treated rice straw （23.7 % ）. More researches regarding straw biorefinery to bacterial cellulose are being performed in the lab and prospective results will be published in near future.

Bacterial Cellulose Composite Solid Polymer Electrolyte With High Tensile Strength and Lithium Dendrite Inhibition for Long Life Battery

The development of metallic lithium anode is restrained by lithium dendrite growth during cycling.The solid polymer electrolyte with high mechanical strength and lithium ion conductivity could be applied to inhibit lithium dendrite growth.To prepare the high-performance solid polymer electrolyte,the environment-friendly and cheap bacterial cellulose(BC)is used as filler incorporating with PEO-based electrolyte owing to good mechanical properties and Li salts compatibility.PEO/Li TFSI/BC composite solid polymer electrolytes(CSPE)are prepared easily by aqueous mixing in water.The lithium ion transference number of PEO/Li TFSI/BC CSPE is 0.57,which is higher than PEO/Li TFSI solid polymer electrolyte(SPE)(0.409).The PEO/Li TFSI/BC CSPE exhibits larger tensile strength(4.43 MPa)than PEO/Li TFSI SPE(1.34 MPa).The electrochemical window of composite electrolyte is widened 1.43 V by adding BC.Density functional theory calculations indicate that flex of PEO chains around Li atoms is suppressed,suggesting the enhanced lithium ion conductivity.Frontier molecular orbitals results suggest that an unfavorable intermolecular charge transfer lead to achieve higher potential for BC composite electrolyte.All solid-state Li metal battery with PEO/Li TFSI/BC CSPE delivers longer cycle life for 600 cycles than PEO/Li TFSI SPE battery(50 cycles).Li symmetrical battery using PEO/Li TFSI/BC CSPE could be stable for 1160 h.