Assessment of the Effect of Environmental Factors on the Antagonism of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i>and <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>to <i>Colletotrichum acutatum</i>

The effect of temperature (18°C - 30°C), water activity (0.85 - 1) and pH (4 - 9) was studied by dual culture technique on the antagonism of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Trichoderma harzianum to Colletotrichum acutatum, responsible of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier) anthracnose. The antagonistic bacteria’s strains behave significantly and differently according to the parameters studied. These results reveal useful information about the applicability of their biocontrol in agricultural culture with the change of environmental factors.

Studies on Rhizospheric Mycoflora of Tea (Camellia sinensis): In vitro Antagonism with Dominant Bacteria

Species of Trichoderma, Penicillium, Aspergillus and Mucor were found to dominate the rhizosphere of tea bushes in different regions of the Indian Himalayas. The Himachal Himalayas were dominated by Monilia humiscola (45.08%) and Mucor hiemalis (33.11%). In the Uttaranchal Himalayas, Aspergillus clavatum dominated the rhizosphere (54.01%), followed by A. flavous (20.07%). Although the fungal isolates require a mesophillic temperature (15 ℃ to 35 ℃), the tea rhizospheric isolates tolerate a wide range of temperatures (5 ℃ to 45 ℃). When tested for pH tolerance, these fungi showed a wide range (2.0 to 13.0) of pH tolerance under in vitro conditions. Seasonal variations also influenced the colony forming units (cfu) of the rhizospheric fungi, with the maximum forming in November and March, and the minimum in December^February. During this period, the populations of the fungi were found inversely proportional to the bacterial populations. In addition, the dominant bacteria in the tea rhizosphere, i.e., Bacillus subtilis and B. mycoides, showed antagonistic activity against fungal isolates by inhibiting the growth and causing structural abnormalities in mycelium. Tab 5, Ref

Identification and Antagonism Study of a Novel Chitinase-producing Bacterium Burkholderia Sp.C3 against Phytopathogenic Fungi

Through a modified agar well diffusion assay,antagonism of a novel chitinase-producing strain C3 against the phy- topathogenic fungi including Phoma wasabiae Yokogi,Cochlibolus Heterostrophus,Exserohilum Turcicum,Curuvularia Lunata (Walk)Boed,Thantephorus cucumris,Fusarium graminearum was tested.The data showed that the crude extracts of strain C3 had stable antifungal activity in the range of pH 5.0 to pH 8.0.The active components were heat labile and sensitive to proteinase K.A series of experiments supported that the compound responsible for inhibitory aetivity appeared to be chitinase.The 16s rDNA analysis indicated that C3 was subject to genus Burkholderia.Phenotypic characterization of C3 was also consisted with the result of molecular identification.

Identification of A Strain HN-1 against Banana Wilt Disease and Determination of Its Antagonism

[Objective] The paper was to identify strain HN-1 against banana wilt disease and to determine its antagonism. [Method] The strain HN-1 was ob- tained from the soil in fields heavily infected by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense （FOC）. Antagonism of the strain against F. oxysporum was tested via dual-cul- ture and inhibition test on spore germination. [Result] HN-1 effectively inhibited mycelial growth and spore germination of F. oxysporum, Strain HN-1 was identi- fied as BrevibaciUus brevis according to its characteristics in morphology, physiology and biochemistry and its 16S rDNA sequence. The strain showed high inhibition effect on 15 species of fungal pathogens in the dual-culture trials with fungal pathogens. [ Conclusion] The study provides theoretical basis for application of strain HN-1 in agricultural fields.

Growth and Antagonism of <i>Trichoderma</i>spp. and Conifer Pathogen <i>Heterobasidion annosum</i>s.l. <i>in Vitro</i>at Different Temperatures

Variations in the radial growth rate of 24 isolates belonging to ten species of Trichoderma, three isolates of conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum s.s. and four isolates of H. parviporum were evaluated by incubation on a solid malt extract medium at a temperature of 4℃, 15℃ and 21℃. Trichoderma antagonism against Heterobasidion was investigated in dual culture in vitro. The slowest rate of growth was referable to all seven strains of Heterobasidion spp. All Heterobasidion spp. strains were overgrown by 63% of Trichoderma spp. strains after two weeks at 21℃ and by 33% of strains at 15℃. 21% of Trichoderma strains did not grow and only four strains belonging to T. koningii, T. viride and T. viridescens demonstrated the ability to completely overgrow Heterobasidion spp. after two weeks incubation at 4℃. According to the antagonistic efficiency, Trichoderma strains were divided into five groups with an Euclidean distance of 25. The groups contained isolates from different species. It was suggested that selected psychrotrophic fast growing T. viride, T. koningii and T. viridescens strains could be examined in different substrate conditions as suitable antagonist agents for the control of H. annosum and H. parviporum.

Effect of Synergism and Antagonism between Metals on Toxicity in Soils

Synergism and antagonism of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) to biological toxicities in red soil, yellow brown soil and black soil were evaluated by MICROTOX method. The relation between forms of the tested metals in soil and the synergism or antagonism between them was also studied.Results showed that owing to the difference of soil chemical properties, toxicity of these metals in soils was different. In red soil with acid reaction and low in cation exchange capacity, antagonism occurred significantly between metals when they coexisted at high concentrations, while synergism occurred only under low concentrations. It is indicated that in red soil, toxicity of metals affected by synergism or antagonism depends on concentration of the metals present. For yellow brown soil and black soil with larger cation exchange capacity and lower exchangeable aluminium (A1), no toxicity of metals was observed even if metals were added to soil in high concentrations. Synergism and antagonism between Cd, Cu and Se were controlled by the forms of metals present. The amount of water-soluble metals was the most important factor in determining synergism and antagonism.In this paper, comparisons of synergism and antagonism between metals in soils and in water solutions were made. There occurred the synergism of metal toxicity in water solutions when the concentration of coexisting metals was high. This is just opposite to the case in soils.

Antagonism of local isolates of Trichoderma spp. on citrus root rot disease by Fusarium solani in the mekong delta of vietnam

The local isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium solani were colected from citrus orchards in the Mekong delta of Vietnam and isolated on PDA, PDB and TSM medium for antagonism and Koch’s postulate testing. The results showed that the high chitinolytic enzymes content of Trichoderma isolates can antagonise with Fusarium solani isolates by preventing the germination of Fusarium macroconidia in in-vitro condition. There are five promising isolates of Trichoderma spp. having high antagonism with Fusarium solani. These Trichoderma isolates also grew well in rice straws, maize stems, weeds and water hyacinth biowaste materials. These results supply the promising trend for biological control of root rot disease on citrus orchards of the Mekong delta.

WORLD MILITARY SITUATION 2016: ANTAGONISM INTENSIFIES BUT CRISES REMAIN CONTROLLABLE

The world military situation in 2016was complex,military strategies of major countries undergoing profound readjustment,contest in emerging fields increasing and a new round of populism cropping up worldwide which resulted in'Black swan events'happening one after another,major-country contest and geopolitical conflicts piling up and local

Isolation,identification,and antagonism protein analysis of B34 against Thanatephorus cuc-umeris

A strain B34 against Thanatephorus cucumeris was screened from rice plants. Lab and field experiments showed that the control effects of this fungal strain were better than that of Jinggangmycin on PDA plate. Based on the chemical components of cell wall and physiological and biochemical characters of B34, the fungal was named as Pseudomonas aureofaciens. It was a new antagonistic strain against Thanatephorus cucumeris.

从劳资对立到相互成就:对抗性劳动法制的反思和变革

西方资本主义国家的劳动法制以“劳资对立”为基础和逻辑,背景是大机器生产时代阶级对立的雇佣关系和中重度体力劳动,我国现行劳动法制在一定程度上受其影响。社会主义不存在劳动者和企业之间关系的根本性矛盾,而且公有制在我国占主导地位,劳动者远超“劳工”范围;普遍的脑力劳动和轻微体力劳动,高度市场化和科技进步条件下的灵活生产、工作,冲击着僵化的劳动法制;随着社会进步,越来越多的人出于兴趣志向和事业追求而工作;中国共产党的领导,确保中国不存在也不允许出现既得“利益集团”。故应当在此新的历史条件和国情基础上,构建一种劳动者和企业相互成就的和谐劳动关系与包容、柔性的社会主义劳动法制,一体适用于各种经营性的雇佣及劳动合作,劳动事故和失业等风险概由社会保险暨社会承担以解决个别企业经营及市场竞争的后顾之忧。

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清LncRNA DANCR和miR-33a-5p水平表达对妊娠结局预测价值研究

目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)患者血清长链非编码核糖核酸分化拮抗非蛋白编码RNA (long noncoding RNA differentiation antagonizing nonprotein coding RNA,LncRNA DANCR)、微小RNA-33a-5p (miR-33a-5p)水平表达对妊娠结局的预测价值。方法 选取2021年8月~2023年2月于衡水市第四人民医院产检和分娩的154例GDM患者为GDM组,并根据妊娠结局分为良好结局组(n=115)和不良结局组(n=39);同期收集24周葡萄糖耐量试验正常的149例健康孕产妇作为对照组。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)检测血清LncRNA DANCR和miR-33a-5p水平;采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析血清LncRNA DANCR和miR-33a-5p预测GDM患者不良妊娠结局的价值;采用Pearson相关性分析GDM不良妊娠结局患者血清LncRNA DANCR,miR-33a-5p与空腹血糖(FBG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、稳态模式评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)的相关性;Logistic回归分析GDM患者不良妊娠结局的影响因素。结果 GDM组血清LncRNA DANCR水平(0.69±0.15)显著低于对照组(1.01±0.22),miR-33a-5p (1.59±0.40)及不良妊娠结局总发生率(25.34%)显著高于对照组(1.02±0.23,5.36%),差异具有统计学意义(t/χ^(2)=14.835,15.140,23.011,均P<0.05)。不良妊娠结局组血清LncRNADANCR水平(0.50±0.14)显著低于良好结局组(0.75±0.18),miR-33a-5p (2.00±0.58),FBG (8.97±0.66mmol/L),FINS (18.63±1.31pmol/ml)和HOMAIR (7.42±0.98)显著高于良好结局组(1.45±0.26,8.01±0.59mmol/L,14.32±1.29pmol/ml,5.10±0.86),差异具有统计学意义(t=7.895~17.961,均P<0.05)。LncRNA DANCR,miR-33a-5p单独及二者联合预测GDM患者不良妊娠结局的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别为0.820,0.819和0.897。GDM不良妊娠结局患者血清LncRNA DANCR与FBG,FINS,HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.498,-0.513,-0.509,均P<0.05),miR-33a-5p与FBG,FINS,HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.517,0.494,0.507,均P<0.05)。LncRNA DANCR是影响GDM患者不良妊娠结局的保护因素(OR=0.804,95%CI:0.693~0.933,P=0.004),miR-33a-5p是影响GDM患者不良妊娠结局的危险因素(OR=2.747,95%CI:1.444~5.225,P=0.002)。结论 GDM不良妊娠结局患者LncRNADANCR降低,miR-33a-5p升高,二者均是不良妊娠结局的影响因素。

1株抗真菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)lut-Y1的鉴定及抑菌活性研究

【目的】探究1株来自枸杞果实的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌lut-Y1的生长特性及抑菌活性,为微生态制剂的开发和应用提供参考。【方法】通过形态观察和16S rDNA基因测序分析对该菌株进行鉴定;测定该菌株生长曲线及最适pH、碳源、氮源及盐耐受度;采用平板对峙法观察该菌株对链格孢菌(Alternaria alternate)、小麦根腐离蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)和小孢壳二孢(Ascochyta leptospora)的颉颃作用,并分析该菌株发酵液对3种病原真菌的抑菌活性。【结果】lut-Y1菌株在LB、NA和PDA培养基上均生长良好。根据形态和16S rDNA基因序列特征将lut-Y1菌株鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis)。在LB液体培养基中,lut-Y1菌株在0~3 h为迟滞期,3~18 h为对数期,18~62 h为稳定期,62 h后进入衰亡期;最适pH为7.0,最适碳源和氮源分别为蔗糖和蛋白胨,对NaCl的耐受量不超过2.0 g/L。lut-Y1菌株对链格孢菌有明显的颉颃作用,对小麦根腐离蠕孢和小孢壳二孢的颉颃作用较弱。对峙平板的两菌交界处,链格孢菌基内菌丝细弱、弯曲;小麦根腐离蠕孢基内菌丝细胞壁被破坏,有泡状突起。发酵液添加量为25%时生长圈直径分别缩小72.80%和83.24%。【结论】贝莱斯芽孢杆菌lut-Y1具有较好的抑菌活性,可为开发以芽孢杆菌为主要活性成分的微生态制剂提供材料。

汉中地区天麻萌发菌遗传多样性和促萌效果分析

以汉中地区9株天麻萌发菌及天麻花粉种子为试材,采用拮抗试验、ITS序列测定、酯酶同工酶技术和种子拌播等方法,研究了9株天麻萌发菌的遗传多样性、亲缘关系和促萌效果,以期为天麻萌发菌的种质资源管理与评价等提供参考依据。结果表明:9株萌发菌根据两两拮抗试验的程度不同分为不显著、显著和极显著3类;根据ITS序列的差异分为Mycena sp.和Heydenia sp.2类;根据酯酶同工酶酶谱条带在80%的相似水平上可分为5类;9株萌发菌与天麻种子共生萌发,其中C3菌株菌丝生长速度最高为(0.30±0.01)cm·d^(-1),C2菌株的萌发率最高为64.66%±2.89%,C2和C3菌株的综合表现最佳。

登记对抗主义下相对性物权说之批判

登记对抗主义物权变动规则由设立要件与对抗要件构成,其适用难点在于如何解释对抗要件所产生的登记对抗效力。相对性物权说在承认未登记物权仍为物权属性可对抗一般债权的前提下,主张未登记物权不能对抗特殊债权乃对抗要件发挥其登记对抗效力的必然结果,进而认为,在登记对抗主义下,依据合同设立的未登记物权具有相对性。然而,该学说偏离了物权界定规则与登记对抗规则的位阶关系,对域外法的借鉴未能作出契合本土的诠释,导致设立要件与对抗要件的功能错位。实质上,相对性物权说是以物权的相对性替换债权物权化。特殊债权优先受偿与登记对抗效力不存在必然联系,因而不应纳入登记对抗效力的调整范围。

正确认识保护妇女合法权益的核心要义及其价值追求

保护妇女合法权益和男女平等都是我国的重要法律原则;保护妇女合法权益是促进男女平等实现的必要手段,是为了更好地促进男女平等;保护妇女合法权益必须坚持尊重和保障人权的基本理念;保护妇女合法权益、促进男女平等是家庭和睦的重要基础,是社会文明进步的重要标志,是中国式现代化的重要内容。

烟草赤星病拮抗菌YZ01发酵条件优化及抑菌活性物质初探

由链格孢菌Alternariaalternata引起的赤星病是烟草上的主要叶部病害之一,常常造成巨大的经济损失。对烟草赤星病菌具有显著拮抗活性的菌株YZ01进行鉴定、活性物质探究及发酵条件优化,可为烟草赤星病的防治提供菌种资源,为指导其实际生产应用奠定基础。通过形态学、生理生化特征及16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列系统发育分析,鉴定菌株YZ01为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌Bacillusvelezensis。无菌滤液抑菌试验发现贝莱斯芽胞杆菌YZ0110%无菌滤液对烟草赤星病菌Alternariaalternata的抑菌率为86.56%,对苹果腐烂病菌Valsa mali、辣椒疫霉病菌Phytophthora capsici、番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、苹果炭疽叶枯病菌Colletotrichum fructicola的抑菌率为100.00%。进一步研究发现,贝莱斯芽胞杆菌YZ01发酵液可使烟草赤星病菌菌丝细胞结构受损,导致其原生质体外渗,从而抑制菌丝生长,其发酵液抑菌活性成分主要为脂肽及蛋白类物质。单因素试验法和正交实验优化菌株YZ01的最佳发酵培养基配方为葡萄糖0.50%、胰蛋白胨1.50%和磷酸氢二钾1.50%。发酵液稳定性测定发现,其抑菌活性受温度、pH和紫外处理的影响较小。综上所述,该结果为烟草赤星病的生物防治提供了菌种资源,也为后续田间应用奠定了基础。

Isolation of Endophyte and Screening for Antagonistic Bacteria in Solanaceae

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to isolate the endophyte of three solanaceae fruits and vegetables such as tomato, pepper and eggplant, to screen and identify the bacterial wilt antagonistic bacteria. [ Methodl According to the lapping liquid culture method, the endophyte of three plants was isolated by the selective medium and purified by the plate streaking method, so the purified enclophyte was screened by the hyphal pieces confront culture method. Furthermore, the screened antagonistic and endophyteic bacteria was identified and classified through culture characteristics of isolates and morphological features of thallus, Gram stain as well as physiological and biochemical reactions. [ Result] Fifty-three endophytic bacteria, fifty-three endophytic fungi and forty-four endophytic actinomycetes were separated from the endophyte of three plants. The screened fourteen endophytic bacteria with strong antagonistic effect on the bacterial wilt were classified to Bacillus, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Agromonas, Erwinia and Curto Bacterium respectively. Especially, Bacillus was the dominant species, which had the strongest antagonistic effect on the bacterial wilt. [ Conclusion] This study provides an effective way for biological control of the bacterial wilt in solanaceae.

棉花黄萎病生防菌筛选鉴定及根瘤菌DG3-1对棉花生长的影响

本研究旨在发掘南疆棉花内生菌种质资源来防治棉花黄萎病,探究根瘤菌对棉花生长的影响。采用常规组织分离法分离棉花不同组织内生细菌;平板对峙法筛选拮抗棉花黄萎病菌的内生菌,并对其进行分子鉴定;通过盆栽试验研究根瘤菌对棉花生长的影响。结果显示,棉花不同组织内生细菌的数量具有一定差异,根部最多,其次是叶和茎;在分离获得的31株内生菌中,有11株对棉花黄萎病菌具有拮抗活性,抑菌率在35.99%~68.28%之间,经鉴定,9株为芽孢杆菌,2株为根瘤菌,其中,根瘤菌DG3-1对棉花黄萎病菌的抑制率为(56.63±1.82)%;盆栽试验结果表明,菌株DG3-1处理后棉株的地上鲜重、地上干重、地下鲜重、地下干重、叶绿素含量分别比对照增加2.12、2.09、1.05、0.75、1.75倍。菌株DG3-1对棉花黄萎病菌有较好的抑制作用,并且对棉花的生长有一定的促生作用,是防治棉花黄萎病的潜力菌株,可为微生物菌剂的研发提供菌种资源。

拮抗犬小孢子菌芽胞杆菌的筛选和鉴定

为了寻找能够拮抗犬小孢子菌的细菌,本试验从健康犬、猫和貉粪便中筛选了抗犬小孢子菌的芽胞杆菌,经培养、染色特性和16S rDNA序列分析对其中抑菌谱最广的芽胞杆菌进行鉴定,采用平板对峙法测定所筛选芽胞杆菌对犬小孢子菌的抑制效果,用碘化丙啶对芽胞杆菌发酵上清处理的犬小孢子菌菌丝进行染色以初步分析抑菌机理。结果显示,共筛选到12株拮抗犬小孢子菌的芽胞杆菌,其中F-15株对犬小孢子菌的抑制率为64.28%,也可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌;F-15株的16S rDNA序列与HSB1株贝莱斯芽胞杆菌的16S rDNA序列相似度为100%;F-15株发酵上清处理的犬小孢子菌菌丝染色后,在荧光显微镜下可见红色荧光,表明其损伤了犬小孢子菌菌丝的细胞膜。本试验为贝莱斯芽胞杆菌及其代谢产物在防控犬小孢子菌等真菌危害中的应用提供了参考。

毛乌素沙地黑沙蒿与赖草凋落物混合分解对增温的短期响应

植物凋落物分解过程受环境和生物因素共同调控,而气候变暖如何改变凋落物分解的物种混合效应仍存较大不确定性。采用开顶式增温箱和分解袋相结合的方法,研究增温对毛乌素沙地黑沙蒿、赖草以及两者的混合凋落物分解前150d质量损失和养分释放的影响。结果表明:增温导致赖草凋落物质量、C、N、P、纤维素和木质素残留率分别下降7%,7.6%、12%、8.8%、20%和10%,黑沙蒿凋落物质量、P和木质素残留率分别上升2.2%、2.2%和0.8%,C、N和纤维素残留率分别下降1.1%、2%和2.5%。与单独分解相比,混合凋落物质量、C、P、纤维素和木质素残留率分别上升7.7%、8.2%、4.1%、3.9%和5.9%,N元素残留率下降4.1%,增温导致混合凋落物质量、C、N、P、纤维素和木质素残留率分别上升16.9%、18.8%、11.4%、18.5%、21.5%和21.1%。黑沙蒿和赖草凋落物混合在前期分解过程中产生了拮抗效应,即相比于单种凋落物分解具有更低的质量损失;此外,增温处理下拮抗效应更强。本研究表明,在气候变化和植被恢复背景下,预测毛乌素沙地灌丛生态系统的生物地球化学循环时,应该考虑气候变暖和物种混合的交互因子对凋落物分解的影响。