In Vitro Anti-Bacterial and Anti-Fungal Activities of Extracts from Different Parts of 7 Zingiberaceae Plants

This study aimed to explore the anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities of extracts from different parts of plants in the Zingiberaceae family.The inhibitory rate,minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),and minimum bactericidal concentration(MBC)of leaf and stem,and root and rhizome extracts from Alpinia katsumadai Hayata,Alpinia oxyphylla Miq×Alpinia henryi K.Schumann,Alpinia oblongifolia Hayata,Alpinia nigra(Gaertn.)Burtt,Amomum villosum Lour,Alpinia zerumbet(Pers.)Burtt.et Smith and Alpinia oxyphylla Miq were determined using the fungus cake method and double dilution method.The seven Zingiberaceae plants exhibited characteristic antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria and fungi.At a 1.5 mg mL^(−1),A.zerumbet root and rhizome extracts exhibited strong inhibitory activity against S.aureus and E.coli,with 83.23%and 79.62%,respectively.In addition,A.zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had an inhibitory rate of 90.85%against P.aeruginosa.At the same concentration,the leaf and stem,root and rhizome extracts of A.katsumadai had the best anti-bacterial effect against F.oxysporum,with inhibition rates of 84.46%and 84.73%,respectively.Moreover,A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet leaf and stem extracts had the most significant antibacterial effect against S.aureus,with a MIC of 0.063 mg mL^(−1).Thus,both A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet extracts had significant antibacterial activity.In addition,by comparing the inhibitory effect of extracts from different parts,it was found that the inhibitory rate and average inhibitory rate of extracts from leaf and stem were higher than those from root and rhizome.The chemical constituents of A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet,determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-MS/MS),revealed that citric acid(CA),alpinetin,and pinocembrin(PNCB)were the functional constituents yielding the antibacterial activity.Overall,A.katsumadai and A.zerumbet have the potential to be developed as new plant fungicides and bactericides.

Studies on the Antibacterial Activity of the Extract of Stachytarpheta angusti folia

To investigate the scientific bases for t/te traditional use of Stachy-tarpheta angustifolia. Methods: In vitro antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanol extract of the plant was investigated using the agar cup plate diffusion method. Results: The ethanol extract of the plant showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Shigella dysenterme, Slaphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) , Salmonella sp. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonor-r/iaeae, while the water extract was active against Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, Shigella dysenterme, Sta-phylococcus aureus and. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The etlianol extract exhibited higher antibacterial activity than the water extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal, concentration (MBC} of the ethanol extract were 0. 65 mg/mt and 0. 85 mg/ml, respectively , against S. aureus. Treatment of the extract at higher temperature, 60℃ increased the sensitivity of the test organisms to the plant extract. Phytochemical analysis indicated t/tat the plant possesses tannins, saponins as well as phenols. Conclusion: A scientific basis exists that the plant possesses antibacterial activity and it could be a probable source of therapeutic agent.

Antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula Retz. fruit extracts against ear pathogens

AIM： To evaluate the antimicrobial potential of Terminalia chebula （ T. chebula） extracts against pathogens causing otitis externa and compare it with ear drops.METHODS： Four different extracts, methanol, ethanol, acetone and aqueous （hot and cold） extracts, from the T. chebula were tested for their antimicrobial activity through the agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration （MIC）/minimum bactericidal concentration （MBC） values were determined through the macrodilution broth method against six different microorganism, five bacterial （one gram positive and four gram negative） and one yeast.RESULTS： Organic and aqueous fruit extracts displayed activity against all fve tested bacterial ear pathogens with a maximum zone of inhibition of 31.6 mm against Staphylococcus aureus , followed by Acinetobacter sp. （24.6 mm）, Pseudomonas aeruginosa （23.6 mm）, Proteus mirabilis （21 mm） and Escherichia coli （19.3mm）. Of the four solvents evaluated, acetonic fruit extract of T. chebula was found to be best. The MIC values ranged between 0.78 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL for the different bacterial ear pathogens and MBC values ranged between 1.56 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL. The acetonic fruit extract showed larger inhibition zones compared to the herbal ear drops, Kan pip with lowest MIC of 0.78 mg/mL and MBC of 1.56 mg/mL.CONCLUSION： Acetonic extract of T. chebula fruit may be used to treat otitis externa. However, more detailed studies, such as in vivo testing and pharmacokinetics properties, are needed to determine its therapeutic potential.

Antimicrobial Effects of Berries on Listeria monocytogenes

The purpose of this study was to first evaluate the antimicrobial effects of powder and extracts of berries (rose-hip, aronia, sea buckthorn and hawthorn) on the development of antibiotic-resistant L. monocitogenes. Listeria monocytogenes is considered one of the most important pathogens responsible for food-borne infection. Antimicrobial properties were evaluated using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Bacterial inactivation networks were determined and compared, as well as the possibility of using powders and extracts of berries to control the risk of Listeria monocytogees infestation in the milk and dairy industry as well as in the meat industry. The effect of pH (4.78 - 4.43) and water activity (0.90 - 0.80) on the relationship between optical density (OD) at 600 nm and the plate count (CFU ml-1) was investigated for Listeria monocytogenes. It was determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of berries for L. monocytogenes. The most relevant bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect on L. monocytogenes in the tested berries demonstrated sea buckthorn and rosehip.

Antibacterial Activity of Honey from Wild Species of Stingless Bees;<i>Plebenia hylderbrandii</i>and <i>Meliponula bocandei</i>

One of the serious problems the world is facing today is the antimicrobial resistance on available antibiotics by most bacterial pathogens and the rising cost of finding effective antimicrobial agents. In recent years, efforts to find new drugs especially from natural sources have been boosted by the demand for an effective cure for infectious diseases. Only the antibacterial activity of apis mellifera honey and not stingless bee honey from western Kenya has been reported. This study was therefore carried out to determine the effect of Plebenia hylderbrandii and Meliponula bocandei honey samples on the growth of control;sensitive cases of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923). Different honey concentrations (1.18% - 17.65% v/v) of the two samples were tested against the two micro-organisms. The samples were screened for their antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by agar well dilution method. The Partial inhibitory concentration (PIC), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined by in vitro method. The inhibitory effect of Plebenia hylderbrandii honey on E. coli and S. aureus growth was apparent at concentrations 3.53% and 1.76% (v/v) respectively. On the other hand, the inhibitory effect of Meliponula bocandei honey on S. aureus growth was at concentration 16.47% (v/v). Plebenia hylderbrandii honey had bactericidal effect on both E. coli and S. aureus at concentrations 4.71% and 2.35% (v/v) respectively. However, Meliponula bocandei honey exerted bactericidal effect on S. aureus only at 16.47% (v/v) concentration. Plebenia hylderbrandii honey had higher antibacterial potency and can be a potential source of antibacterial substances. Moreover, the honeys tested in this study showed great antibacterial potential for S. aureus.

Flash microbiocide:A Rapid and Economic Method for Determination of MBC and MFC

Although nowadays there are methods for determining the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration and Minimal Fungicidal Concentration, it is indispensable that?the establishment of innovative methodologies?could be more practical and cheaper. The new methodology Flash microbiocide is an assay in which one aliquot from 96 well plate of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration test is transferred to another plate containing different culture medium. The correspondence with the reference methods described in the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS-CLSI) document M26-A was achieved, denoting the efficiency of this fast and simple method.

Stabilizing the Bactericidal Activity of Hydrogen Peroxide:A Brandnew Function of Certain Chinese Herbs

Objective： To explore natural herbs to maintain the bactericidal activity of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2）. Methods： Eighteen extracts of Chinese herbs were prepared complying with the standard protocol. Each of the solutions was then mixed with 1% H2O2. The mixtures were handled with two approaches： autoclaved daily for one, two or three times; stored at room temperature from one through five years. Then the bactericidal activity were evaluated by assaying the minimal bactericidal concentration （MBC） and minimal inhibitory concentration （MIC） against Gram positive （Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC25923） and Gram negative （Escherichia coli, ATCC12421） bacteria. Results： While mixed with 1% H2O2, 10 out of 18 kinds of assessed Chinese herbs displayed MBC values at 1：12800 or higher after three times of autoclaving, and 8 of them preserved such level of MBC value after stored at room temperature for three years. Some Chinese herbs, i.e. Fl. Scutellariae, R. Coptidis, R. Bupleuri, H. Epimedii, C. Phelledendri and F. Chrysanthemi, can significantly maintain the bactericidal activity of diluted H2O2. Conclusions： Certain Chinese herbs can effectively stabilize the bactericidal activity of H2O2 undergoing autoclave or long-term storage. This paper reported a brandnew pharmaceutical function of Chinese herbs and provided experimental data for the potential enhancement of H2O2 usage while its stability level is promoted.

Antibacterial activities of some selected plant extracts of local herbal medicines in Lahore-Pakistan

The antibacterial activity of methanol and acetone extracts of five plant extracts being utilized for the cure of different ailments in Pakistan was studied.The extracts of Curcuma zedoaria,Ipomea turpethum,Sphaeranthus indicus,Terminalia chebula and Tricholepis glaberrima were tested against seven different bacterial strains by well diffusion method and microdilution methods.The pattern of zone of inhibition varied with the plant extracts,the solvent used for extraction and organisms tested.Plant extracts(20 mg/mL) were used to evaluate antibacterial activities.The zone of inhibition exhibited by methanol extracts varied between 11 mm and 32 mm while those of acetone extracts varied between 9 mm and 25 mm respectively.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) exhibited by methanol extracts ranged between(18.4-51.1) mg/mL.Overall methanolic extracts showed more activity than the acetone extracts against tested organisms except for S.indicus.The plants were also analyzed for their elemental composition using atomic absorption spectrophotometer to explore natural sources of essential elements that can be utilized for medicinal purposes.