Contamination Identification of Lentinula Edodes Logs Based on Improved YOLOv5s

In order to improve the accuracy and efficiency of Lentinula edodes logs contamination identification,an improved YOLOv5s contamination identification model for Lentinula edodes logs(YOLOv5s-CGGS)is proposed in this paper.Firstly,a CA(coordinate attention)mechanism is introduced in the feature extraction network of YOLOv5s to improve the identifiability of Lentinula edodes logs contamination and the accuracy of target localiza-tion.Then,the CIoU(Complete-IOU)loss function is replaced by an SIoU(SCYLLA-IoU)loss function to improve the model’s convergence speed and inference accuracy.Finally,the GSConv and GhostConv modules are used to improve and optimize the feature fusion network to improve identification efficiency.The method in this paper achieves values of 97.83%,97.20%,and 98.20%in precision,recall,and mAP@0.5,which are 2.33%,3.0%,and 1.5%better than YOLOv5s,respectively.mAP@0.5 is better than YOLOv4,Ghost-YOLOv4,and Mobilenetv3-YOLOv4(improved by 4.61%,5.16%,and 6.04%,respectively),and the FPS increased by two to three times.

玉米秸秆Lentinula edodes发酵液清除·OH主效物质分析

对Lentinula edodes在玉米秸秆木质纤维素基质中液体培养的胞外液清除羟自由基(.OH)主效物质及其清除能力进行了研究。结果表明:L.edodes在木质纤维素基质上的培养胞外液具有较高的.OH清除作用,其清除率最高达69.32%;粗多糖为最主要的胞外.OH清除物质,其清除率最高可达54.19%,占整个胞外液.OH清除效率的作用比例为78.17%;粗蛋白为另一重要的胞外.OH清除物质,其清除率最高可达27.17%,占整个胞外液.OH清除效率的作用比例为39.38%。粗多糖及粗蛋白成分共同构成L.edodes胞外清除.OH的主效物质。

木质纤维素基质上白腐菌Lentinula edodes与五种霉菌的胞外羟自由基清除能力比较研究(英文)

香菇Lentinula edodes AX3及五种霉菌于木质纤维素基质中液体浸没培养,检测了其胞外滤液的羟自由基(·OH)清除能力。结果表明:仅L.edodes AX3发酵液具有显著的·OH清除能力,其在第48h左右清除率达峰值52.2%;五株霉菌在试验条件下基本均不能清除·OH。·OH清除能力与菌株的木质纤维素降解模式及能力相关。适应于木质素降解自由基链式反应的·OH 胁迫压力,白腐菌形成了胞外·OH 清除能力,其物质基础源于白腐菌对木质纤维素的降解与转化产物。

Intergenic spacer 1(IGS1) polymorphism map: A marker for the initial classification of cultivated Lentinula edodes strains in China

China is currently the world＇s leading producer of Lentinula edodes and owns many cultivated strains of this species. This study was performed in order to investigate intergenic spacer I （IGS1） polymorphism and classification among 49 popular cultivated strains. The great majority of the 49 strains possessed two different IGS1 sequences, with distinct lengths and homologies. Based on the length and homology of the IGS1 sequences of the 49 strains, the strains were classified into two groups： A and B. Group A was subdivided into six subgroups. Forty-seven strains were homozygous or heterozygous among these six subgroups in group A, Cr01 was heterozygous between A and B, and Guangxiang 9 was homozygous in group B. An IGS1 polymorphism map of each cultivated L. edodes strain is reported for the first time and could be used as a marker for the initial classification and management of cultivated L. edodes strains in China.

Genetic Analysis of Distorted Segregation Ratio of Mating Types AmongBasidiospores in Lentinula edodes

This study prepared 17 strains of Lentinula edodes, including wild and cultivated strains as materials, and statistically analyzed the ratios of spores from different aspects via mating types＇ analysis and the OWE-SOJ technique. The results from this study first systematically identified skewed expected distribution of mating-type factors segregation in Lentinula edodes spores has commonly statistical meanings in wild and cultivated strains. Genetic analysis of positive and negative parental-recombined fruiting showed that the nuclear type of F1 progeny spores among those strains segregated through theoretical distribution mainly depended on the combined state of parental dikaryons, and the predominant spores were those with the mating type identical to the dikaryotic parent, indicating that the genetic basis of segregation distortion of spores is different from that of protoplast monokaryons in which the B factor takes predominant responsibility for that phenomenon, and it cooperates A factor with B factor to influence the ratio of spores.

Cloning of a Putative Pheromone Receptor Gene Fragment from Lentinula edodes

A 508 bp fragment of a putative pheromone receptor gene from Lentinula edodes was amplified by PCR using a pair of degenerate primers designed according to conserved sequences of pheromone receptor genes reported in other Basidiomycetes.The fragment encodes 117 amino acids and contains three introns,56 bp,51 bp and 50 bp in size.Alignment analysis revealed that the deduced amino acid sequence of the L.edodes fragment exhibited 65% identity and 82% similarity with the corresponding segments of pheromone receptors reported in Coprinus cinereus and Schizophyllum commune.

A Review on General Nutritional Compounds and Pharmacological Properties of the Lentinula edodes Mushroom

Lentinula edodes?is a macrofungus with great potential for therapeutic applications and serves as a model for investigating functional fungi properties and isolating pure compounds for pharmaceutical use. Mushrooms have a great nutritional value and present medicinal molecules including polysaccharides, terpenoids, sterols and lipids, that participate actively in several human disorders and modulate mechanisms involved in the immune system regulation. This review will focus on general nutritional compounds and pharmacological properties of L. edodes.

Lentinula edodes extract inhibits matrix metalloproteinase expression and increases typeⅠprocollagen expression via the p38 MAPK/c-Fos signaling pathway in ultraviolet A and B-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes

Objective:To determine the effect of Lentinula edodes extract on ultraviolet(UV)A and UVB-induced changes in matrix metalloproteinase(MMP)and type I procollagen expression using human immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes.Methods:Lentinula edodes ethanol extract(LEE)was obtained by extraction with 80%ethanol for 4 h at 80℃.Effect of LEE on UVinduced alteration on the expression and production of MMPs and type I procollagen in keratinocytes was investigated using ELISA,RT-PCR,and Western blotting assay.To determine the underlying mechanism of LEE-mediated effects,mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and activator protein 1 signaling pathways were analysed by Western blotting assay.Results:LEE significantly inhibited the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 and increased the expression of type I procollagen in UVA and UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes.The phosphorylation levels of p38 were significantly inhibited by LEE whereas it did not affect c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation.Suppression of p38 phosphorylation was also accompanied by downregulation of UVA and UVB-induced increase in c-Fos.Conclusions:LEE effectively inhibits the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 and increases type I procollagen production through the p38 MAPK/c-Fos signaling pathway in UVA and UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes.This findings suggest that Lentinula edodes may be developed as a cosmetic material to suppress UV exposuremediated skin aging.

In vitro bone inducing effects of Lentinula edodes (shiitake) water extract on human osteoblastic cell cultures

The effect of Lentinula edodes water extract(LE)on two osteoblastic cell cultures(HOS 58 and Saos-2)was investigated to determine if this edible medicinal mushroom has osteoinductive properties.Activity of alkaline phosphatase and mineralization were used as indicators for the vitality and maturation of the bone cells.Cultivation of human osteosarcoma cells HOS 58 for five days in presence of a serial dilution of the aqueous extract of L.edodes(0.8μg/mL-125μg/mL)resulted in a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity(ALP)of the cells in comparison to untreated cells.Saos-2 cells,incubated with LE(20μg/mL)andb-glycerol phosphate(2 mM)for 21 days,displayed a 2 fold level of mineralization than cells cultured soley with the positive control,b-glycerophosphate.The obtained results clearly indicate the activity of LE as a bone inducing agent in vitro.Therefore,the shiitake mushroom(L.edodes)deserves attention as a supportive dietary treatment or nutraceutical in the case of diseases accompanied with bone disorder,such as osteoporosis,osteopenia,and late complication of diabetes.

香菇菌糠资源化利用研究进展

香菇是我国产量最大的食用菌,是乡村振兴的重要支柱产业。香菇产业快速发展的同时产生了大量的菌糠,但很多菌糠被直接丢弃或焚烧,造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费,因此,香菇菌糠的资源化利用问题受到了广泛关注。在分析香菇菌糠理化性质的基础上,综述了香菇菌糠资源化利用的研究进展,包括作为食用菌栽培基质、动物饲料、有机肥、土壤改良剂、园艺栽培、生物吸附剂及生物活性物质提取原料等方面,探讨了香菇菌糠资源化利用中存在的主要问题,提出加快推进菌糠的资源化利用,应重点从加强菌糠物质基础、加大菌糠资源化利用技术、产业化应用配套设施及标准3个方面开展研究,以期为香菇菌糠的高效利用提供参考和理论依据。

基于重测序的23份香菇种质资源全基因组序列分析

为了对河南香菇主产区的主栽品种进行鉴定,并分析其遗传多样性,将河南主栽的23份香菇种质资源进行重测序,对单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)和小片段插入缺失(insertion-deletion,InDel)等数据进行统计和分析,并基于SNP变异对23份香菇资源进行遗传结构分析、进化树构建和主成分分析。结果表明,在23份香菇样本中,比对到参考基因组上的reads数目占总数的比例范围为72.53%~90.60%,样品平均测序深度范围为12.83~19.99,覆盖率范围为91.89%~99.32%。SNP位点共计14115075个,InDel共计1909516个。23份香菇样本的群体遗传结构及系统发育分析表明其包含3个谱系,遗传距离0.05490~0.65689,推测它们至少有3个祖先遗传成分。结合主成分分析法明确各菌种间的亲缘关系远近,证明了菌种分支具有明显的地域性。综合分析表明,以基因序列相似度、遗传距离差异及亲缘关系远近为主要依据特点,有助于对香菇地方品种命名和其特征特性关系的认识,促进优异种质资源的交流与利用。

不同栽培基质对香菇营养成分及挥发性风味物质含量的影响

为了探究园林木屑和松木屑对香菇营养物质及挥发性风味物质的影响,采用6种不同配方栽培2个香菇品种,测定子实体中灰分、脂肪、蛋白质、粗纤维和粗多糖的含量,采用顶空固相微萃取法分离香气成分,以气相色谱-质谱联用技术测定可挥发性物质的含量。结果表明,松木屑基质可提高香菇子实体中蛋白质的含量,较园林木屑基质提高了3.5 g·100^(-1)·g^(-1),较常规木屑提高了1.8 g·100^(-1)·g^(-1)。香菇子实体中挥发性物质含量最多的为醛类、醇类和酮类,这3类中占比最多的物质分别为苯乙醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、3-辛酮。常规木屑基质对T2子实体中醛类物质影响最大,松木屑与常规木屑混合基质对T2子实体中醇类物质影响最大;松木屑与常规木屑混合基质对0912子实体中醛类物质影响最大,常规木屑基质对0912子实体中醇类物质影响最大,松木基质对0912子实体中酮类物质影响大。松木屑基质较园林木屑对2个香菇品种子实体中挥发性物质含量影响大。

石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测量干香菇镉含量的不确定度来源评定

依据国家计量技术规范《测量不确定评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1—2012),针对干香菇镉含量的原子吸收光谱法(石墨炉法)检测过程,分析测量不确定度的来源,不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、标准物质、样品制备、线性拟合标准曲线、石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪等5个方面,通过建立相应的数学模型,计算评定上述5个方面来源的相对标准不确定度分别为0.00743、0.00268、0.02275、0.00866和0.00005,合成标准不确定度为0.0151 mg∕kg,最终得出测量结果的扩展不确定度为0.03 mg∕kg。结果表明,在该试验中标准曲线线性拟合计算质量浓度是不确定度引入的最主要因素。

双螺杆挤压双菇复合膨化食品的配方研究

以大米粉为主要原料,辅以杏鲍菇和香菇等辅料,采用双螺杆挤压技术,经过拌料、挤压膨化、切割、烘烤、调味等工艺研制双菇(香菇、杏鲍菇)复合膨化食品。在单因素的基础上,以感官评分和膨化度为综合考察指标,利用Box-Beheken响应面优化双菇复合膨化食品的配方。实验结果表明,双螺杆挤压工艺参数为:挤压温度Ⅰ区50℃、Ⅱ区130℃和Ⅲ区150℃,调整转速为230.00 r/min,在此工艺条件下制备双菇复合膨化食品的最优配方为:以大米粉为基础配方,香菇添加量为10%,杏鲍菇添加量为9%、罗汉果甜苷添加量为0.03%,此时综合评分最高,为94.16。在此条件下制备的双菇膨化食品,膨化效果最好,具有较好的色泽和香菇杏鲍菇特有的香气。

香菇与木霉互作方式及绿霉病防治研究进展

木霉属(Trichoderma spp.)病原菌诱发的绿霉病,是香菇(Lentinula edodes)栽培过程中常见的病害之一。木霉属病原菌不仅可污染培养料,与香菇菌丝竞争营养和生存空间,而且可感染香菇菌丝体,引起香菇菌棒腐烂,造成严重的经济损失。笔者综述引起香菇绿霉病的木霉种类,香菇和木霉的互作方式,绿霉病的防治方法,香菇抗木霉能力,以及木霉感染真菌病毒的相关研究,期望为香菇绿霉病的防治提供参考。

促糖基化对香菇蛋白质消化特性及消化产物抗氧化活性的影响

为探讨促糖基化对香菇(Lentinula edodes)蛋白质消化特性及消化产物抗氧化活性的影响,采用碱溶酸沉法提取子实体蛋白质,并制备糖基化和谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase, TGase)促糖基化蛋白质,通过模拟胃肠消化分别测定蛋白质组(C)、糖基化蛋白质组(G)和促糖基化蛋白质组(TG)的蛋白质消化率、水解度、蛋白质消化产物中的游离氨基酸和多肽含量,以及蛋白质消化产物的DPPH自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基清除率、羟基自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力。结果表明:与C组相比,G组在模拟消化90、120、180、240、270min时和TG组在模拟消化90、120、210、240、270min时消化率显著降低,且G与TG组间无显著性差异;在模拟消化60 min时G组水解度显著增加,在90~360 min时显著降低,TG组在模拟消化30、60、150~240、300 min时显著增加,且在模拟消化60~360 min时显著高于G组;G组在模拟消化60、210~360 min时和TG组在模拟消化0、60~360 min时游离氨基酸含量显著增加,且在模拟消化0、120、300~360 min时TG组显著高于G组;在模拟消化所有时间点,G组和TG组多肽含量均显著降低,且在模拟消化0、300~360 min时TG组显著高于G组;在模拟消化所有时间点,G组DPPH自由基清除率均显著增加,且TG组在模拟消化0、150、210~360 min时显著增加,但在模拟消化120、150、180、330、360 min时TG组显著低于G组;G组在模拟消化240~360 min时和TG组在模拟消化330、360 min时超氧阴离子清除率显著增加,且在模拟消化270min时,TG组显著低于G组;在模拟消化所有时间点,G组和TG组羟基自由基清除率和总抗氧化能力均显著增加;但在模拟消化0~180、240 min时TG组羟基自由基清除率显著高于G组,在模拟消化0~180、240~360 min时TG组总抗氧化能力显著低于G组。

模拟电商物流环境下纳米保鲜袋对香菇贮运品质的影响

目的探究模拟电商物流环境下纳米保鲜袋对香菇贮运品质的影响。方法以香菇‘808’为实验材料,通过测定失重率、色度、硬度、呼吸速率、可溶性固形物、相对电导率、可溶性蛋白、还原糖、抗坏血酸、总酚、类黄酮等一系列贮运品质指标,考察不同包装(泡沫箱+普通PE保鲜袋、泡沫箱+纳米保鲜袋)对新鲜香菇的保鲜效果。结果泡沫箱+纳米保鲜袋可有效延缓香菇贮运期间失重率、可溶性固形物、硬度和相对电导率的下降,防止鲜香菇色泽劣变,抑制香菇呼吸强度上升,阻滞膜脂过氧化发生;同时,相比对照组,纳米组能够有效保持可溶性蛋白、还原糖和抗坏血酸含量,维持较高的总酚和类黄酮水平。贮运末期(第5d),泡沫箱+纳米保鲜袋处理的香菇失重率、呼吸强度、相对电导率分别为1.71%、232.20 mg/(kg·h)、28.68%,均低于对照组;而L^(*)(64.60)、硬度(9558.32 g)、可溶性固形物(3.19%)、可溶性蛋白(1.25 mg/g)、还原糖(0.77 mg/g)、总酚(16.51 mg/100 g)、类黄酮(53.61 mg/100 g)均高于对照组。结论泡沫箱+纳米保鲜袋能够有效抑制模拟电商物流过程中香菇的品质劣变,降低营养价值的损失,提高贮运品质,延长货架期。本研究可为模拟电商物流包装新鲜香菇的应用提供技术支持。

培养条件及外源添加物对香菇菌丝体及子实体镉含量的影响

为探求抑制香菇镉富集的方法,开发镉污染防控技术,设置实验室菌丝培养和大棚袋式栽培2个阶段试验,分析培养条件及外源添加物对香菇菌丝及子实体中镉含量的影响。结果显示,在温度10~30℃范围内随着培养温度升高,菌丝镉含量呈现先上升后平稳的趋势;在pH 4~8范围内随着培养基pH值升高,菌丝镉含量呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在含镉的液体培养基中分别添加5 mmol/L Ca(NO_(3))_(2)、KNO_(3)和Mg(NO_(3))_(2),发现Mg^(2+)能明显抑制菌丝对镉的富集;随着香菇子实体发育成熟,镉含量逐渐降低,不同部位镉含量呈现菌褶>菌盖>菌柄;在培养料中分别添加硫酸镁、硫酸锌、活性炭和沸石,发现添加50 mg/kg硫酸镁、60 mg/kg硝酸锌和2.5%活性炭,能使子实体镉含量下降42.8%、46.9%和50.3%。上述研究表明,培养条件和外源添加物对香菇菌丝体和子实体镉含量具有一定的影响,可通过外源添加物抑制香菇对镉的富集作用。